Reduction Of Harmful Emissions Research Articles

Multi-objective Optimization of Diesel Engine Operating Parameters Under Highway Drive Conditions

Abstract Experimental and optimization work is carried out to study the effects of fuel injection pressure, boost pressure, pilot injection timing, pilot injection quantity and main injection timing as input parameters. A four-cylinder, automotive model direct injection diesel engine, incorporated with a variable-geometry turbocharger, was chosen for the experiment. Engine test runs are conducted at a driving condition of 80.3 Nm torque and an engine speed of 1750 rpm, respectively, corresponding to highway driving conditions, using 10 % of exhaust gases recirculated. The Response Surface Methodology is employed to design experiments and analyze the experimental data to optimize engine parameters, considering the mentioned parameters as input parameters. A multi-objective response approach is adopted to optimize engine-operating parameters to obtain desired performance and engine-out emissions. Confirmatory tests are conducted at design conditions to validate the results predicted by the model. It is observed that for the chosen engine configuration, the optimum performance and emission characteristics could be obtained with 120 kPa boost pressure, 61.1 MPa fuel injection pressure, and 11.5 % of total fuel amount as pilot injection and remaining as main injection quantity at 332° and 359° crank angle, respectively. Overall. fairly better engine performance was observed with the use of selected ranges. It is noted that with the procedures adopted, improved engine performance and a significant reduction in harmful emissions are obtained without using major add-ons. The investigation revealed excellent potential for a diesel engine to be an effective prime mover.

The emission of off-road vehicles and their reduction options

Abstract The reduction of harmful emissions is a popular topic in both scientific and public circles. Contrary to popular belief, emissions from transport are only a small part of global emissions. As shown in the figure, the average of the EU 27 countries attributes only 15% of emissions from transport. From common perspective, vehicles with internal combustion, including diesel engines, will soon be replaced by alternative drivetrains. However at least at the commercial and off-road transportation, the diesel technology it is not so easy, and also the environmental reasons are questionable. Although the local emissions of electric vehicles are zero, their global emissions are, according to some research, more significant than their counterparts with internal combustion engines. The total electricity produced in the world in 2016 was about 25 PWh, two-thirds of which came from fossil energy carriers, which seriously damages the ecosystem, so it cannot be labelled as green energy.

ANALYSIS AND CREATION OF NEW ENERGY-SAVING DESIGNS OF INSTALLATIONS FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY COMBUSTION OF LIQUID FUEL IN OIL FACTORY FURNACES USING THE HEAT OF OUTLET COMBUSTION PRODUCTS

The article analyzes the installations and methods used at oil refineries for recycling the heat of exhaust flue gases in order to increase the efficiency of fuel use in tube furnaces and accompanying reduction in pollutant emission into the air basin. Recommendations on rational type selection of waste heaters for furnace units of oil refining industries are given.The authors present fundamentally new installations for burning liquid fuel in the form of oil-water emulsions using the heat recovery of emitted combustion products of furnace installations for heating the oil-water emulsion and its further environmentally friendly combustion, i.e. reduction of harmful emissions. The proposedoriginal installations differ from well-known analogues in the novelty of their design, a fairly high environmental effect and relatively low material costs.

Impact of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on hybrid biodiesel blends for cleaner combustion in CI engines

This study investigates the influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and hybrid biodiesel blends on the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine. The hybrid biodiesel comprises waste frying oil methyl ester (WFOME), sesame oil methyl ester (SOME), and ultra-low sulfur diesel (ULSD) blended at 20 %:80 % by volume (B20). MWCNTs were added into B20 at 25 ppm and 50 ppm concentrations (B20-25MWCNT and B20-50MWCNT). Experimental analysis was conducted under varying engine loads and injection pressures, complemented by CFD simulations. Results demonstrate that the addition of MWCNTs significantly enhances B20 blend performance, with B20-50MWCNT exhibiting a 25 % increase in brake thermal efficiency and a 17 % reduction in brake specific fuel consumption compared to neat B20. Additionally, the incorporation of MWCNTs resulted in notable reductions in harmful emissions. NOx emissions for the B20 + 50MWCNT blend were reduced by up to 36 % compared to diesel and 43 % compared to B20. Smoke opacity and particulate emissions also showed significant decreases, highlighting the cleaner combustion facilitated by the presence of MWCNTs. The CFD simulations provided detailed insights into the combustion process, validating the experimental findings and elucidating the mechanisms behind the observed improvements. The enhanced fuel atomization, better fuel-air mixing, and catalytic properties of MWCNTs were identified as key factors contributing to the superior performance and reduced emissions.

