Space Redistribution Research Articles

Gray matter volume of the feline cerebral cortex and structural plasticity following perinatal deafness

In response to sensory deprivation, the brain adapts according to contemporary demands to efficiently navigate a modified perceptual environment. This reorganization may result in improved processing of the remaining senses–a phenomenon referred to as compensatory crossmodal plasticity. One approach to explore this neuroplasticity is to consider the macrostructural changes in neural tissue that mirror this functional optimization. The current study is the first of its kind to measure MRI-derived gray matter (GM) volumes of control felines (n=30), while additionally identifying volumetric differences in response to perinatal deafness (30 ototoxically-deafened cats). To accomplish this purpose, regional and morphometric methods were performed in parallel. The regional analysis evaluated volumetric alterations of global GM, as well as the volumes of 146 regions of interest (ROIs) and 12 functional subgroupings of these ROIs. Results revealed whole-brain GM preservation; however, somatosensory and visual cortices exhibited an overall increase in volume. On a smaller scale, this analysis uncovered two auditory ROIs (second auditory cortex, A2, and ventral auditory field, VAF) that decreased in volume alongside two visual regions (anteromedial lateral suprasylvian area, AMLS and splenial visual area, SVA) that increased–all localized within the right hemisphere. Comparatively, the findings of tensor-based morphometry (TBM) generally aligned with those of the ROI-based method, as this voxel-wise approach demonstrated clusters of expansion coincident with visual- and somatosensory-related loci; although, it failed to detect any GM reductions following deafness. As distinct differences were identified in each analysis, the current study highlights the importance of employing multiple methods when exploring MRI volumetry. Overall, this study proposes that volumetric alterations within sensory loci allude to a redistribution of cortical space arising from modified perceptual demands following auditory deprivation.

Water and fluidity in İz Öztat’s heterochronic imaginaries in the aftermath of genocide

Between the years 2013–2016, the artist İz Öztat created four distinct bodies of work, all of which engaged aspects of water. This period was marked in Turkey by the heightened tensions around the neoliberal (re)distribution of public space and public resources, which escalated in the aftermath of the Gezi Park Protests of 2013. In this article, the author argues that, beyond its immediate critique of contemporary capitalist appropriation, Öztat’s engagement with water builds relations across time, space, and species to recall histories of the Armenian Genocide, challenging the denials of official historiography. By tapping into the linguistic, cultural, and material imaginaries of water, and learning from the present-day water protection movements, Öztat engages the diverse histories carried across waterways. Water becomes a nexus through which the artist locates and articulates the physical and epistemic violence of modernity, particularly as it indexes community, conscience, and ecology from the late 19th century to the present.

Conflicts in real-world labs ‐ Perspectives of critical and ambivalent residents on a temporary public space redesign project in Berlin

Real-world labs make the mobility transition tangible for residents. However, these experiences are not always positive, and often local conflicts arise. Based on in-depth interviews, the authors show that perceived procedural unfairness as well as the redistribution of space are the main drivers of a sceptical attitude towards redesign projects.Real-world labs (RwLs) are often used to explore and foster the mobility transition. Many RwLs dealing with mobility transition temporarily reallocate public spaces from motorized to active transport or to leisure activities. While some residents accept and enjoy the changes, others react with scepticism, rejection, or protest. This can lead to conflicts. Controversial perceptions and conflicts among residents make a permanent redesign rather challenging for the administration and the politicians. In this paper the authors investigate the related conflict types and counterarguments by studying the case of a temporary redesign of an intersection in Berlin. Based on in-depth interviews, they untangle procedural, distributional, and identity conflicts which might underlie the critical and ambivalent perceptions of residents. An abundance of conflict issues pertaining to procedural and distributional conflicts are revealed and emphasize the role of the RwL process.

