Red Betel Leaf Research Articles

Benefits of Betel Leaves as a Medicine for Postpartum Perineal Wounds

Indonesia is a country rich in natural materials for human health. One of them is red betel. This research was conducted to formulate red betel as a medicine for perineal wounds in mothers after childbirth. Making wound medicine by boiling. Boil 4-5 sheets or 9-11 grams (Piper Crocatum) that have been washed thoroughly, put 500 ml of water into a pot made of clay so as not to damage the substance content of red betel leaf (Piper Crocatum). Wait for it to boil for 15 minutes. Let the boiled water cool for 30 minutes, then strain the water and put the filtered result in the sterile bottle that has been provided. After that, respondents will use boiled water with red betel leaves (Piper Crocatum) after taking a shower in the morning and also in the afternoon. After finishing, the respondent will dry his female intimate organs with a towel until dry. Rinse the boiled water of red betel leaves (Piper Crocatum) once a scoop is given as much as 200 ml for one use.

Comparison of binahong <em>(Anredera cordifolia) (Ten. Steenis)</em> and red betel <em>(Piper crocatum)</em> leaves ointment formulations toward length of laceration and bleeding time in rats

Laceration is a condition in which the structure of body tissue is damaged as a result of the body being slashed by sharp objects such as knives, razors, or cutters. One plant that can be applied to laceration is binahong leaves (Anredera cordifolia (Ten.) steenis and red betel (Piper crocatum). This plant contains a variety of active compounds, including alkaloids, saponins, and flavonoids. This present study aims to determine the effectiveness comparsion of the formulation and the difference in optimal concentrations of binahong and red betel leaf extract ointment formulation for incision healing with concentrations of 7%, 15%, and 30%. Here, Wistar rats incision were compared with ointment extract. To assesses the healing process with length of laceration and bleeding time. Incision demonstrated the elevated length of laceration and bleeding time. In contrast, animals received ointment extract demonstrated better for length of laceration and reduced the bleeding time. Taken the ointment extract, our results suggest ointment extract binahong and red betel leaves exhibit antioxidant and increase the collagen activity which may contribute to the heal of incision.

Total Phenolics, Flavonoids, and ɑ-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activity of Red Betel (Piper crocatum) Extract in Various Solvents

Alpha-glucosidase enzyme activity needs to be inhibited to avoid increasing blood sugar levels in diabetics. Red betel leaf extract is reported to have active compounds such as phenolics and flavonoids that have alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activity. Previous research showed that 70% betel leaf extract has an ɑ-glucosidase enzyme inhibition activity of 69.84%, but it is not yet known how the effect of extracts with different levels of polarity on the inhibition activity of alpha-glucosidase enzyme. This study aimed to determine extracts that have optimal levels of phenolic and flavonoid content and the highest suppression of α-glucosidase activity. The multistage maceration method was used to extract red betel leaf simplicia using solvents with different levels of polarity (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol). Tests were conducted on overall phenolic concentration, flavonoids, and ɑ-glucosidase inhibition ability. Data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA test with Tukey's further test (p<0.05). The results of the assessment of phenolic concentration, flavonoids, and α-glucosidase inhibitory activity as a whole showed statistically significant differences (p<0.05) in all extracts with the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content found in the n-hexane extract of 25.68 ± 0.29 mg GAE/g and 65.84 ± 0.96 mg QE/g respectively. Meanwhile, methanol extract of red betel leaf became the best extract in this study with the greatest inhibition among all extracts with a percent α-glucosidase inhibition value of 43.87 ± 1.83%.

