Regional State Of Ethiopia Research Articles

Effects of institutional capacity, infrastructure governance, and equity on state- and nation-building processes in Ethiopia

This paper analyzed the equitable allocation of infrastructure across regional states in Ethiopia. In general, in the past years, there has been a good start in the infrastructure sector in Ethiopia. However, the governance and equity system of infrastructure in Ethiopia is not flexible, not technology-oriented, not fair, and not easily solved. The results of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) showed that there is a lack of institutional capacity, infrastructure governance, and equity, which has negatively impacted the state- and nation-building processes in Ethiopia. According to the interviewees, so long as the unmet demand for infrastructure exists, it remains a key restrain on doing business in most Ethiopian regional states. This is due to the lack of integrated frameworks, as there are coordination failures (lack of proper government intervention, including a lack of proper understanding and implementation of the constitution and the federal system). In Ethiopia, to reduce these bottlenecks arising from the lack of institutional capacity, infrastructure governance, and equity and their effects on nation-building, first of all, the government has to critically hear the people, deeply assess the problems, and come to the point and then discuss the problems and the way forward with the society at large.

An Impact of Smoking Tobacco Among Adolescents: An Explorative Qualitative Study from Gumuz Community, Benishangul Gumuz Region of Ethiopia

Background: Tobacco is commonly smoked among adolescents, but is very harmful for public health. The objective of this study is to investigate the impact of smoking tobacco among Gumuz adolescents in Debatie District of Benishangul Gumuz regional state of Ethiopia. It mainly focus’ on adolescents who use pipe or smokeless tobacco regularly. Methods: The study employed qualitative research method with case study design. Purposive sampling was employed to select participants of the study for in depth interview, focused group discussion, and key informant interview data collection tools. The collected data was analyzed through thematic data analysis techniques. Results: Smoking tobacco has a negative impact on people’s economy. The economic ability of Gumuz adolescents is unable to fulfil basic needs: food, clothing and stationery materials due to the inability to save money through tobacco addition. The result also indicated the social impact of tobacco such as addictions, an aid for alleviating stress, tiredness and fatigue, hygiene problem and limited social interaction. Principally, it has an impact on mental and physical health such as the physical change, yawning, cancer, coughing, stress, headache, diabetes, watering of their eyes and loss of appetite. It also impacts on their education from a lack of attention, failure to attend classes and a low enrolment rate in schools. Conclusion: From the findings, it can be deduced that, the habits of smoking tobacco among Gumuz adolescents victimized for economical loses, limited social capital, hygiene and health problems. Therefore, attention should be given from this study area through conducting project and research, providing community awareness programmes and education for immediate health interventions.

Program Quality and Developmental Outcomes Related to Youth Volleyball in Ethiopia: Assessing Relationships and Variations.

This study aims to assess program quality and developmental outcomes of a youth volleyball project in one of the regional states in Ethiopia, and further examine variations between groups across gender and project site zones. We applied a cross-sectional survey design, collecting quantitative data from youth volleyball players (n = 215) with a mean age of 16.18 years (SD = 0.69) through a self-reported questionnaire. The results indicated that young players’ perceptions did not vary significantly across gender, except for the mean score of the perceived experience variable for girls (M = 2.68, SD = 0.318) was significantly higher than the mean score of boys (M = 2.58, SD = 0.258). One-way (project site zone) analyses of variance (ANOVAs) identified that youth volleyball projects in the central zone were consistently rated higher than those in the western zone, except for the current practice rating. Moreover, correlation analysis results indicated the presence of a significant relationship, both within and between program quality and developmental outcome variables. Furthermore, the results of regression analysis indicated that the program quality variables together predicted each of the developmental outcomes, accounting for 18.9% to 31.7% of the variances. It is concluded that the quality of the youth volleyball program in Ethiopia varies considerably across the project site zones and the program quality variables significantly relate to the developmental outcomes measured with differential effects. The data from this study reveals several practical applications for Ethiopia and beyond in terms of guiding youth volleyball projects. Moreover, the findings of the study showed that youth sport and the manner in which it is structured and delivered to youth players influences the attainment of positive developmental outcomes. These results suggest that contextual differences really do have an effect on the quality of youth sport program processes and developmental outcomes.

