Release Of Odors Research Articles

Effects of freeze-thaw cycles and heat treatment on the odor-binding properties of myofibrillar protein to key fishy compounds

This study investigated the effects of different freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles and subsequent heat treatment on the odor-binding properties of myofibrillar protein (MP) in grass carp to four key fishy substances. The odor-binding ability of MP significantly decreased as freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles increased (p < 0.05). After heating, the odor-binding ability of MP further decreased. Freeze-thaw treatment induced the oxidative denaturation, decreased total sulfhydryl content and unfolded the α-helix in MP, which modified and re-buried the exposed odor-binding sites, reducing odor-binding ability. After heating, the oxidative damage and aggregation of MP induced by freeze-thaw cycles, along with thermal effects, synergistically accelerated the oxidative denaturation and formation of disordered structures of heated MP. Enhanced hydrophobic interactions led to a dominant aggregation effect, which reduced the binding sites and further decreased the odor-binding ability of heated MP, resulting in more release of odors.

Effect of epigallocatechin gallate/transglutaminase synergistic cross-linking on the flavor of surimi gels

Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and transglutaminase (TGase) can improve the structure of surimi gels, and have a significant impact on their texture and flavor quality. The formation and release of volatile odors due to EGCG, TGase and EGCG/TGase synergistic cross-linking of surimi gels were investigated. The characteristic flavor components of the surimi gels were aldehydes. Compared with the blank group, the total content of volatile compounds in EGCG, TGase, and EGCG/TGase groups decreased by 14.43, 11.69, and 20.07 %, indicating that the flavor of EGCG/TGase group was more affected by EGCG than by TGase. The free fatty acid content in these groups decreased by 17.28, 1.30, and 43.98 mg/100 g, indicating that the degree of fatty acid degradation in the EGCG/TGase group was lower during a two-stage heating process, which may be ascribed to EGCG's inhibition of oxidative degradation of fatty acids, thereby reducing the production of flavor substances.

Review on Odour Assessment Ant Odour Abatement Techniques

Abstract: Odour can be defined as a perception of smell or in scientific terms it can be defined as a sensation resulting from the reception of stimulus by the olfactory sensory system. Odours may cause pleasant or unpleasant sensation and is induced by inhaling volatile organic and inorganic odorants. The sources of odour may be air-borne or water-borne. Foul odour may cause ill health or respiratory symptoms, insomnia, asthama, nausea and discomfort and other environmental nuisance. Odours can be assessed either by sensory measurements or analytical measurements. There are various physical, chemical and biological treatments for odour abatement. The release of unpleasant odours from sewage carrier system as well as sewage treatment system has become a great public concern especially among densely populated countries. These odours cause environmental nuisance and severe damage to locals. Odour is an important physical characteristic of both water and wastewater. Thus, it requires significant attention in terms of measurement as well as abatement. This study reviews the various odour measurement and abatement techniques.

Dehydration and Environmentally Friendly Thermal Processing of Excess Activated Sludge

Introduction. Currently, there is a problem with the accumulation of large amounts of production waste. One type of this waste is excess activated sludge, which is a waste product from biological wastewater treatment that has a high moisture content. When excess activated sludge is deposited in beds, problems can arise related to changes in the gas-air environment, the release of unpleasant odors, as well as the contamination of groundwater and soil. Prolonged presence of sediment in sludge beds in oxygen-free conditions leads to its decay and deterioration of moisture-yielding properties. For these reasons, the development of new methods for disposing of large volumes of waste generated during wastewater treatment is essential. The aim of this research is to develop a technique for preliminary neutralization and thermal treatment of excess activated sludge using energy waste. Materials and Methods. The work used excess activated sludge with a moisture content of 98.2% (waste of hazard class IV). Water treatment sludge (waste of hazard class V) was used as a reagent to increase moisture yield. For experimental studies on dehydration, a laboratory centrifuge Elmi CM-6M.01 was used. Tests were conducted under various conditions (500, 1 000, and 1 500 revolutions per second for 1, 2, and 3 minutes), and the value of centrifugation was determined as a criterion for moisture yield in the sludge. Fuel pellets were produced by rolling with technical lignosulfonate as a binding agent. Elemental analysis of the samples was conducted to study the possibility of thermal treatment using an EA 3 000 Euro Vector Analyzer. Results. A comprehensive technology has been developed to clean the resulting gas emissions from solid particles formed during the combustion of fuel pellets and remove them from the furnace in the form of fly ash along with the outgoing gases. This technology also removed sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and polychlorinated dibenzodioxins and dibenzofurans, while beneficially utilizing flue gas heat by reducing its temperature from 900–1 200°C to 140°C. Discussion and Conclusion. The approach proposed in this article for the processing and disposal of large volumes of waste allows for the reduction of moisture content of excess activated sludge and the use of this waste as a secondary energy source. This method is environmentally friendly and addresses both technical and environmental challenges, such as the effective recycling of industrial waste and reducing the anthropogenic impact on soil, air, and groundwater. It also provides an opportunity to generate additional electrical and thermal energy through thermal utilization of waste. The results of this work indicate that it is possible to integrate the use of various types of industrial waste (sewage sludge, water treatment waste, and pulp and paper industry waste) as secondary energy sources. These findings have practical implications for enterprises in both the municipal and industrial sectors with wastewater treatment facilities.