Chemical, physical, and antibacterial properties of alginate-based edible film with red betel leaf extract

Edible films are biodegradable and environmentally friendly, making them ideal for food packaging; however, they often exhibit low water resistance and poor water vapor barrier properties. This study aims to enhance alginate-based edible films by incorporating ethanol extract from red betel leaves known for their antibacterial properties. The effects of red betel leaf extract on the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of these films were evaluated, in addition to their antibacterial activity. Concentrations of the extract tested were 0%, 10%, 12.5%, and 15%. The films were assessed for various properties, including moisture content, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), water solubility, colour, opacity, thickness, tensile strength, and elongation at break. The antibacterial efficacy was tested against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the impact of the extract on film surface morphology. Adding red betel leaf extract significantly impacted the thickness, WVTR, moisture content, water solubility, colour, and opacity of the films. Notably, incorporating the red betel leaf extract improved the WVTR and water solubility, with the 12.5% concentration showing the greatest antibacterial effectiveness.

FORMULATION OF RED BETEL LEAF EXTRACT LOTION (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) AS SUNSCREEN

Betel leaf is a natural ingredient that people use as a traditional medicine. One of the ingredients found in red betel leaves is a phenolic compound in the form of flavonoids, a photoprotective substance that can be used as protection from UV radiation. Sunscreen is a cosmetic preparation that can protect the skin from UV radiation and reduce the amount of radiation harmful to the skin. This study aimed to formulate a lotion preparation from red betel leaf extract that has activity as a sunscreen. Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) was extracted using the maceration method. Preparation formulations were made with variations of red betel leaf ethanol extract in each formula, namely with concentrations of 0.04% (F1), 0.05% (F2), 0.06% (F3), and base control (F0). The activity of sunscreen lotion extract is based on the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value using UV-VIS spectrophotometry at wavelengths of 290–320 nm using the Mansur equation. The results of the SPF value of the lotion are F1 of 13.48, F2 of 16.71, and F3 of 18.7. The evaluation of the lotion results obtained a light green lotion with M/A emulsion type that met the requirements, including homogeneity, pH, spreadability, viscosity, centrifugation test, and freeze and thaw test. Research results show that betel leaf extract lotion is physically stable and has a high SPF value, so it has the potential to be a sunscreen.

EFFECTIVENESS OF RED BETEL (PIPER CROCATUM) EXTRACT ON LEUCORRHEA IN WOMEN OF CHILDBEARING AGE

Introduction: Reproductive health problems exist in Asia; 76% of women experience vaginal discharge. Vaginal discharge symptoms are also experienced by women of childbearing age (around 31.8%). Women of childbearing age are more at risk of fluor albus, which can be a trigger for reproductive organ infections. One of the treatments is to use betel leaves, which contain natural antiseptics and antibiotics. Objectives: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of red betel leaf extract (Piper crocatum) against leucorrhea in women of childbearing age. Method: This research method uses a quasi-experiment design with one pre-and post-test design technique group. The research was conducted at the Independent Midwife Practice in Bandung City. The population in the study were all women of childbearing age in Bandung City. The sample consisted of women of childbearing age, according to the inclusion criteria of 36 people. The data obtained were primary data from the measurement of vaginal pH with Neco test litmus paper. The data analysis used was the Wilcoxon test to test the difference in pH scores before and after the intervention. Result: The results showed a significant difference in the use of 0.5% red betel leaf extract in women of childbearing age before and after the intervention. Conclusion: Red betel leaf extract 0.5% is effective in reducing the incidence of leucorrhea. There is a decrease in vaginal pH before and after the use of red betel leaf extract 0.5% by 1.78 (p <0.05).

Synthesis and Characterization of Ethanolic Extract of Red Betel Leaf as an Antiseptic Gel

Synthesis and Characterization of Ethanolic Extract of Red Betel Leaf as an Antiseptic Gel

Larvicidal Activity of Red Betel Leaves (Piper ornatum) Ethanolic Extract Against Mosquito Larvae

Larvae are the initial carriers of dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and culex, making them significant in disease transmission. Excessive chemical larvicides pose serious risks to human health, thus driving the development of biological alternatives like red betel leaf extract. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of red betel leaf extract in larval control. Using 300 larvae, concentrations of 5%, 6%, and 7% were tested with three replicates over 24 h. The bioassay involved placing the larvae into a plastic container filled with the extract. It was found that ethanol extract from Piper ornatum leaves contained alkaloids, tannins, saponins, flavonoids, and terpenoids. After 24 h, results revealed 83% mortality at 5%, 98% at 6%, and 100% at 7% of extract concentration. Consequently, the 7% concentration showed the fastest efficacy in killing mosquito larvae (100% in 50 min). The LC50 value, representing the concentration at which 50% of larvae are killed, was determined to be 0.04%. Additionally, the LT50 value, indicating the time required to kill 50% of larvae (based on the LC50 value), was found to be 3.34 hours. In conclusion, red betel leaf extract demonstrated promising larvicidal activity against mosquito larvae. Future research is anticipated to prove its safety via in vitro and in vivo test.