Perception and Experience of Health Extension Workers on Facilitators and Barriers to Maternal and Newborn Health Service Utilization in Ethiopia: A Qualitative Study.

Background: Health extension workers (HEWs) have substantial inputs to reduce maternal and newborn morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia. However, their perceptions and experiences were not well understood. Therefore, this study aimed to explore their perceptions and experiences on facilitators and barriers to maternal and newborn health services in Ethiopia. Methods: A descriptive qualitative study was conducted from 8–28 April 2021 in Oromia, Amhara and Southern Nation, Nationality, and People’s Regional State of Ethiopia. Focused group discussions were made with purposively selected 60 HEWs. The data were transcribed verbatim and translated into English. An inductive thematic analysis was carried out using Atlas ti.7.1. The findings were presented in major themes, categories, and sub-categories with supporting quote(s). Results: The findings were categorized into two major themes (i.e., facilitators and barriers) and seven sub-themes. Community-related facilitators encompass awareness and behavior at the individual, family, and community. Significant others such as traditional birth attendants, religious leaders, women developmental armies, and kebele chairman substantially contributed to service utilization. Availability/access to infrastructures such as telephone, transportation services, and solar energy systems facilitated the service utilization. Furthermore, health facility-related facilitators include the availability of HEWs; free services; supervision and monitoring; maternity waiting rooms; and access to ambulance services. Maternal and newborn health services were affected by community-related barriers (i.e., distance, topography, religious and socio-cultural beliefs/practices, unpleasant rumors, etc.,), health facility-related barriers (i.e., health worker’s behaviors; lack of logistics; lack of adequate ambulance service, and placement and quality of health post), and infrastructure (i.e., lack or poor quality of road and lack of water). Conclusions: The HEWs perceived and experienced a wide range of facilitators and barriers that affected maternal and newborn health services. The study findings warrant that there was a disparity in behavioral factors (awareness, beliefs, and behaviors) among community members, including pregnant women. This underscores the need to design health education programs and conduct social and behavioral change communication interventions to address individuals, families, and the broader community to enhance maternal and newborn health service utilization. On the other hand, the health sector should put into practice the available strategies, and health workers provide services with empathy, compassion, and respect.

A Quest for a Wider Mandates to Customary Justice Institutions in Ethiopia: A Particular Emphasis on ‘Yaa’aa Yaaboo’ (a Qaallu Court)

This study assesses the functioning of yaa’aa yaaboo customary court (the Qaallu court), which is found in the Oromia National Regional State of Ethiopia, in west the Shewa zone in the Ambo district. This court accepts and handles any criminal and civil cases unless cases are pending in the formal courts. The effectiveness of this court in course of handling both civil and criminal cases is rarely treated in different kinds of literatures. Thus, the aim of this article is to fill this gap. To realize this objective, the study employed a qualitative research approach. By showing the overall functioning of this court, this article recommended a legal reform that may include a constitutional amendment to give wider mandates than envisaged under the current constitution to customary justice institutions.

Impact of Desert Locusts (Schistocerca Gregaria) on Livelihoods, Food Security and Its Management Practices in Ethiopia: Review

Swarm of desert locust is grouped under species grasshopper and order orthoptera. Initial outbreak areas are in remote semi-arid areas in the Sahara, on the Arabian Peninsula. The locust can from three to ten months and the life cycle comprises of three stages: egg, hopper (nymph) and adult. Its’ plagues have always been particularly destructive for Africa due to its ability to reproduce rapidly, migrate long distances. In east Africa, especially in Kenya, Ethiopia and Somalia the locust outbreak is threatening livelihoods, food security, environment and development. The population of the Ethiopia up to 80 percent depends on agriculture for their livelihoods. The worst desert locust outbreak in 25 years is destroying crops and pasture in the country. Swarms enter into Ethiopia from Somalia through Aysha. Over 75,219 hectares of land has been affected by desert locust. Above 8.5 million people in the country have face challenges of food security and feeds due to the invasion of desert locust. The most affected regional states in Ethiopia are Somali, Afar and Oromia. E arly warning, Noising, Smoking, Digging trenches, Chemical control and Integrated Pest Management by building up of the natural enemies are major control ways of locust invasions.