In situ synthesis of porous metal-organic frameworks NH2-UiO-66 on tea stem biochar and application in odours adsorption

Multiple odour nuisance in livestock farming is a notorious problem that has a significant impact on the living environment of surrounding communities. Adsorbents based on metal-organic framework (MOF) materials show great promise for controlling odour pollution, as they offer a high specific surface area, a controllable structure and an abundance of active sites. However, the MOF formation process is prone to problems such as pore clogging or collapse and reduced porosity, which limits its further application. In this study, a series of odour adsorbents were prepared by in situ growth of NH2-UiO-66 on tea stem biochar (TSBC) using a hydrothermal method and named UiO (Zr)-TSBCx. The physical and chemical properties and composition of UiO (Zr)-TSBCx have been systematically characterized using SEM, TEM, XRD, FT-IR, N2 adsorption-desorption and XPS. The release of odours from the pig farm effluent was monitored using in-situ continuous Proton-Transfer-Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS), and the obtained primary compositions were tested for further adsorption. In dynamic adsorption experiments focused on butyric acid, UiO (Zr)-TSBC2 showed a high adsorption capacity of 3.99 × 105 μg/g and exceptional structural stability. UiO (Zr)-TSBC2 showed variable adsorption efficiencies for different odorous gases, with the best performance for the removal of ammonia, toluene and butyric acid. It also demonstrated the ability to rapidly mitigate instantaneous high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methanethiol and toluene resulting from agitation. Additionally, based on the relationship between the adsorption amount and the structural characteristics of the adsorbent as well as the nature of the odours, a possible adsorption mechanism of UiO (Zr)-TSBC2 for a variety of odours released from pig farm effluent was proposed. This work demonstrates a novel approach to promote deodorization applications in livestock and poultry farming environments by the in-situ growth of NH2-UiO-66 on biochar prepared from tea stem.

Influences of human milk proteins on the release of human milk odors: Non-covalent interactions between α-lactalbumin and key odor skeleton compounds

Human milk (HM) provides optimal nutrition for infants, but infant formula (IF) serves as a potential alternative to HM when breastfeeding is not an option. However, IF possesses a more intense aroma than HM, and it is often challenging to reduce this disparity due to its stringent production regulations. Therefore, investigating the interaction between HM proteins and odor molecules is essential for comprehending the distinct odor characteristics of HM and guiding improvements in IF to mimic the aroma of HM. This research aims to characterize the HM odor and explore the influence of HM α-lactalbumin (HMLB) on the release of HM odor skeleton compounds (OSC) using a combination of computer simulation, human perceptions, and instrumental analyses. A total of 20 OSCs were identified. Notably, the release of most of these compounds was negatively correlated with the HM protein content, with the strongest negative correlations being observed for hexanal, nonanal, and decanal (|R| ≥ 0.7, P < 0.01). The molecular docking simulations demonstrated that HMLB inhibited the volatilization of hexanal, nonanal, and decanal, thereby increasing the odor threshold of these odor compounds (61.94 %, 241.5 %, and 198.6 %). This inhibition was mainly achieved through the formation of hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interactions, a finding corroborated by multi-spectroscopic analysis. Overall, the experimental results provide valuable insights into the odor mechanism of HM and contribute to the development of IF that mimics the HM odor.