Evaluation of the efficiency of energy complexes with the production of hydrogen, oxygen, heat and electricity

RELEVANCE of the research. The global trend of decarbonization of the national economies of the leading countries of the world implies an increase in energy production due to renewable energy sources and hydrogen. The most environmentally friendly way to produce hydrogen is the electrolysis of water using wind and solar energy. Combined production of thermal, electric energy, hydrogen and oxygen carried out by energy complexes ensures reduction of harmful emissions and increase of their economic efficiency.METHODS. In solving this problem, the method of computational experiment was used, taking into account the geographical and climatic data of the location of the energy complex, as well as the nature of consumption of thermal, electric energy and hydrogen. The calculation was implemented in Visual Basic.RESULTS. The article describes the relevance of the topic, examines the influence of the installed capacity of photovoltaic converters, geographical, climatic and cost characteristics on the efficiency of the energy complex.CONCLUSION. The structure is determined and a schematic diagram of a multi-purpose energy complex is proposed. A methodology for calculating quantitative and economic indicators of the installation has been developed. In the course of the study, it was noted that there is an optimal value of the installed capacity of a photovoltaic installation, further increase of which is inexpedient from an economic point of view. It was also determined that the combination of hydrogen gas stations based on solar installations with traditional sources of energy supply can reduce the cost of hydrogen produced, which in the future may be a solution to the problem of creating a hydrogen infrastructure.

Impact of Using n-Octanol/Diesel Blends on the Performance and Emissions of a Direct-Injection Diesel Engine

This study evaluates the viability of n-octanol as an alternative fuel in a direct-injection diesel engine, aiming to enhance sustainability and efficiency. Experiments fueled by different blends of n-octanol with pure diesel were conducted to analyze their impacts on engine performance and emissions. The methodology involved testing each blend in a single-cylinder engine, measuring engine performance parameters such as brake torque and brake power under full-load conditions across a range of engine speeds. Comparative assessments of performance and emission characteristics at a constant engine speed were also conducted with varying loads. The results indicated that while n-octanol blends consistently improved brake thermal efficiency, they also increased brake-specific fuel consumption due to the lower energy content of n-octanol. Consequently, while all n-octanol blends reduced nitrogen oxide emissions compared to pure diesel, they also significantly decreased carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and smoke opacity, presenting a comprehensive reduction in harmful emissions. However, the benefits came with complex trade-offs: notably, higher concentrations of n-octanol led to a relative increase in nitrogen oxide emissions as the n-octanol ratio increased. The study concludes that n-octanol significantly improves engine efficiency and reduces diesel dependence, but optimizing the blend ratio is crucial to balance performance improvements with comprehensive emission reductions.

Biogas as a sustainable and viable alternative fuel for diesel engines: A comprehensive review of production, purification, economic analysis and performance evaluation

Economic and environmental concerns have propelled alternative fuel research in the last few decades. Numerous research initiatives have been undertaken to optimize energy demand by exploring alternative fuels. This comprehensive review presents an in-depth analysis of the current and future prospects of biogas production, filtration and engine applications. To evaluate the performance and emission characteristics of biogas in compression ignition engines, its impact has been extensively analyzed. The study finds that using biogas as an alternate fuel in a dual-fuel mode engine leads to a degradation of 5–27% in performance parameters such as brake thermal efficiency, while brake-specific fuel consumption increases by up to 33%. A subsequent study of emissions reveals a 25–65% reduction in nitrogen oxides and smoke emissions. In contrast, the dual-fuel engine showed a 31% increase in hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions when compared to a conventional diesel engine. In conclusion, biogas has emerged as a promising alternative fuel for diesel engines due to its sustainable nature and potential for reducing emissions. While there are certain trades-offs in terms of performance parameters, the reduction in harmful emissions makes it a viable option for future research and development.