SATISFACTION ON MOTIVATIONS AND ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT IN THE PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES OF TIGRAY REGIONAL STATE, ETHIOPIA

Motivating the employees both intrinsically and extrinsically in order to enhance the commitment of the employees is appreciable and the need of the day. However the satisfaction level of employees especially the teachers towards the motivation and its contribution to build the commitment have not yet been studied in Public Universities in Tigray Regional State In an attempt to bridge the gap, the study attempts to find the satisfaction of the employees towards the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation existing at their universities. The study has also found the commitment level of the employees and its relationship with the motivation. Required primary cross sectional data has been collected from 371 employees of the Public Universities in Tigrai regional state of Ethiopia. Using SPSS software the collected data is analyzed. Descriptive statistical tools such as mean, standard deviation and variance have been applied to describe the level of satisfaction among the employees towards the intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The correlation statistics has also been applied to find the relationship between motivation and organizational commitment. The study has found an apparent positive correlation between motivation and organizational commitment. The results on the satisfaction level of the employees highlights that the intrinsic motivation is at the upper level. There is a scope to enrich extrinsic motivation. Hence the universities should focus more on the extrinsic motivation to have better committed employees.

Effects of Integrated Use of Lime and Nitrogen Fertilizer on Yield and Yield Components of Maize (Zea mays l.) at Nitisols of Burie Area, Northwestern Ethiopia

Soil acidity coupled with soil nutrient depletion negatively affect the performance and yield of maize in the Amhara National Regional State Ethiopia. This study was carried out at Burie district in one cropping season to determine the effect of integrated use of lime and urea fertilizer rate on yield and yield components of Maize. The treatments include lime (0 and 0.5 t ha -1 ) and nitrogen (0, 100, 200, 300, and 400 kg ha -1 ). The maize variety BH-661 was used as a test crop. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with ten treatments replicated three times. Yield and yield components of maize were collected and analyzed. The analysis of variance result revealed that, interaction effect of lime and N fertilizer reduced the tassling period (88 days in the application of 0.5 t ha -1 lime with 100 kg ha -1 N to 85 days in the application of 0.5 t ha -1 lime with 400 kg ha -1 N) and silking period from 91 days to 88 days. Grain yield was highly and positively correlated with AGDB (r=0.996) and HI (r=0.987). But GY was highly and negatively correlated with DT (r=-0.957) and DS (r=-0.925). Grain yield of maize was positively and significantly correlated with yield components. The maximum AUE (3.76%) was recorded from T10 than T7 of (3.16%). Based on economic analysis the optimum rate of lime and N fertilizer was obtained 0.5 t ha -1 lime and 300 kg ha -1 nitrogen fertilizer. So, combined application of 0.5 t ha -1 lime and 300 kg ha -1 Nitrogen is economically reasonable and recommended to the farmers. Keywords : Integrated, Liming, yield, Optimum, Soil acidity DOI: 10.7176/ALST/88-03 Publication date: July 31 st 2021

An Emerging Problem of Shisha Smoking among High School Students in Ethiopia.