Anti-Infection of Oral Microorganisms from Herbal Medicine of Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.

The WHO Global Status Report on Oral Health 2022 reveals that oral diseases caused by infection with oral pathogenic microorganisms affect nearly 3.5 billion people worldwide. Oral health problems are caused by the presence of S. mutans, S. sanguinis, E. faecalis and C. albicans in the oral cavity. Synthetic anti-infective drugs have been widely used to treat oral infections, but have been reported to cause side effects and resistance. Various strategies have been implemented to overcome this problem. Synthetic anti-infective drugs have been widely used to treat oral infections, but they have been reported to cause side effects and resistance. Therefore, it is important to look for safe anti-infective alternatives. Ethnobotanical and ethnopharmacological studies suggest that Red Betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) could be a potential source of oral anti-infectives. This review aims to discuss the pathogenesis mechanism of several microorganisms that play an important role in causing health problems, the mechanism of action of synthetic oral anti-infective drugs in inhibiting microbial growth in the oral cavity, and the potential of red betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) as an herbal oral anti-infective drug. This study emphasises the importance of researching natural components as an alternative treatment for oral infections that is more effective and can meet global needs.

Formulation and Determination of Tannin and Flavonoid Levels of Anti-Acne Gel Formulation from Red Betel Leaf Extract (Piper crocatum)

Acne is a common skin condition that often occurs among teenagers and adults aged 18-23 years. Acne can be triggered by several factors, genetic, psychological, weather, stress, cosmetics, and bacterial infections. In addressing the problem of acne, a good dosage form to use is a gel preparation. Acne skin care by utilizing natural ingredients, one of which is red betel leaf. Red betel leaf contains phytochemical compounds, namely tannins and flavonoids, which function as antibacterial agents. The formulation of anti-acne gel is designed by varying the concentration extract, F0 (0%), F1 (10%), F2 (15%), and F3 (20%), with the aim of determining the best anti-acne gel formulation. Red betel leaf extract is tested for tannin and flavonoid levels using the UV-Vis Spectrophotometer test method. The gel preparation is examined, including organoleptic testing, pH testing, homogeneity testing, and spreading testing. The research results show that red betel leaf extract has a tannin content of 4.7056% and a flavonoid content of 0.0934%. The results of the anti-acne gel preparation study meet the requirements for organoleptic properties, pH, homogeneity, and spreading. Based on the results of various concentrations of extract, satisfactory results are obtained, with formulations F2 and F3 meeting the requirements.Acne; Gel; Extract; Piper crocatum

The Potential of Red Betel Leaf and Mangosteen Peel in Lowering Blood Sugar Levels in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

A study comparing the effects of red betel leaf decoction, mangosteen peel juice, and conventional medication on blood glucose levels in individuals with type II diabetes mellitus was conducted in Indonesia. The research involved three groups of eight participants each, selected through purposive sampling. Following administration, the average blood glucose level was 190.75 mg/dL for red betel leaf decoction, 194.38 mg/dL for mangosteen peel juice, and 186.50 mg/dL for conventional medication. Surprisingly, there was no significant difference in the effectiveness of red betel leaf decoction and mangosteen peel juice in managing blood sugar levels, with a p-value of 0.582 (p<0.05). These findings suggest that both herbal interventions are comparable to conventional medication in regulating blood glucose levels among type II diabetes patients. In conclusion, the study highlights the potential of red betel leaf and mangosteen peel as alternative non-pharmacological interventions for managing diabetes. Further research is warranted to explore their mechanisms of action and long-term effects on diabetes management