Influence of coupled dissolution-precipitation processes on the pore structure, characteristics, and evolution of tight sandstone: A case study in the upper Paleozoic reservoir of Bohai Bay Basin, eastern China

Due to the limitations of pore throat characterization techniques, in-depth studies on the evolution and influencing variables of tight sandstone reservoirs remain lacking, despite the importance of pore structure in evaluating their storage and seepage capacities. In this study, the effect of coupled dissolution–precipitation on the heterogeneity of the pore structure of tight sandstone was investigated using advanced techniques in conjunction with traditional geochemical analyses. The primary reasons for the variability in tight sandstone pore structure were different diagenetic processes and tectonic evolution. In tight sandstones, numerous burial phases led to a significant loss of porosity. However, tight sandstones that have been successively leached by meteoric water and deep burial organic acid have improved secondary pore space due to Yanshan tectonic uplift and Himalayan tectonic burial. The redistribution or blockage of pore space can occur as a result of dissolved material migrating and re-precipitating in tight sandstones that have been deeply buried and altered by organic acidic fluids. Furthermore, nuclear magnetic resonance cryoporometry and nuclear magnetic resonance experiments were used to provide precise and accurate quantitative analysis for discussing the evolution of pore structure by complex dissolution–precipitation process within the pore scale. The formation of good pore structure was mainly dependent on the increase in pore volume generated by dissolution in the submicron and micron range (less than 10 μm). Due to interfacial energy effects, authigenic minerals precipitated preferentially in macropores, resulting in a preponderance of microporosity and small changes in porosity but at least an order of magnitude reduction in permeability. This study provides a reliable reference for genesis analysis and evaluation of tight sandstones as well as a new perspective for understanding the formation and evolution of complex pore structures.

Squaring Off with M-Series Fan-Out Technology

Currently running at volumes in the millions of units per day on 300mm round format, Deca’s M-Series™ fan-out PLP technology and Adaptive Patterning® are being scaled up at ASE to 600 mm for production. The SEMI standard 600 mm square format pioneered by Deca, provides a 500% increase in usable area per panel providing cost-effective capacity growth as well as a powerful platform for high density integration of multi-die and chiplets in 2D, 2.5D and 3D structures. Deca’s patented Adaptive Patterning® coupled with chip attach compensation modeling overcomes the yield challenges associated with scaling to 600 mm and mitigates the compounding risk associated with the growing number of dies in a package, which is of particular importance for chiplet designs. The use of Laser Direct Imaging (LDI) overcomes the need for reticle stitching and eliminates this barrier for large package body sizes. In addition, 600mm allows for higher efficiency in terms of package count per format area over 300mm round, leading to less waste, thus a lower cost and a more environmentally friendly process. Recent advancements in LDI have allowed the potential to scale the technology to ultra-high density 2µm line & space redistribution layers (RDL) and 5μm vias. Advancement in Adaptive Patterning have led to multi-die packaging solutions without the need for complicated embedded bridge chips. With these ultra-high-density tools at hand, a breakthrough in device interface pitch of 20µm area array for leading edge silicon nodes will be outlined.

Estimating the true half-life of cardiac troponins, a novel methodological approach

Abstract Introduction Cardiac troponins (cTn) are key when diagnosing myocardial injury (MI) and are used worldwide. Still, the half-life (T½) of cTn in the bloodstream is largely unknown. Previously, T½ has been estimated to 7-20 hours following MI. However, in the clinical setting the true T½, i.e. the decay of cTn, cannot be estimated due to ongoing leakage of cTn from cardiomyocytes. Identification of the true T½ is essential to improve estimation of how long cTn leak from cardiomyocytes due to MI and to understand the pathophysiology of all diseases in the myocardium associated with raised cTn levels. Purpose To determine T½ of cTnI and cTnT in the human blood stream. Methods Patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) were included within 24 hours after acute reperfusion therapy and underwent plasmapheresis to "harvest" plasma with a high cTn concentration. Three to 17 weeks later patients received a re-transfusion of autologous plasma. Blood samples were drawn at 22 fixed time points over eight hours from re-transfusion. A two phased model was used to estimate T½ of cTnI and cTnT for all patients. An alpha level of <0.05 was considered statistically significant and differences were tested by Wilcoxon matched pairs signed rank test. Results A total of 20 participants received a re-transfusion of their own plasma. Median age was 63 years (IQR 58-70), and four participants were women (20%). Prior to re-transfusion the participants’ median concentration of cTnI was 16 ng/l (interquartile range (IQR) 12-24) and of cTnT 12 ng/l (IQR 11-18). Following re-transfusion of 180-679 ml autologous plasma, participants’ concentration of cTn was measured again. Median concentration of cTnI was 3,355 ng/l (IQR 2,135-4,690) and of cTnT 237 ng/l (IQR 160-303 ng/l). Decay of cTnI and cTnT from injection to eight hours after followed a two-phased exponential decline with a primary fast and secondary slow phase as presented in figures 1-2. Each colored curve represents a participant. Median T½ during the first phase was 11 min for cTnI (IQR 6-13 min) and 15 min for cTnT (IQR 7-18 min). The fast decline in the first phase was thought to be due to re-distribution in the extracellular space. The second phase had a median T½ of 65 min for cTnI (IQR 56-80 min) and 67 min for cTnT (IQR 51-92 min). The second phase represents the human, biological T½ of cTn. No significant difference was found between T½ of cTnI and cTnT. Conclusions This novel study design showed seven to 20-fold shorter T½ of cTnI and cTnT compared to previous estimates in the acute, clinical setting, indicating that the duration of cTn leakage from the myocardium during MI has previously been grossly underestimated. This finding challenges our understanding and interpretation of the clinical course of MI and may translate into changes in the perceived window of opportunity for myocardial salvage by interventions.Figure 1:Cardiac troponin IFigure 2:Cardiac troponin T