Estimation of Piston Surface Temperature During Engine Transient Operation for Emissions Reduction

Abstract Piston surface temperature is an important factor in the reduction of harmful emissions in modern gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines. In transient operation, the piston surface temperature can change rapidly, increasing the risk of fuel puddling. The prediction of the piston surface temperature can provide the means to significantly improve multiple-pulse fuel injection control strategies through the avoidance of fuel puddling. It could also be used to intelligently control the piston cooling jet (PCJ), which is common in modern engines. Considerable research has been undertaken to identify generalized engine heat transfer correlations and to predict piston and cylinder wall surface temperatures during operation. Most of these correlations require in-cylinder combustion pressure as an input, as well as the identification of numerous model parameters. These requirements render such an approach impractical. In this study, the authors have developed a thermodynamic model of piston surface temperature based on the global energy balance (GEB) methodology, which includes the effect of PCJ activation. The advantages are a simple structure and no requirement for in-cylinder pressure data, and only limited experimental tests are needed for model parameter identification. Moreover, the proposed model works well during engine transient operation, with maximum average error of 6.68% during rapid transients. A detailed identification procedure is given. This and the model performance have been demonstrated using experimental piston crown surface temperature data from a prototype 1-liter 3-cylinder turbocharged GDI engine, operated in both engine steady-state and transient conditions with an oil jet used for piston cooling turned both on and off.

Energy saving during the partial heat load period by integrating a steam-heated absorption heat pump into the thermal scheme of a PT-60/70-130/13 steam turbine


 
 
 The task of determining the efficiency of operation of an absorption heat pump (AHP) with steam heating (COP conversion factor = 1.71) integrated into the thermal circuit of a PT-60/70-130/13 steam turbine that releases production steam and hot water during the partial heat load period (spring and autumn; also referred to as the inteheating period) is being solved in this paper. Variants of operation of the PT-60/70-130/13 with an integrated AHP with a capacity of ~17.25 MW in the partial heat load period were studied when steam with parameters of 1.296 MPa, 280°C was realised in the production selection of the adjustable turbine at flow rates of 20, 30, and 50 t/h with a variable heat load on hot water supply, which was determined by the return network water consumption task 1000–1400 t/h, while the ‘useful’ electrical power of the power complex was provided at ~30 MW. At electricity prices of 0.13 USD/(kWh) and standard fuel of 309 USD/t for Ukraine, the simple payback period of 17.25 MW AHP as part of the PT-60/70-130/13 steam turbine for the partial heat load period at a production load of 20–50 t/h of steam at the consumption of return network water of heat supply 1000–1200 t/h can decrease to two years. At the same time, during the partial heat load period, which lasts ~4404 hours in Ukraine, up to ~1.2% of fuel, up to 44% of technical water for feeding the circulation cooling system, and 0.4% of softened water for feeding are saved. A tangible environmental effect is achieved due to the reduction of harmful emissions – actual heat and hazardous gases – to the atmosphere: CO2 by 1118.7 tons, NOx by 5.87 t, thus saving ~41,000 of technical water.
 
 

Digital twin-based design and techno-economic analysis of solar hydrail as future locomotive

A clean solar hydrail, a locomotive operated by solar and hydrogen energy, has received significant attention as an alternative to a current fossil fuel-based locomotive. Nevertheless, the feasibility test of solar hydrail is still challenging since it has not yet been practically developed. Herein, we employed digital twin technology to design and operate solar hydrail and diesel locomotive. 30 years of operation simulation starting from 2021 was conducted based on the data of Gangwon-do, South Korea. It was confirmed that replacing the single diesel locomotive with solar hydrail can provide about 59 % lower net present cost and annual harmful emission reduction of approximately 300 tons. Sensitivity analyses were also conducted to mitigate future uncertainty, and the solar hydrail was a better option than the diesel locomotive in every scenario. This study demonstrates that solar hydrail is the successful substitute for the diesel locomotive currently operated in South Korea.

Environmentally friendly die casting method using horizontal pressing chamber machines

It is shown that a modern highly automated technological process as die casting is not an exception among the technological processes used in foundry production and requiring the solution of environmental problems. An environmentally friendly die casting method of aluminum alloys is considered, which ensures the reduction of harmful emissions into the environment by lubricating the working surfaces of the tooling at the closed position of the mould at the initial stage of pressing the melt into its moulding cavity.