Innovation of Standardized Extract of Yam Bean Seed and Red Betel Leaf as Bioinsecticide for Myiasis Treatment

Myiasis causes severe economic and production losses in animals. Chemicals are frequently employed to prevent or control myiasis in animals, however long-term exposure to chemical-based pesticides can have severe effects. This study aims to assess the effectiveness combination of ethanol extract of yam bean seeds and red betel leaf in vitro as a preparation capable of killing all larval stages of Chrysomya bezziana, the primary agent responsible for myiasis. This study consisted of eleven treatment groups. Twenty instar 1 (L1), 2 (L2), and 3 (L3) C. bezziana larvae were used for in vitro testing utilizing plastic pots containing larval media and ethanol extract of yam bean seeds, red betel leaf, and their combination as well as a combination of 0.5%, 1%, and 2% concentrations of ethanol extract of yam bean seeds and red betel leaf. Asuntol and sterile distilled water were utilized as positive and negative controls, rerspectively. The results demonstrated that the combination of 2% ethanol extract of yam bean seeds and red betel leaf was able to induce 100% larval death and 100% pupal failure. The L3 test demonstrated that the combination of yam bean seed ethanol extract and red betel leaf reduced hatchability at all doses. The L1 and L2 tests suggested that the extract was efficient as a stomach poison, whilst the L3 test indicated that it was also a contact poison. Yam bean seeds and red betel leaf show larvicidal efficacy against multiple species of Chrysomya bezziana insect larvae. Key Words: yam bean seeds, bioinsecticide, Chrysomya bezziana, red betel leaf, myiasis

Healing Effect of Wistar Rat Incision Wounds on Administration of Microemulsion Combination of Green and Red Betel Leaf Extracts

One natural ingredient that has the potential to heal wounds is betel leaf. This study aimed to analyze the healing effect of Incision wounds in Wistar rats when administering a microemulsion combination of green and red betel leaf extracts. This research begins with sample collection, drying process, and extraction. The extract was then formulated into emulgel as a microemulsion in three formulations. These three formulas, along with a positive control and a negative control, were tested on each Wistar rat incision wound. The results of the research showed that emulgel formula 3, which was tested on mice, had the best ability to heal wounds for an average of 2.5 days and kept the mice's body temperature normal; 36.6oC. Formula 3 contains 5% South Kalimantan red betel, 5% South Kalimantan green betel, 5% Central Kalimantan red betel, and 5% Central Kalimantan green betel. This proves that the combination of formula 3 can heal wounds and body temperature in experimental mice. Further research is needed to find the best composition that produces faster, more complete wound healing effects and safely impacts experimental animals.

Effectiveness of Administering Red Belt Leaf Extract (Piper Crocatum) Against Aeromonas Hydrophila Bacteria in Vitro

Diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria such as Aeromonas hydrophila are a major health concern. However, the use of red betel leaves (P. crocatum) can serve as a potential solution to this problem due to their antibacterial properties. This research aimed to study the antibacterial activity of red betel leaf extract (P. crocatum), the structure and character of the bacteria inhibited by the extract, and the bioactive components present in the leaves. The results of the disc test showed that the average zone of inhibition was 14.28 mm, while the MIC test results revealed that a dose of 100 mg/L could inhibit bacterial growth (bacteriostatic). Moreover, the crude extract of red betel leaf (P. crocatum) damaged the cell walls and cell membranes of A. hydrophila bacteria, thereby affecting their character and structure. The UV-VIS analysis of red betel leaf extract (P. crocatum) and FTIR analysis with 96% ethanol absorption indicated the presence of flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and alkaloids. These findings suggest that red betel leaves can be used as a natural remedy to fight bacterial infections caused by pathogenic bacteria such as Aeromonas hydrophila

The Effect of Imbibition on Immersion Hydrocolloid Irreversible Alginate Sodium Hypochlorite Disinfectant Solution and Red Betel Leaf (Pipper Crocatum) Extract