Transport Planning beyond Infrastructural Change: An Empirical Analysis of Transport Planning Practices in the Rhine-Main Region in Germany

The transport system in Germany is characterised by a dominance of individual automobility. Acknowledging the necessity of a transition in the transport sector towards a more equal and sustainable transport system, the paper takes a closer look at how local and regional transport planning actually responds to the demands of the transition. Following a practice theoretical approach, the empirical analysis of local and regional transportation planning in the Rhine-Main region aims at an understanding of planning actions that go beyond infrastructural and technological change. Based on document analysis and interviews, the analysis highlights spatial and material changes promoted by transport planning, normative aims, and assumptions followed by transport planning and skills and competencies supporting transport planning in the Rhine-Main region. The paper identifies two overarching transport planning practices that shape the way the transport transition is addressed in the Rhine-Main region: the expansion of sustainable transport networks and the redistribution of road space. The empirical results are discussed with regard to the potential for change in local and regional transport planning.

Evaluation on Site Selection of Urban Renewal Projects from the Perspective of Space Benefit: Macau Special Administrative Region as an Example

With the advent of the stock-planning era, urban renewal has gradually become an important part of urban construction. Urban renewal is essentially a process of solving the rational redistribution of space. However, blind urban renewal can easily lead to the waste of space resources. Therefore, an appropriate renewal location can maximize the space’s renewal efficiency. Based on the perspective of space benefits, this study constructs an urban renewal site selection evaluation system suitable for Macau SAR from two aspects of social and economic benefits and space benefits and uses the DEA model to verify the evaluation system. Thus, we can more objectively and directly judge the evaluation of benefits in urban renewal site selection, maximize the efficiency of spatial renewal, and provide reference for urban site selection decisions. The results are as follows: Funing Building is the best item among the four renewal projects, and it is also the most suitable target point for development; the super-rich benefit is inefficient in terms of both space benefit and production cost benefit.

Social identity based motivation to engage in collective action supporting the redistribution of street space

Reallocation of street space to active travel modes remains contested, despite the need for a sustainable mobility transition. Citizen engagement plays a crucial role in pushing city councils to take action and provide safe infrastructure for cyclists and pedestrians. In this study, we assess what drives active support for policies redistributing street space, focusing on transport user groups and their social identities that may influence active engagement in favor (or in opposition) to these transport policies. We draw on the Social Identity Model of Collective Action to investigate processes influencing active policy support as a form of collective action. Based on a representative sample of German citizens (N = 615), we observe a medium–low willingness to get actively engaged. Findings suggest that people identifying with minority groups (e.g. cyclists) profiting from changes to the status quo are most willing to support policies redistributing street space. A sense of collective efficacy and perceived social pressure within the group through social norms seem particularly important. As social identity processes appear to influence people’s policy support more so than their mode choice itself, there are widespread implications for the mobility transition. We discuss the benefits of considering social identities from the perspective of policy makers as well as citizen initiatives.