Термическая утилизация отработанных масел

Pollution of the environment with petroleum products is a serious environmental problem. There are several ways to dispose of used oils: regeneration, burial and incineration. The burning of waste oils is widespread both in Russia and abroad. One of the significant disadvantages of the method is the entry of harmful substances into the atmosphere. The results of research on the development of a more advanced installation of thermal utilization of waste oils, ensuring the completeness of combustion and reduction of harmful emissions, are presented. The unit for thermal disposal of waste oils consists of a furnace and an emulsion nozzle. The furnace from the furnace chamber and the afterburning chamber of the flue gas provides two-zone, two-stage oil gorenje. Oil is burned in the combustion chamber (1st gorenje zone with t ≈ 600–700 оC). Then the smoke enters the afterburning chamber, where it is completely burned due to the supply of additional air (2nd gorenje zone with t ≈ 1200–1300 оC), due to the increase in temperature, toxic substances contained in the smoke are transformed into harmless due to their complete oxidation. The emulsion nozzle consists of intersecting grooves, which, when air and heated oil are fed into it, provide finely dispersed oil spraying by forming gas-liquid vortices in the oncoming grooves. Using the ANSYS program, the calculation of the flame angle of the emulsion nozzle was carried out. It is established that to change the range of the spraying torch and the use of emulsion nozzles in furnaces of different volume and power, it is necessary to change the angle of the screw direction. This research contributes to the development of the industry of processing of production and consumption waste. The proposed solution allows the installation to be used not only in industrial centers where significant volumes of waste oils accumulate, but also in sparsely populated areas, and also ensures the completeness of combustion of oil waste and reduces the negative impact on the environment.

Analysis of Electric Bus Utilization for Urban Transport using Bus Route, Passenger Demand and Fuel Consumptuion (Blok M-Kota Corridor Case)

Buses as a means of public transportation can greatly reduce traffic problems in urban areas through the use of, among other things, innovative techniques and technologies. The development of innovative technologies increasingly oriented towards the electrification of vehicle propulsion systems is expected to lead to the reduction of harmful emissions, increased vehicle efficiency, improved performance, reduced fuel consumption, and reduced noise. This study aims to determine the comparison of Transjakarta electric buses with conventional buses owned by Transjakarta, identify and evaluate the condition of the electric bus side. This study uses quantitative methods. The results of the study show a comparison of the operational cost calculation as indicated by the calculation of direct costs and indirect costs. The unit price for a bus/km for a diesel bus is Rp. 51,796, on the electric bus Rp. 224,991, and BBG buses for Rp. 82,227. where in the comparison of BOK diesel buses are cheaper than electric buses and CNG. The most expensive cost is the replacement of spare parts, especially the price of the battery which needs to be replaced every 10 years. 3,876, while bbg buses require much cheaper, which is Rp. 630. The calculation results of the electric bus battery consumption on the use of 1 route with a distance of 30.8 on weekdays on average 11.5% while on weekends it is 9.5%. At the kWh consumption, the electric bus requires the consumption of kWh per trip with a distance of 31.4 km is 23.57 kWh. From this value, it is known that the efficiency is 1.3 km/1 kWh. In charging the battery, the average battery charging time on the electric bus is 134 minutes or about 2.23 hours.

Analysis of the Combustion Characteristics and Performance of Lemon and Orange Peel Biomass Composite Fuel Diesel

Background: Orange and lemon peels are a type of biomass waste, as the demand for the production of these citrus species and their use in various food industries leads to their significant accumulation in the form of waste. This study was designed so that this waste is recycled to be added to diesel fuel and to verify its suitability as a composite fuel. Method: This study aimed to investigate the thermal combustion behavior of lemon peel powder, LPP, and orange peel powder, OPP biomass composite fuel diesel. The citrus peel was dried and ground to a powder material of 450-750 µm in size, then mixed in different percentages with diesel fuel. Different parameters were controlled to improve the composite fuel characteristic. The pyrolysis experiments of the diesel/citrus composite fuel were conducted in an internal combustion engine. Results: The results showed that the citrus/diesel composite fuel sustains its combustion properties at 30% of the added citrus peel powder, with a reduction of harmful emissions. The results showed that calorific values of diesel containing 30% LPP or 15% LPP + 15% OPP were very close to that of pure diesel. The maximum calorific values were obtained at α = 0.85, 0.80, and 0.90 for 30% OPP, 30% LPP, and 15% OPP + 15% LPP composite fuels respectively. It was found that the addition of homogenization material and combustion activator to the composite fuel raised the maximum temperature of combustion by 230 °C, 200 °C, and 330 °C for 30% OPP, 30% LPP, and 15% OPP + 15% LPP respectively. The TGA analysis of lemon and orange showed that the weight loss has proceeded in three stages, the first at 150°C – 200 °C due to water evaporation, the second at 400 °C due to hydrolysis of cellulose and hemicellulose, and the third at 600 °C due to combustion of fuel material forming carbon residue. Conclusion: The composite fuel without additives showed the highest combustion temperature at about 600 °C, while the maximum combustion temperature for the composite fuel with additives was achieved at 800 °C at a shorter time.