Background: impressing the patient's oral cavity in dentistry can pose a risk of cross infection between doctor and patient. Therefore it is necessary to disinfect the impression material to remove bacteria that stick to the impression material. Disinfection that can be used besides sodium hypochlorite can also extract red betel leaves. Purpose: to find out the difference of imbibition on immersion hydrocolloid irreversible alginate in sodium hypochlorite 1% and red betel leaf extract 100%. Method: this research is experimental with pretest and posttest control group design with 4 treatment groups, 2 groups were immersed in sodium hypochlorite 1% and 2 groups were immersed in red betel leaf extract 100%. Immersing time is 5 and 10 minutes. Each repetition is done 6 times. Negative molds are measured before and after immersion. Data were analyzed using the OneWay Anova Test. Results: The effects of alginate mold imbibition on sodium hypochlorite immersion were greater than immersion in red betel leaf extract. Conclusion: There was a significant difference (p <0.05) in the imbibition of the printed hydrocolloid irreversible alginate soaked in sodium hypochlorite 1% and red betel leaf extract 100% for 5 minutes, and 10 minutes

Pengaruh Air Rebusan Daun Sirih terhadap Keputihan Fisiologis pada Wanita Usia Subur di Desa Baturono Kecamatan Salam Kabupaten Magelang

Vaginal discharge is one of the reproductive disorders often experienced by women in Indonesia caused by humid weather that affects the development of fungi. Continuous vaginal discharge affects the functioning of the female reproductive system. Overcoming vaginal discharge can be done with non-pharmacological therapy with red betel leaves. This study aims to determine the effect of betel leaf boiled water on physiological vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age in Baturono Village, Salam District, Magelang Regency. The research method used is quantitative research with a Quasy Experiment design using Two Groups Pre-Test and Post-Test with the control group. The population is 60 WUS, and the sample size is 30 respondents. The sampling technique uses Purposive Sampling. Statistical test using Paired T-Test. The result of this study was that the mean value 9pre-test0 given water treatment boiled red betel leaf was 14.80 and the mean value (post-test) was 5.27. So that the provision of red betel leaf boiled water has an effect on overcoming physiological vaginal discharge in Baturono Village based on the results of research p-value 0.000 < 0.5. So it can be concluded that there is an effect of giving red betel leaf boiled water on physiological vaginal discharge in women of childbearing age in Baturono Village, Salam District, Magelang Regency with a p-value of 0.000 < 0.5.

The Effect of Boiled Water Concentration of Red Betel Leaf (Piper crocatum) on the Kidney and Pancreas Histopathology of Diabetic Mice (Mus musculus)

The Effect of Boiled Water Concentration of Red Betel Leaf (Piper crocatum) on the Kidney and Pancreas Histopathology of Diabetic Mice (Mus musculus)

ANTI-ACNE FACIAL WASH FORMULATION FROM RED BETEL LEAF EXTRACT (PIPER CROCATUM RUIZ & PAV)

Acne can be caused by dust, sweat, and dirt that stick to the skin, forming blackheads. When blackheads become infected with bacteria, inflammation can occur. Therefore, it is essential to maintain good skin hygiene. One way to do this is by using natural ingredients with antibacterial properties. Red betel leaf is known to have antibacterial activity. This study aims to create a facial wash using red betel leaf extract that exhibits antibacterial properties against Propionibacterium acnes. The red betel leaf was extracted using the maceration method. Antibacterial testing was conducted against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria using the suitable diffusion method with a combination of red betel leaf extract at 10%, 15%, and 20%. The study found that facial wash products containing extract concentrations of 10%, 15%, and 20% demonstrated good physical stability, meeting the requirements of SNI-19-4380-1996 for pH, viscosity, specific gravity, and foam height. Additionally, the products showed potent antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria, with inhibition zones of 29.0 mm, 32.6 mm, and 35.3 mm for the 10%, 15%, and 20% concentrations, respectively.