On the utilization of dedicated bus lanes for pooled ride-hailing services

Ride-sourcing platforms, among other solution services, offer convenience and flexibility when it comes to pick-up/drop-off time and location. Similarly, ride-splitting renders itself as an extension of ride-sourcing where platform users agree to share their rides in return for a reduced fare yet possibly a longer travel time. Despite the numerous advantages that sharing introduced to the platform operator by reducing the fleet size necessary to serve demand levels, e-hailing is still overall negatively impacting traffic performance in urban spaces. This is partially due to the current tendency of users to favor solo over shared rides. This paper aims to use aggregate traffic flow models to put forward a network space redistribution policy that has the potential to reduce total delays of the different mode users in the network. Accordingly, we investigate the solo-pool demand split that minimizes the total Passenger Hours Traveled for all network commuters in the event where shared rides are allowed to use underutilized bus lanes. As a result, the choice to share is associated with an inevitable additional detour distance but with a lower-than-expected trip time compared to standard scenarios where the whole fleet utilizes the same network space. In this paper, we present an analytical macroscopic modeling approach to evaluate equilibrium solutions between network supply and multi-modal demand. By resorting to a numerical example of the model, we show that the optimal strategy that minimizes delays for multi-modal transport users occurs when only a fraction of the pooling vehicles uses the dedicated bus lanes. This fraction is dependent on the distribution of space and the value of demand for private vehicles, buses, and ride-hailing services.

Modelling the stand dynamics after a thinning induced partial mortality: A compensatory growth perspective.

With increasing forest areas under management, dynamics of managed stands have gained more attention by forest managers and practitioners. Improved understanding on how trees and forest stands would respond to different disturbances is required to predict the dynamics of managed stand.s. Partial mortality commonly occurs in stand development, and different response patterns of trees and stands to partial mortality would govern stand dynamics. To investigate the possible response patterns using existing knowledge of growth and yield relationships, we developed TreeCG model, standing for Tree's Compensatory Growth, a state-dependent individual tree-based forest growth model that simulates the compensatory growth of trees after experiencing a partial mortality. The mechanism behind the simulation is the redistribution of resources, including nutrients and space, freed from died trees to surviving trees. The developed new algorithm simplified the simulations of annual growth increments of individual trees over a long period of stand development. The model was able to reproduce the forest growth patterns displayed in long-term precommercial thinning experiments. The simulated forest growth displayed the process of compensatory growth from under compensation, to compensation-induced-equality, and to overcompensation over time. Our model can simulate stand growth trajectories after different partial harvest regimes at different times and intensities, thus support decisions in best partial harvest strategies. This generic model can be refined with given tree species and specific site conditions to predict stand dynamics after given partial mortality for any jurisdictions under management. The simulation reassembles growth trajectories of natural stands when no thinning is conducted.

Changes in clinical periodontal parameters after removal of fixed orthodontic appliances

The placement of orthodontic appliances influences plaque growth and maturation. Significant differences in biofilm formation and periodontal reaction between different bracket types and between bonded teeth compared with control teeth have been reported, however, have reported significant attachment loss during orthodontic treatment.In patients with a history of periodontitis resulting in displaced teeth, possible orthodontic tooth movements include changes in alignment, space redistribution, and intrusion.To see the changes in clinical periodontal parameters after removal of fixed orthodontic appliancesAfter debonding of braket at dental clinic and before final polishing, probing depth (PD), plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI) and bleeding on probing (BOP) were assessed on the first molars and central incisors of both arches.Probing depth decreased in the right maxillary first molar. Plaque index and gingival index also got deceased. Bleeding on Probing reduced significantly.Buccal probing depth returned to < 3 mm in the first month and interproximal depth in the second month. The mean gingival index was 0.5 after 2 months. Bleeding on probing in half of the teeth was negative after the first month and in other half in the second month.