Shisha smoking is also known as hookah, water pipe, goza, and nargile. Shisha use among the young is increasing globally. Shisha smoke results in a high concentration of carbon monoxide, tar, nicotine, and heavy metals which can be toxic to humans, especially with chronic exposure. This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of shisha smoking among in-school adolescents in Ethiopia. Four regional states in Ethiopia (Oromia, Amhara, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ Region, Tigray) and the capital city (Addis Ababa) were the study areas. A two-stage cluster sampling approach was employed to produce a representative sample. From the sampling frames in the study areas, 36 high schools were selected randomly. A multi-level logistic regression analysis was used to account for cluster-specific random effects, the effect of individuals’, and school-level variables for ever-use of shisha. A total of 3355 secondary school grade 9 and 10 students aged between 13 and 22 years took part in this study. A total of 86 (2.6%) and 20 (0.6%) of the study participants, reported that they had ever smoked or were current smokers of shisha, respectively. Of all study participants, 38.6% perceived shisha as less harmful than cigarettes and 48.5% reported that they do not know which was more harmful to health. Students were more likely to ever use shisha if they had friend/s who smoke shisha (AOR = 16.8, 95% CI: 6.4–44.3), ever smoked cigarettes (AOR = 8.2, 95% CI: 3.4–19.8), ever used khat (AOR = 4.2, 95% CI: 1.9–10.4), ever used marijuana (AOR = 3.9, 95% CI: 1.4–11.1), ever used smokeless tobacco (AOR = 3.1 95% CI: 1.1–8.4), and students had received income from their parents (AOR = 3.1 CI: 1.1–8.8). Prevalence of ever and current use of shisha among high school students is low in Ethiopia compared to many countries in Africa. The majority of adolescents perceived shisha as less harmful to health than cigarette smoking. Health education about the harmful effects of shisha should be delivered to adolescents, along with information on other substances like khat, cigarettes, marijuana, and smokeless tobacco to prevent initiation of substance use.

HIV-Positive Status Disclosure to Sexual Partner and Associated Factors Among Adult HIV-Positive Patients in Debre Markos Town, 2019.

BackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) positive status non-disclosure to a sexual partner is a public health problem where a high prevalence of HIV infection is reported in a region with poor partner disclosure status. This study aimed to assess HIV-positive status disclosure to sexual partners and associated factors among adult HIV clients at Debre Markos town, Amhara Regional State Ethiopia, in 2019.MethodsA facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 406 adult HIV-positive clients in Debre Markos town from September 1 to 30, 2019. Epidata version 3.1 for data entry and SPSS version 25 for data analysis were used. Bivariable and multivariable logistic analyses at (p<0.05) were performed.ResultsFrom 421 study participants, 406 were participated giving response rate of 96.4%. The proportion of HIV status disclosure to sexual partner was 92.6%. Male sex (AOR = 2.863, 95%, CI = 1.147–7.146), urban residence (AOR = 2.438, 95% CI = 1.032–5.759), knowing sexual partner’s HIV status (AOR = 2.749, 95% CI = 1.015–7.441), good anti-retroviral medication adherence status (AOR = 2.445, 95% CI = 1.023–5.845), and being a member of an anti-HIV club (AOR = 3.07, 95% CI = 1.314–7.171) were factors significantly associated with HIV-positive status disclosure at p value <0.05.Conclusions and RecommendationThe proportion of HIV-positive status disclosure to sexual partners was high. This study recommended that it is better to promote antiretroviral treatment adherence counseling, mutual partner HIV testing, and membership of anti-HIV/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) club through extensive health education with particular attention given to females and rural residents.

Effects of rainfall, temperature and topography on malaria incidence in elimination targeted district of Ethiopia

BackgroundClimate and environmental factors could be one of the primary factors that drive malaria transmission and it remains to challenge the malaria elimination efforts. Hence, this study was aimed to evaluate the effects of meteorological factors and topography on the incidence of malaria in the Boricha district in Sidama regional state of Ethiopia.MethodsMalaria morbidity data recorded from 2010 to 2017 were obtained from all public health facilities of Boricha District in the Sidama regional state of Ethiopia. The monthly malaria cases, rainfall, and temperature (minimum, maximum, and average) were used to fit the ARIMA model to compute the malaria transmission dynamics and also to forecast future incidence. The effects of the meteorological variables and altitude were assessed with a negative binomial regression model using R version 4.0.0. Cross-correlation analysis was employed to compute the delayed effects of meteorological variables on malaria incidence.ResultsTemperature, rainfall, and elevation were the major determinants of malaria incidence in the study area. A regression model of previous monthly rainfall at lag 0 and Lag 2, monthly mean maximum temperature at lag 2 and Lag 3, and monthly mean minimum temperature at lag 3 were found as the best prediction model for monthly malaria incidence. Malaria cases at 1801–1900 m above sea level were 1.48 times more likely to occur than elevation ≥ 2000 m.ConclusionsMeteorological factors and altitude were the major drivers of malaria incidence in the study area. Thus, evidence-based interventions tailored to each determinant are required to achieve the malaria elimination target of the country.