Investigation of alternative fuelled marine diesel engines and waste heat recovery system utilization on the oil tanker for upcoming regulations and carbon tax

Energy efficiency saving and harmful emission reduction applications on marine vessels are quite valuable to achieving sustainable development goals highlighted by the IMO. In line with this goal, alternative fuels, and the WHRS have been utilized on the oil tanker in eight different scenarios since the attained EEXI and CII values of the oil tanker equipped with conventional systems don't meet the current regulations. The best performance has been obtained from scenario VII having a methanol-fuelled main engine and LNG-fuelled auxiliary engines with WHRS using the ORC. The attained EEXI of 3.543 and CII of 3.858 values have met current requirements and have kept the CII rating of the oil tanker at levels B to C. Scenario VII has also ensured roundly 31% cost advantage under the highest futuristic assumption of the carbon tax, this rate corresponds to $21M for approximately 5.5 years. As a result, all scenarios have provided superiority over the existing system in terms of meeting regulations, fuel consumption, carbon emission, and carbon tax. On the other hand, the utilization of carbon-neutral fuels in the main and auxiliary engines with the WHRS needs to be considered to comply with upcoming regulations and to achieve net-zero emission targets.

EVOLUTIONARY DEVELOPMENT OF MOTOR TRANSPORT DIESELS: ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC INDICATORS

On the example of the most common in the use of diesel engines of commercial vehicles, the requirements for environmental and economic indicators, their evolutionary development over the past decades and, accordingly, changes in the impact on the environment and in the consumption of natural resources are considered. Road transport in terms of traffic significantly exceeds all other modes of transport, is the main consumer of scarce hydrocarbon oil fuels; and is considered the most significant pollutant of the surrounding atmosphere with toxic substances contained in the exhaust gases of engines.
 In recent years, during the development, implementation in production and use in operation, there have been significant changes in the design, technology, manufacturing, organization of the workflow, improvement of diesel engine systems that provide fuel and air supply, purification of exhaust gases from harmful emissions into the environment. The analysis of changes in requirements, the level of achieved economic and environmental performance of diesel engines of trucks, was carried out using the fuel-environmental criterion. The calculation data and the generalization of the results of the study made it possible to determine changes in the cost of fuel and compensation for environmental damage from the harmful effects of engine exhaust gases on the environment, related to a unit of power in operation, the coefficient of relative operating environmental costs, directly fuel-environmental criterion and to give a quantitative assessment of the evolutionary development of diesel engines of trucks. It has been established that the fuel and environmental efficiency of diesel engines of trucks over the past 30 years has increased by 4.17 times, mainly due to the reduction of harmful emissions into the environment with exhaust gases.

Potential Use of Rendering Mortar Waste Powder as a Cement Replacement Material: Fresh, Mechanical, Durability and Microstructural Properties

The difficulty of decomposing solid waste over time has made it a significant global problem because of its environmental impact and the need for large areas for disposal. Among these residues is the waste of the rendering mortar that is produced (falls to the ground) while applied to wall surfaces. The quantity of these materials may reach 200 to 500 g/m2. As a result of local urban development (in Iraq), thousands of tons of these wastes are produced annually. On the other hand, the emission of greenhouse gases in the cement industry has had a great environmental impact. One of the solutions to this problem is to reduce the cement content in the mix by replacing it with less emissive materials. Residues from other industries are considered a relatively ideal option due to their disposal on the one hand and the reduction of harmful emissions of the cement industry on the other hand. Therefore, this research aims to reuse rendering mortar waste powder (RMWP) as a possible alternative to cement in mortar. RMWP replaced the cement in proportions (0, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30% by weight). The flow rate, flexural and compressive strengths, ultrasonic pulse velocity, bulk density, dynamic modulus of elasticity, electrical resistivity, and water absorption tests of the produced mortar were executed. Microstructural analysis of the produced mortar was also investigated. Results indicated that, for sustainable development, an eco-friendly mortar can be made by replacing cement with RMWP at a rate of 15%, resulting in a 17% decrease in compressive strength while maintaining or improving durability properties. Moreover, the microstructure became denser and more homogeneous in the presence of RMWP.