PRINCIPLES OF STREET AND ROAD SPACE REDISTRIBUTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH MODERN URBAN PLANNING TRENDS

. The article analyzes the modern urban trends of street and road space redistribution, which in recent years are reflected in the regulations of Ukraine. The basic options for such redistribution are: narrowing of lanes for private transport (allowed by updated regulations in Ukraine); reducing the number of lanes for private transport (which does not always reduce the roadway capacity). As a result of foreign experience analysis the stages in which redistribution of street and road space can be carried out are revealed: pilot actions (temporary marking, road barriers and change of traffic organization); intermediate steps of reconstruction (application of new markings, installation of stationary and sliding columns, mobile flower beds, containers with young trees or bushes, large natural stones, lanterns, benches, etc.); comprehensive reorganization of streets and spaces (sidewalks widening, curbs moving, bike lanes allocating or separating, installing of elements to slow down traffic, organizational measures to optimize traffic lights, relocation of utilities, drainage and storm sewer systems, etc.). As a result of the analysis of modern tendencies in designing settlements’ streets and roads and world experience of these tendencies realization, the following principles of street and road space redistribution are formulated: the principle of equality in the right of use, based on space availability for people of any social class, age and state of health; the principle of security, which is to give citizens the opportunity to feel protected on the streets of their city; the principle of diversity of activities, which aims to provide all social groups with accessible and diverse types of recreation and leisure in public spaces; the principle of comfortable microclimate, which is to ensure the comfort of residents on the settlements streets, and the principle of aesthetics, ensuring an attractive appearance of urban spaces.

Loschmidt amplitude spectrum in dynamical quantum phase transitions

Dynamical quantum phase transitions (DQPTs) are criticalities in the time evolution of quantum systems and their existence has been theoretically predicted and experimentally observed. However, how the system behaves in the vicinity of DQPT and its connection to physical observables remains an open question. In this work, we introduce the concept of the Loschmidt amplitude spectrum (LAS), which extends the Loscmidt amplitude - the detector of the transition - by considering the overlap of the initial state to all the eigenstates of the prequench Hamiltonian. By analysing the LAS in the integrable transverse-field Ising model, we find that the system undergoes a population redistribution in the momentum space across DQPT. In the quasiparticle picture, all the lower-half k modes are excited when the system is at DQPT. The LAS is also applicable to study the dynamics of non-integrable models where we have investigated the Ising model with next-nearest-neighbour interactions as an example. The time evolution of the system's magnetization is found to be connected to the products of the LAS and there exists a simultaneous overlap of the time-evolved state to pairs of eigenstates of the prequnech Hamiltonian that possess spin configurations of negative magnetization. Our findings provide a better understanding of the characteristics of the out-of-equilibrium system around DQPT.

Study of static direct flexoelectric effect in KTaO3 single crystals

We have studied the dielectric polarization induced by periodic spherical bending in KTaO3 thin (140 μm) single-crystal plates. It has been shown that the induced polarization can be attributed to the direct flexoelectric effect and space redistribution of charges. An effective transverse flexoelectric tensor has been estimated. We have studied the relaxation of the polarization and inhomogeneous deformation and obtained their relaxation times.

Genetic mechanism and grading assessment of the glutenite reservoirs in the Eocene Shahejie Formation, Chezhen Sag, Bohai Bay Basin

Abundant oil potential has been confirmed in the Eocene Shahejie Formation (Es) in the Chezhen Sag, but the genetic mechanism of its reservoir has not been fully understood. Based on core observation, thin-section identification, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction, and formation pressure measurement, the factors controlling the quality of glutenite reservoirs in the Shahejie Formation in the Chezhen Sag were revealed. The petrophysical structure, depositional facies, diagenesis, and formation overpressure jointly control the development and evolution of glutenite reservoirs. Reservoirs with high composition maturity exhibit better physical properties. Depositional facies control the development of high- and poor-quality reservoirs but have little influence on the physical properties of medium-quality reservoirs. Compaction is the main factor for reducing reservoir porosity during burial, and the cementation of carbonate and clay minerals affects the reservoir quality to some extent. Each secondary structural zone shows different dissolution models. The reservoirs in the steep slope zone are in a closed system with weak dissolution, hardly contributing to improving the reservoir porosity. The dissolution of reservoirs in the depression zone has been enhanced; however, the migration of dissolution products is restricted because of the closed reservoirs, causing the redistribution of pore space and limited contribution to improving the physical properties. The reservoir in the gentle slope zone is in an open system with a shallow buried depth, and severe dissolution can effectively improve the reservoir's physical properties. A grading assessment scheme is proposed based on the depositional facies, diagenesis, and formation overpressure, and favorable exploration zones are predicted. The western part of the gentle slope zone in the upper part of the Es4 member and the eastern part of the steep slope zone in the lower part of the Es3 member of the Chezhen Sag are the principal target areas for exploration.