Causes and Effects of Rural-Urban Migration in Ethiopia: A Case Study from Amhara Region

ABSTRACT This article analyses the causes and effects of rural-urban migration in the Amhara Region, one of the nine national regional states of Ethiopia. Data were collected through interviews, focus group discussions (FGDs) and questionnaires in the main destination towns and rural areas from which migrants predominantly originate. Rural-urban migration in Amhara is a multi-causal process. The study reveals food shortages resulting from landlessness and drought as the principal factor for rural-urban migration. Debt, information flow and exigent cultural conventions are also important factors. The income from migration enables rural households to supplement poor harvests, service debts and diversify their livelihood. Migration, however, contributes to the spread of disease, as well as socio-culturally undesirable habits producing dysfunctional families and other societal ills. Considering migration is a livelihood option for the rural poor, policy objectives should be to support returning migrants rather than manage its adversities.

Determinants and Trends of Under-Five Child Mortality in Ethiopia: A Multi-level Logistic Modeling Approach

The burden of under-five mortality remains unevenly distributed. About 80 percent of under-five deaths occur in two regions, sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. Ethiopia is among the six countries that account for half of the global under-five deaths. The aim of this study was to identify the significant socio-economic and demographic factors influencing under-five child mortality and evaluate the variation among the regional states of Ethiopia. In this study, the 2000, 2005, 2011 and 2016 EDHS data were used to describe the trend of under-five mortality in Ethiopia. The 2016 EDHS data have been used to analyze determinants and variation of under-five mortality by background characteristics. Single-level logistic regression and multilevel logistic regression models were used to identify the major risk factors of under-five mortality and regional variations in under-five child mortality in Ethiopia using the 2016 EDHS data. The results from single-level and multilevel logistic regression analyses showed that Sex of a child, Age of a child in month, Birth type, Birth order number, Number of Household size, Breastfeeding status, Educational level of mother’s, Place of residence and type of toilet facility had significant effects on under-five child mortality and there is variation of under-five child mortality from region to region. Conversely, preceding birth interval, wealth index Household, Source of drinking water and place of delivery were found insignificant. The results revealed variation of under-five child mortality from region to region. The multilevel logistic regression analysis result showed that the effects of breastfeeding varied across regions whereas the effects of other covariates on under-five child mortality remained fixed across regions.

A study of the context of organizational (input) level factors to promoting gender equality in gambella regional state of Ethiopia

It is not possible to achieve a controversial goal, such as gender equality, without a clear strategic plan setting out policy, objectives, action, time frame and resources. Any organizational entity of the public or private sector nature should contribute to enhancing greater gender equality in order to minimize the widely expanding gender equality gap between men and women. It should be able to contribute substantively to greater gender equality by having the appropriate gender mainstreaming structures, policies and procedures in place. The objective of this article was to show the existing situation of organizational (input) level factors towards the promotion of gender equality in the Gambella Peoples’ National Regional State of Ethiopia. The study has shown that the basic policy documents did not exist in several public sector organizations. Certain basic gender and gender-related strategies to implementing the gender and gender-related policy documents were not practiced in the public sector offices. The existing gender and gender-related strategies to implementing such gender policy documents were not clear to the civil servants. Gender focal point networking were absent in the public sector organizations. It has also shown that equal hiring or employment opportunities or practices were existing, gender unit department (division) activities were incorporated in the basic organizational core policy goals, objectives, and projects, and job responsibilities and mandates for the gender unit departments or divisions were existing in the public sector offices.

Small-Scale Business Leadership in Ethiopia: An Assessment of Financial Bureau Opportunities in Yayu Woreda