Safeguarding ecosystems using innovative approaches to manage animal wastes

Animal wastes (AWs) are excreta or discarded materials associated with animal production industries. It could be in solid, liquid, or gaseous form, such as animal dung or droppings, discarded feed, feathers, fur, decayed bodies of dead animals, blood waste, effluent from animal farms, milk wastes, urine, and fart. Animal wastes are generated in high quantity, even beyond the control of animal farmers, due to the increase in animal production globally. These wastes pollute the ecosystem. They release greenhouse gases (GHGs) such as methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2), and nitrous oxide (N2O) into the atmosphere through anaerobic fermentation which deplete ozone layer. Nitrogen and phosphorus constituents of Aws alter soil texture and pollute water bodies through run-off and direct disposal into water systems. The resultant effects of the pollution include climate change, degradation of soil and burning of crops, death of aquatic biota, release of offensive odour, especially ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S), and cause diseases of public health concern to human beings and animals. These consequences are due to the emission of harmful gases and compounds and the presence of pathogens in the waste. Animal wastes are potential sources of income and resources, and their environmental consequences could be reduced if farmers could use innovative approaches such as vermicomposting, production of biogas using wastes, membrane filtration, liquid – solid separation, thermal treatment and chemical treatment approaches to manage animal wastes. Government regulation and policies against indiscriminate disposal and application of animal wastes, coupled with the sensitization of people to the benefits and dangers associated with animal waste, could also prevent environmental challenges.

Comparative analysis of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber on improving the gelation performance and fishy odors of silver carp surimi

This work investigated the effects and mechanisms of soluble and insoluble dietary fiber (SDF and IDF) on the gelation performance and fishy odors of silver carp surimi. The results showed that the gel properties of surimi increased and then decreased with increasing SDF content, and the best gel properties were achieved at 1 wt% SDF. The gel strength, elasticity and deformation resistance of surimi increased in a dose-dependent manner as affected by IDF, but its effect on viscosity and recovery ratio was similar to SDF. Moreover, 2 wt% SDF and 1 wt% IDF reduced the content and odor activity value (OAV) of most fishy compounds in surimi, and the latter was superior to the former. The rheological characteristics indicated that SDF affected the thermal gelation properties of surimi mainly through filling, concentration and volume exclusion, and IDF mainly through filling, concentration and intermolecular interactions between IDF and myofibrillar protein. Additionally, SDF and IDF inhibited the release of fishy odors by improving the gel network structure and their adsorption, but more SDF (2 wt%) promoted the formation of escape channels for odors release. In summary, 1 wt% IDF could simultaneously improve the gelation performance and fishy odors of silver carp surimi.

Sustainable fragrance release wax oil coating for wood substrate based on peppermint essential oil microcapsules

At present, odorous emissions from wood products are the main leading cause of perceived discomfort in indoor environments. The source control is the most effective way to reduce odorous emissions. Herein, this study aims to investigate the impact of peppermint essential oil microcapsules on the unpleasant odor emissions from wax oil coated wood products. In this paper, peppermint essential oil microcapsules were added to wax oil to endow wax oil-coated wood with continuous fragrance release. The results showed that the microcapsules prepared by the complex coacervation method with gelatin and gum arabic as the wall materials and peppermint essential oil as the core material had significant fragrance slow-release ability and improved thermal stability. Adding microcapsules to wood wax oil at a mass ratio of 10% has no significant effect on the quality of the paint film, but the presence of amino groups in the wall material of the microcapsules causes a significant color change of the finished wood. The release of aromatic odors in wax oil-coated wood is significantly prolonged. The main odorant compounds released in the early stage were terpenes with herbal, woody and balsamic flavor characteristics. The odor compounds released at a later stage are mainly alkanes, and the odor is expressed as waxy, herbal and woody. The dispersion of microcapsules in wood wax oil leads to changes in the pore structure of the wood wax oil finish material, which provides multiple pathways for the slow release of odor compounds.

Utilization of treated municipal effluent for irrigating agricultural land in Palestine: The driving factors and existing practices