Chinese mining industry: state of the art review

The territory of the present-day People’s Republic of China is rich in mineral and energy resources which stimulate the growth of the extractive industry in the country. China is currently the world leader in the production of 31 commodities (mineral products): molybdenum, tungsten, iron, aluminum, lead, zinc, gold, coal, gypsum, bentonite, and many others. This stimulates the development of the appropriate infrastructure and training of specialists in the mining industry, the development of international links for investment and the exchange of best production practices. The purpose of this work was to study the history of exploration and extraction of natural resources, establish a domestic strategy for the development of the mining and metallurgical sector, and review leading Chinese mining and metallurgical companies. The paper reviewed key domestic processes in China which would affect the domestic and global mining and metallurgical industry. An assessment of natural resource deposits throughout the whole territory of the country was carried out with their brief description, highlighting the prime prospects, and presenting commodity reserves. The paper presents the main challenges for the mining and metallurgical industry to be met in the 14th Five-Year Plan. The development of the industry up to 2025 implies the expansion of extractive capacities with an overall reduction in dependence on imports, enhancing exploration programs, and the reduction of harmful emissions from operating enterprises, etc. Special attention is paid to publicly traded mining and metallurgical companies in China. The leaders in each sector are presented, and their brief economic indicators are given.

ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF USING SOLAR SYSTEMS BASED ON PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULES AND SOLAR COLLECTORS FOR ENERGY SUPPLY OF BUDGET FACILITIES

This article analyzes the operation of a solar energy system installed in a higher education institution, consisting of four photovoltaic stations connected to the electrical grid for self-consumption, and a solar hot water system with collectors and a storage tank. The operation of the system was modeled using the RETScreen, T*SOL, and PV*SOL software programs, based on averaged climate data obtained from the "Zhuliany" weather station. The solar system is installed on the south-facing roof of the building and consists of 262 monocrystalline silicon photovoltaic modules of Trina Solar TSM-DE08M (II) type with a power of 370 W, installed at an angle of 30° to the horizon, and 8 Veissmann Vitosol 300-T SP3 vacuum tube collectors with a power of 1.3 kW installed at an angle of 35°. The placement of the solar elements was determined through modeling, considering their dimensions, the features of the roof structure, the placement of ventilation systems, and the shading of the roof surfaces by other elements of the building in Kyiv. As a result of energy modeling, it was determined that the amount of thermal energy obtained is 6.823 MWh/year, and the amount of electrical energy is -109.16 MWh/year, with a total inverter capacity of 95 kW, a traditional fuel replacement coefficient of 50% for the photovoltaic system and 75% for the solar system with collectors, payback periods of 4.3 years for the photovoltaic system, and 13 years for the hot water system when replacing electric boilers and 16 years when obtaining hot water from a district heating network. The reduction in harmful emissions is 45 tons/year of CO2, which is equivalent to 104.3 barrels of crude oil or 19,279 liters of high-octane gasoline or 15.5 tons of recycled waste. Based on the analysis of the data, it is recommended to install such systems in higher education budget institutions to reduce electricity or natural gas consumption and reduce harmful emissions into the environment.

MODERN TECHNOLOGIES FOR INCREASING THE ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL EFFICIENCY OF ENERGY PRODUCTION

The problems of energy efficiency of energy production along with improving the environmental safety of enterprises are becoming increasingly relevant. One of the ways to solve these problems is the implemention of effective technologies, which include microflare incineration technology (MIT-technology) of gaseous fuels. The use of MIT- technology, in addition to a significant reduction in harmful emissions into the atmosphere, can simultaneously increase the energy efficiency of thermal power plants.
 A significant positive effect can also be achieved by using contact energy exchange plants. A striking example of such a gas-steam plant “Aquarius” the operation of which exceeds the efficiency of gas turbine plants by 10-12% with a simultaneous significant decrease in the concentration of toxic nitrogen oxides NOx and carbon monoxide CO in flue gases.