The present research paper highlights small-scale business leadership in Ethiopia to assess the financial bureau in Yayu Woreda of Ilu Abba Bora Zone of Oromia regional state of Ethiopia. The other allied purpose relates to evaluating the budgetary performance of the Yayo Woreda finance office in the Ilu Abba Bora Zone. The sampling technique is based on simple random sampling, and scientifically there were 100 samples of respondents taken from approximately one thousand and three hundred and seventy-three employees in the woreda. The representative samples were included one head office person, the council head of the budget and finance committee, plus the committee members from the Audit Office, Auditor general, deputy auditor general, Audit manager, and the audit team of consolidated financial statements. Additionally, three employees were also included from each sector, such as planners, accountants, and internal auditors, to control appropriate utilization of limited resources and auditing performance for the allocated budget at the woreda finance office. The descriptive survey design was employed in this study, and appropriate data collection methods were used through questionnaires and interviews. However, the secondary data is extracted from the final report and oversight of the written books and brochures. The data were analyzed and interpreted while using an appropriate methodology of concurrent concern. The study established that the budget implementation and its performance have a negative relationship to some extent. It is recommended that the woreda must have to enhance its manpower, particularly in the budget process, to improve budgetary performance, particularly in the aspect of small-scale business leadership.

Value Chain Analysis of Potato in Farta District of South Gondar Zone, Amhara National Regional State of Ethiopia

Value Chain Analysis of Potato in Farta District of South Gondar Zone, Amhara National Regional State of Ethiopia

The Determinants of Rural Households Food Security and Coping Strategies: The Case of Meta District, East Hararghe Zone of Oromia National Regional State of Ethiopia

Africa is making slow progress in achieving international hunger targets. About 795 million people were chronically malnutrition in worldwide of which 780 million were in developing countries especially in SSA. Recent revised humanitarian requirements documents estimate that 9.7 million people in Ethiopia were in need of emergency food assistance and 420,000 children were requiring treatment for severe acute malnutrition in 2016. So, understanding the major determinants of food security is primary importance in choosing appropriate interventions for addressing the problem of food insecurity. Data on demographic and socio-economic characteristics and institutional aspects were collected from 149 households through interview schedule, key informant interviews and focus group discussion. Descriptive statistics, inferential statistics and Logit model were used for data analysis. The survey results indicate that 53.02% of the respondents were food secure, while 46.98% were food insecure. Results also indicate that there was a significant mean difference at different level of significance between the food secure and food insecure households in terms of age, sex, family size, dependency ratio, educational levels, size of cultivated land, livestock ownership excluding oxen own, off/non-farm income, cash crop produces, fertilizer user, contact with development agents, improve seeds user, distance to the nearest market and access to credit. Among 16 explanatory variables included in the logit model, 8 of them were found to be significant at different probability level, including sex, size of cultivated land and livestock ownership excluding oxen were positive effect on food security whereas, age, family size, dependent ratio, access to the nearest market and access to credit had negative effect on food security. The major portion of this study was about the determinants of rural households’ food security, it has been realized that the determinants of rural households’ food security were broad, interrelated and varies. These can be addressed by a wide comprehensive intervention from different angles of social aspects. Keywords: Food security, determinants, rural households, coping strategies, Meta, logistic regression, Ethiopia. DOI: 10.7176/IAGS/89-01 Publication date: January 31 st 2021

Psychological Impact, Early Behavioural Response to COVID-19 and Predictors Among Health Science Students in Amhara Region, Northwest Ethiopia

Background: Psychological impact of the Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic is a serious mental health problem for everyone, including health science college students who spend most of their times at home due to the closure of colleges. Addressing needs of early behavioral responses to this pandemic virus in the affected community particularly for students are very important. However, In Ethiopia, there is a paucity of evidence on the addressing psychological impact, early behavioral response to COVID-19. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the status of psychological impact, early behavioral response to COVID-19 and its associated factors among public health science college students, northwest, Amhara national regional State Ethiopia. Methods: An institutional-based cross-sectional study was employed among 317 respondents from October 16, 2020 to December 30, 2020. A systematic random sampling technique used to select the students who attending in public health science colleges in Amhara Regional state. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered structured questionnaire. Epi-data version 4.6 and SPSS version 20.0 software were used for data entry and analysis, respectively. Binary logistic regressions (Bivariable and multivariable) were performed to identify statistically significant variables. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% CI was used to declare statistically significant variables on the basis of p-value < 0.05 in the multivariable logistic regression model. Results: The overall status of psychological impact and early behavioral response to the COVID-19 pandemic among participants were 51.4% with 95% CI (46%-57%) and 51.1% with 95% CI (45%-57%) respectively. Age 18-24 years old (AOR: 3.6; (CI: 1.14-11.39)), urban residence (AOR: 0.51; 95% CI: (0.31-0.84)), being male participants (AOR: 1.72, 95% CI95% CI: (1.04-2.84)), participants evolved in Debre Tabor health science college (AOR: 4.25; CI 95% (1.60-7.72)) were significant predictors of psychological impact of COVID-19, whereas being female participants (AOR: 3.4; 95% CI: (1.95-5.14)), and participant had psychological impact ofCOVID-19 (AOR: 1.9; 95% CI: (1.16-2-96)) were significant factors with early behavioral response to COVID-19. Conclusions: The psychological impact of COVID-19 was higher among diploma students and early behavioral responses to prevent COVID-19 were not satisfactory. Hence, it is crucial track to early responses to the COVID-19 preventive measures, through appropriate information outlets, mainstream media, and relying on updating information from TV, radio, and health care workers about COVID-19 provision of behavioral readiness to COVID-19 prevention are very important. The government should implement national programs for school based health and safety, promoting students' psychological well-being.