This article investigates the motivations and practices of using treated wastewater (TWW) to irrigate crop fields in Jenin, Palestine. Around 40 farmers were surveyed for data collection. The results showed that 66% of the farmers grew alfalfa crops while 30% grew fruit trees. The main obstacles the farmers faced before starting to use TWW were disgust (68.2%), worries about the quality of TWW (68.2%), health concerns (63.6%), and concerns about adverse effects on the soil (63.6%). All interviewed farmers considered the establishing and funding of an irrigation project to be the cornerstone for any reuse project. The second most important driving factor was the price of TWW that is 10–25% of the fresh water prices. After reusing TWW for irrigation, 59% of the farmers did not use any fertilizer, but they were not sufficiently aware of the crops’ water needs, nor the nutrients in the TWW. All the fodder-growing farmers abstained from selling their crops before drying. The farmers used the TWW for five to nine months annually. After the TWW was reused, the main positive impacts of the TWW reuse were increased crop yields (77.3%), crops quality (50.0%), and crops marketing (47.7%). On the other hand, the main negative impacts were blocking of the irrigation systems (77.3%) and release of odors (54.5%). After practicing TWW use in crops irrigation, the key factors contributed to the “no difference” index were the effects on human health (100%), soil quality (56.8%), and insects spread (54.5%). Therefore, the results of the study support the decision makers to implement TWW reuse policies for crop irrigation in arid regions with scarce water resources. Monitoring TWW reuse and training farmers and helping them overcome obstacles is essential.

Development of modified compost unit for domestic biodegradable waste

As the human population grows, so does the amount of organic solid waste generated in cities. In India, waste generation has surged dramatically during the last decade, reaching 62 million tonnes per year. By 2030, garbage generation is expected to reach 165 million tonnes, necessitating the construction of a landfill the size of Bengaluru. Organic waste, on the other hand, can be diverted from landfills and composted, which is a more sustainable technique. The study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the rotary drum. The objective is to decrease informal refill, separate waste and increment the nature of fertilizer or excrement. This effort aims to turn solid waste to compost in as little as 4–8 weeks. The goal of this study was to see how well a composting barrel with a covering mechanism could reduce the release of foul odours during the composting of common household bio-waste. It is a promising idea to turn the substrates inside the barrel, however, the impact of turning frequency needs to be discussed more. For 30 days, physio-chemical parameters were assessed. Composts made from various organic wastes vary in quality and stability, which is also dependent on the composition of the raw material utilised in the composting process. The stability and maturity of compost are directly proportional to its quality. Finally, pH, temperature, and moisture content were analysed in the compost made with cow dung as a beginning pack. Physio-chemical changes were tracked for 4 to 8 weeks. Moisture content, temperature, odour and pH were all taken into consideration. It was found that temperature remained above 55 °C for a period of two days in the middle of composting duration. The pH drops to 7 in first 5 days, but eventually managed to stay neutral in the end. The moisture content reduced from 60 % to 54 % during the total composting period of 30 days.

Controlled release of fishy odors in soluble dietary fiber/surimi mixture by kinetic analysis of real and simulated systems

This study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanisms of soluble dietary fiber (SDF), temperature and hydrophobicity on the release of fishy compounds from surimi by the preparation of real and simulated systems. The results of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed 15 fishy compounds in silver carp surimi, and adding 2 wt% SDF to surimi was found to inhibit the release of 14 fishy compounds by 2.16–43.49%. The simulated release indicated that SDF matrices with different concentrations inhibited the release of fishy compounds by different mechanisms. The resistance to the release of fishy compounds was attributed to viscosity and chemisorption in 2 and 5 wt% SDF matrices, while chemisorption and entanglement network in 8 and 10 wt% SDF matrices. Moreover, high temperature and hydrophobicity of fishy compounds could promote their release by decreasing interfacial mass transfer resistance and H-bond interaction, respectively. Additionally, adding SDF changed the release pathway of fishy compounds in surimi, and they were released through the first pathway consisting of surimi intraparticle diffusion, SDF boundary layer diffusion and gas-liquid interfacial diffusion, or through the second pathway additionally including chemisorption and desorption. This study provides new insights into controlling the release of fishy odors in surimi products.

Specialised Pheromone and Lure Application Technology (SPLAT-Tuta): Novel Approach for the Management of Tomato Leaf Miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyr.)

The second most popular and widely cultivated vegetable in the world after potatoes is the tomato (Solanum lycopersicum M.). Tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) is one of the major invasive pests of tomato which is a destructive pest of tomato in field as well as greenhouse condition. Novel SPLAT (Specialized Pheromone &amp; Lure Application Technology) for Tuta absoluta is a proprietary base matrix formulation of biologically inert materials used to control the release of semiochemicals and/or odors with or without pesticides. To check the efficiency of SPLAT technique three treatments were taken. When comparing the SPLAT field and conventional farmers practices field, SPLAT applied field (32.80 tonnes per ha) performed far superior than conventional field (21.50 tonnes per ha) in respective of leaf minor infestation and yield. Specialised Pheromone and Lure Application Technology (SPLAT) adoption favours sustainable pest management and reduces plant protection cost to the farmers.