Sustainable Streetscapes: Design Approaches and Examples of Viennese Practice

Streets are ubiquitous and cater to various functions in a city. However, today most streets are unilaterally used and designed likewise. Car-centred spatial distribution is currently being questioned in the course of urban densification and in light of climate and ecological challenges. The presented work focuses on a multi-layered transformation of streetscapes towards a multi-purpose social and ecological space, which goes beyond a mere redistribution of space and functions. This paper draws from the results of an interdisciplinary research project headed by the Institute of Landscape Architecture (University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna). The Viennese situation is aligned with international trends. The research includes comparative analysis of streetscapes in Vienna and comparable cities, literature reviews, collaborative workshops and qualitative interviews. As a result, progressive layout specifications and quality aspects for future streets are proposed and presented in extracts. Furthermore, the goal of green space social equity is linked. The paper concludes by arguing for comprehensive consideration and redesign of streetscapes as one promising puzzle to counteract the evident challenges of climate change in urban settings. Its range reaches from small scale microclimatic improvements up to citywide provision of accessible, useable, ecologically sound and sustainable public space with new standards for streets as potential backbone.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INTEGRATED ROAD SAFETY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM IN JAKARTA, INDONESIA

The aim of this research was to know how the Integrated Road Safety Management System was applied in Jakarta. It was predicted that more than ten percent of traffic accidents had caused fatalities and most of the victims in Jakarta were bikers. The research method used was a qualitative method using judgment samples or purposive sampling used for selected informants in helping researchers answer research questions in case studies. The research instrument used was the Strength-WeaknessOpportunity-Threat analysis toward the road safety management system and transportation sector as well as the feasibility study of public road space redistribution and the traffic flow in downtown of Jakarta. The results of this study were expected to result from a national action plan as part of a new transportation policy that is formed in everyday life as self-reflection, mutual learning, active participation and empowerment. The results of this study were expected to produce public safety service products in the form of policies, Standard Operation Procedures, and education to the public of Jakarta. Just standard design could not guarantee road safety in all conditions, so it needed to further evaluation and research to measure the impact of a planning decision on safety.

Prácticas emergentes en proyectos de espacio público: el caso de vía Argentina en ciudad de Panamá

This article uses an urban intervention in Panama City to discuss fundamental concepts in public space projects from a critical and theoretical perspective.First, the functions of the street as a basic structure of public space are illustrated. Its importance is recognized not only as an element of urban connectivity, but also as a place of movement, encounter, support and creation of urban meanings and social identities.Secondly, our case study is contextualized: the urban renewal of via Argentina, a street in the urban center whose environment was in a state of degradation like most streets in the city, largely occupied by the presence of vehicles. The intervention is part of a series of urban projects aimed at improving the physical structure of the city.The third section begins a critical analysis of the actions on Via Argentina, starting with the redistribution of street space, the relationship between vehicles and pedestrians, and the consolidation of public space.Next, we discuss in detail the new primary elements used for the urbanization of the street. Curbs, fords, pavement, rigola, gutters, tree surrounds and bollards become part of a system that must maintain a coherent relationship between all its parts. In addition, emphasis is placed on the design of the ground and the application of the pavement as a tool for the construction of an urban image and identity.Finally, the article ends with an analysis of the parameters of accessibility in the project, relating the concept to the use of the pavement and the configuration in some sections of the street as a single platform. The article uses a wide repertoire of documentary photography to contextualize the case study.

Local Business Perception vs. Mobility Behavior of Shoppers: A Survey from Berlin

Business voices often oppose a redistribution of urban traffic space in favor of active transport modes. We surveyed 145 traders about their perceptions of their customers’ mobility behavior and interviewed 2,019 shoppers on two shopping streets in Berlin, Germany. Our results indicate that traders overestimate car use and underestimate active transport. Further, potential customers more often live close to their shopping destinations than retailers perceive. Our findings can help explain the opposition of local business to sustainable transport infrastructure and offer a knowledge basis for better informed decision-making regarding urban land use in cities.