Examining Governing Board Functions and Health Center Performances During Health System Reform: A Cross-sectional Study in 4 Regional States of Ethiopia.

Since 1995, the Ethiopian health system has been managed through decentralizing functions, resources, and authorities to local levels. As a result, health centers are led and managed by governing boards. In addition, the national health system strives to transform the performance of health centers through the implementation of reforms. Therefore, this study aims to examine the relationship between governing board functions and health center performances within a health reform context in 4 agrarian regions of Ethiopia. A cross-sectional survey was conducted from August 28, 2018 to September 30, 2018. Primary data were collected from governing board chairpersons or their designees using interviewer-administered structured questionnaires. The performance of each health center was rated out of 100 percentage points against the Ethiopian Health Center Reform Guideline (EHCRIG) standards. Secondary data were abstracted from a routine health information database using customized tools to capture achievements on 69 EHCRIG standards and its 174 validation criteria. Since the data violate the assumptions of the parametric test, the Spearman's rank (rho) correlation test, (a non-parametric test) was employed to see if any correlation exists among 4 parameters; namely: structure, roles and responsibilities, training and development of governing boards, and performance of health centers against EHCRIGs standards. A statistically significant relationship was claimed at P<.050. All 83 health center governing boards or designees who were approached for this study, participated. The mean health center governing board function score with standard deviation was 56.0% (SD ± 14.5%). The overall performance of health centers against EHCRIGs was 70.4% (SD ± 15.0%). There was a statistically significant and strong correlation (Spearman rho correlation coefficient) between health center performance scores measured against reform standards with governing board scores of (rho=0.866, P<.001) and overall governance scores (rho=0.828, P<.001). Based on the results of this study, we can conclude that well-functioning health center governing boards can improve the performance of health centers against clinical, and management reform standards. Therefore, continuous strengthening of the capacity of governing boards, focusing on improving implementation of their roles and responsibilities, and continuing training on business management is recommended.

The Determinant and Impact of Child Labor on Children’s Education Performance in Chiro Woreda-Western Hararghe Zone - Oromia National Regional State-Ethiopia

This study attempted to assess the Determinants of child labour and its effects on the Children’s schooling: the case of chiro Woreda, Oromia, Ethiopia. The objective of the study was to identify the working conditions of child laborer’s, to assess the factors that determine children decision to participation in work, school or a combination of them and also to assess the effect of child labour on the children’s schooling. The study conducted using 220 child laborer’s respondents. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected by using survey method and focus group discussion. The findings of the study indicate that nearly all the child workers that participated in the study were with disadvantaged background involving coming from poor families, some being orphaned and having migrated from other parts of Oromia as well as from neighboring South and Amhara region to chiro Woreda. Hence, the majority of the child laborer’s in this study found either illiterate or school drop outs, therefore policy measures that resort child workers from work to school should be put in place so as to make public schools well equipped and attractive to children and their parents. Keywords: child labor, determinant, education, impact and labor DOI: 10.7176/RHSS/10-23-04 Publication date: December 31 st 2020