Valorization of Baker Yeast Industry Waste in Agriculture by Improving Germination and Growth of Barley and Pea.

Industrial waste still present an environmental danger for the nature and survival of all living beings. Among these toxic products, the focus has been on liquid effluents from the baker's yeast industry that cause real environmental problems mainly due to their pollutant load and the release of unpleasant odors. In order to minimize these hazards and to take advantage of these wastes for the sake of our environment, the present work consists on valorizing effluents from the baker's yeast industry on barley (Hordeum vulgare) and pea (Pisum sativum), two important agricultural products of Tunisian north-west. Results showed that this waste is characterized by its richness in organic matter, and the presence of proteins traces with high chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD5) values. Diluted effluent at a dose of 2.5mg/g significantly improves germination of both plant seeds by germination index (GI) calculation, to reach a maximum of 190 ± 17% and 150 ± 14% for barley and pea, respectively. In fertigation experiment, the use of a lower dose of .62mg/g of diluted effluent promotes plant length to reach 52 ± 4cm and 45 ± 1.4cm, respectively, for H. vulgare and P. sativum. Gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis after derivatization showed significant enhancement of auxin production in pea treated with .62mg/g of cream compared to control with a concentration of 10.60 ± .81 and 8.16 ± .43ng/gFW, respectively. In another experiment, the irrigation of pea plants with furfural, as major compound of cream, promotes length and auxin production to reach 9.89 ± .56ng/gFW for a furfural dose of .31mg/g. This leads us to valorize baker's yeast effluent as an environment-friendly natural product in pea and barley agricultural and give insight to its mode of action.

The Development of a Simple Projection-Based, Portable Olfactory Display Device.

Olfactory displays are digital devices designed to provide the controlled release of odours to users. In this paper, we report on the design and development of a simple vortex-based olfactory display for a single user. By employing a vortex approach, we are able to minimize the amount of required odour, whilst still producing a good user experience. The olfactory display designed here is based on a steel tube with 3D-printed apertures and solenoid valve operation. A number of different design parameters (such as aperture size) were investigated, and the best combination was combined into a functional olfactory display. User testing was undertaken with four volunteers who were presented with four different odours, at two concentrations. It was found that the time to identify an odour was not strongly related to concentration. However, the intensity of the odour was correlated. We also found that there was a wide variance in human panel results when considering the length of time for a subject to identify an odour to its perceived intensity. This is likely linked to the subject group receiving no odour training before the experiments. However, we were able to produce a working olfactory display, based on a scent project method, which could be applicable to a range of application scenarios.

Canine-inspired Unidirectional Flows for Improving Memory Effects in Machine Olfaction.

A dog's nose differs from a human's in that air does not change direction but flows in a unidirectional path from inlet to outlet. Previous simulations showed that unidirectional flow through a dog's complex nasal passageways creates stagnant zones of trapped air. We hypothesize that these zones give the dog a "physical memory," which it may use to compare recent odors to past ones. In this study, we conducted experiments with our previously built Gaseous Recognition Oscillatory Machine Integrating Technology (GROMIT) and performed corresponding simulations in two dimensions. We compared three settings: a control setting that mimics the bidirectional flow of the human nose; a short-circuit setting where odors exit before reaching the sensors; and a unidirectional configuration using a dedicated inlet and outlet that mimics the dog's nose. After exposure to odors, the sensors in the unidirectional setting showed the slowest return to their baseline level, indicative of memory effects. Simulations showed that both short-circuit and unidirectional flows created trapped recirculation zones, which slowed the release of odors from the chamber. In the future, memory effects such as the ones found here may improve the sensitivity and utility of electronic noses.

Characterisation of the Aroma Profile and Dynamic Changes in the Flavour of Stinky Tofu during Storage.