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Various Bioactive Compounds of Red Betel (Piper crocatum) as Anti-Inflammatory Drug-Like Candidates in Rheumatoid Arthritis Treatment

Joint inflammation and damage can be caused by rheumatoid arthritis (RA), a systemic autoimmune disorder. Long-term RA affects the joints, causing pain, edema, and stiffness. Several studies have revealed that the exact origin of RA is still unidentified, but inherited disorder and external factors may contribute to the inflammatory condition. The incidence of RA is mostly caused by uncontrolled-production of pro-inflammatory cytokines under nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) overexpression condition. The nuclear factor-kappa B plays an important role in inflammatory T cell activation, differentiation, and effector function. Therefore, the inhibition of NF-κB can be a strategy to reduce the adverse effects or incidence of RA. Red betel is a perennial herb native to Indonesia that is widely used by conventional healers. Many reports show that red betel leaf extracts contain several critical bioactive compounds such as Apigenin, Luteolin, Hydroxychavicol, Eugenol, and Chavibetol. This present study aims to evaluate and predict the therapeutic potential of those compounds as medication that reduce inflammation against RA by disturbing and inactivating the NF-κB molecular interaction. The LC-MS chromatography was used to evaluate the chemical contents of red betel leaves. Furthermore, in silico study, the 3D structure of the active compounds of red betel leaves is obtained from PubChem web server, while NF-κB is obtained from Protein Data Bank (PDB) website. Molecular docking was used to screen the potential compounds compared to aspirin as control. As a result, 2 compounds including Apigenin and Luteolin have smaller bond affinity values, −6.3 and −6.0 kcal/mol, respectively compared to aspirin. Based on molecular dynamics (MD) simulation, the root-mean-square deviation (RMSD) value of protein-ligand complexes have the similar pattern over 1000/ps except the NF-κB-Chavibetol complex which has an unstable pattern. On the other hand, the total energy of the protein-ligand complexes have similar average number of −1.69 kJ/mol. The simulation indicates the ligands have constant binding energy to the protein. Furthermore, numerous pharmacokinetic properties of compounds including absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity are exponentially greater than the control drugs. Finally, red betel active compounds can be used as alternative candidates of RA therapy medication. HIGHLIGHTS Rheumatoid arthritis, a systemic autoimmune condition, damages joints. Long-term RA causes joint discomfort, swelling, and stiffness. The identified flavonoids from red betel leaf extract include flavonone, isoflavone, auron, catechin, anthocyanidin, and chalcone. Apigenin, chavibetol, eugenol, hydroxychavicol, and luteolin, the active chemicals found in red betel, have the potential to serve as NF-B inhibitors, making them potentially useful in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Optimization of microwave-assisted extraction of total flavonoid content from red betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav) and its correlation with antioxidant and antibacterial activities using response surface methodology

The optimization of microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) was conducted using response surface methods to improve the extraction of flavonoids from Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav leaf. The optimization process included a Box–Behnken experimental design (BBD), which involved three variables at three levels. The present study aimed to evaluate the impact of varying ethanol concentrations (50%, 75%, and 100%), microwave power levels (180, 300, and 450 W), and extraction durations (3, 8.5, and 14 minutes) on the respective responses. The experimental data was subjected to fitting using a second-order polynomial model. Subsequently, an analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multiple regression analysis were employed to assess the adequacy of the model and determine the ideal settings. Taking into account the highest concentration of extracted total flavonoids, as well as the antioxidant and antibacterial properties. The experimental results indicate that the optimum conditions for all the reactions under investigation were an ethanol concentration of 78.48%, a microwave power of 327.96 W, and an extraction duration of 8.60 minutes. Under the ideal conditions, the anticipated outcomes of the sample indicate a total flavonoid content (TFC) of 229.647 mg QE/g dry weight (DW), a 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity of 73.915%, and an inhibition zone measuring 18.621 mm. The implementation of a concurrent MAE methodology for the isolation of total flavonoids, as well as the evaluation of antioxidant and antibacterial properties from P. crocatum, signifies the recognition of the extract as a significant reservoir of bioactive substances.