Stinky tofu is a traditional Chinese food with wide consumption in China. Nevertheless, the dynamic changes in the flavour of stinky tofu during storage have yet to be investigated. In this study, the flavour changes of stinky tofu over six different storage periods were comprehensively analysed through sensory, electronic nose and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses. The results of the sensory and electronic nose analyses confirmed the changes in the flavour of stinky tofu across different storage periods. In the GC-MS analysis, 60 volatile compounds were detected during storage, and the odour activity values indicated that 29 of these 60 compounds significantly contributed to the aroma profile. During storage, the alcohol concentration of the stinky tofu gradually decreased while the acid and ester concentrations increased. According to a partial least squares analysis, 2-phenylethyl acetate, 2-phenylethyl propanoate, p-cresol, and phenylethyl alcohol, which were detected after 10 days of storage, promoting the release of an overripe apple-like odour from the stinky tofu. Findings regarding the flavour changes and characteristics of stinky tofu during different storage periods can provide a potential reference for recognising the quality of these products.

Post-mortem interval of buried homicides in Okuku, Nigeria

BackgroundPost-mortem interval estimation of carcasses buried in shallow graves is a grey area in Nigerian forensic investigations. Most of the investigations and court decisions on the time of death of concealed homicides are based on assumptions in Nigeria. Therefore, this study investigated the post-mortem interval of buried remains in Okuku, Cross River State of Nigeria using porcine models. This study also provided a model account of the pattern and timeline of decomposition of buried remains in Nigeria.ResultsFour stages of decomposition were identified within the study period which includes fresh, bloat, active decay, and advanced decay stages. Features of bloat stage of decomposition include bloating of the animals and release of putrid odour. The active decay stage was characterized by the absence of maggots, bone exposure, and greyish discolouration of the body. The advanced decay stage of decomposition is characterized by adipocere formation, fungi activities, and bone exposure.ConclusionsBuried bodies do not completely skeletonize within 168 days in a typical Nigerian savannah region. Bloat stage started by the 7th day; the active decay stage started by the 14th day. The fresh stage of decay lasted up to 7 days; the bloat stage lasted for 14 days. The active decay stage lasted about 35 days, and the advanced decay stage started at about the 56th day and progressed until the end of the study.

Use poultry manure product of Biogas and its role in growth in Barley plants

The accumulation of raw poultry residues in enormous quantities causes the release of odors and the leakage of toxic elements into the surface and groundwater, which negatively affects human health and the environment. So the bioreactor named the fixed-dome model as an anaerobic digester was designed and installed in the poultry field at the agricultural advisory office of college of agriculture at the University of Basra in Karmat-Ali, Iraq. Anaerobic organic fertilizer produced from anaerobic digestion pathway when raw poultry manure was fermented an aerobically for 56 days in the designed bioreactor, to study the use efficiency for anaerobic produced organic fertilizer and raw poultry manure when added at 150Kg N ha-1 at 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100 % of the recommended dose which was equal to a chemical recommendation for nitrogen as urea fertilizer while P and K were applied in a field experiment as traditional fertilizers(superphosphate and potassium sulfate respectively) to grow barley plants (Hordeum vulgare L.). Results showed that doses at 100% of anaerobic organic fertilizer were produced in the bioreactor with a significant increase in plant growth parameters as plant height, dry weight of shoot and amounts and their uptake of N and P elements in plants within 60 days of planting as compared to the rest treatments, so the biogas technology for the production of anaerobic organic fertilizer can help partly or mainly to reduce amounts of traditional doses of fertilizer.

Wool Wax Extraction From Washing Effluent and Effect on Olea europea Germination and Growth.

Effluents from textile industry using wool pose serious environmental nuisances in Tunisia that are mainly due to their pollutant load and the release of unpleasant odors. In order to minimize these hazards and to take advantage of these wastes for the sake of our environment, the present work consists on valuating wool wax from washing effluent on olive (Olea europea), germination and growth. Extraction was made in water at 70°C or hexane using sonication followed by concentration of the extracts in soxhlet apparatus. Results showed that this waste is characterized by its richness in total lipid content with extraction yields of 60.7 and 95.6%, respectively. GC-MS analysis of wax showed its richness on fatty acids. Six saturated fatty acids ranking from 15 to 27 carbon atoms were characterized. Furthermore, diluted wax at a dose of 1.25 mg/g significantly improves germination of olive seeds by germination index calculation, to reach a maximum of 150 ± 17%. In fertigation experiment, the use of the same dose of diluted wax promotes plant length to reach 45.7 ± 2.52 cm. GC-MS analysis after derivatization showed significant enhancement of auxin production in plants treated with 1.25 mg of wax/g of soil compared to control with a concentration of 1.1 ± .1 and .7 ± .2 ng/mg, respectively. This leads us to valuate wool wax as environmental friendly natural product in agricultural and fertigation practice of olive plant.