Red Betel Leaf Research Articles

COMPARISON OF THE ANTIBACTERIAL EFFECTIVENESS OF RED BETEL EXTRACT WITH BLACK BETEL EXTRACT ON Porphyromonas gingivalis BACTERIA

Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting structures of the teeth caused by a group of specific microorganisms in dental plaque. Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) is a bacterium that causes periodontitis found in subgingival plaque. Antibacterial agents are needed as additional therapy to complete mechanical treatment, the main therapy for periodontitis treatment. Red betel (Piper crocatum) and black betel (Piper betle L. var nigra) are herbal plants with active compounds of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins, phenols, and essential oils. These compounds are known to act as antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents. This study aimed to compare the inhibition of red betel leaf extract and black betel leaf extract on the growth of Pg bacteria. This research method is experimental with an in vitro Post Test Only Control Group design. The study was conducted using the disc diffusion method in 10 groups, namely red betel leaf extract concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, black betel leaf extract concentrations of 25%, 50%, 75%, 100%, metronidazole as a positive control, and sterile distilled water as a negative control. Repetition was done thrice in each group on Mueller-Hinton Agar (MHA) media. The results showed that both types of betel leaf extract at all concentrations had antibacterial effectiveness against Pg bacteria. The higher the extract concentration, the more effective bacteria inhibition is. Betel leaf extract with a concentration of 100% had the highest inhibition zone, which is 25.16 mm for red betel and 19.65 mm for black betel. These results indicate that red betel leaf extract has better effectiveness than black betel leaf extract.

Red Betel Leaf Bioactive Compounds as ERα Receptor Inhibitors In Silico and MCF-7 Cell Anticancer In Vitro

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in the world. Excess endogenous estrogen is a risk factor for breast cancer. Red betel leaf herbal plants have been used as an alternative cervical and colon cancer treatment. This study aimed to obtain the active compounds that play a role in ERα receptor inhibitors in silico and to determine the anti-breast cancer cytotoxic activity of the extract and fraction of red betel leaf against MCF-7 cells. We use in silico research method using the YASARA Structure software with anti-breast cancer receptors, namely 3ERT, and in vitro using the MTT test on the anti-breast cancer cytotoxic activity of MCF-7 cells. There are 38 compounds that were obtained from the research. The results of the in silico test showed that the bioactive compound that played a role in inhibiting the ERα was 2-(4-Hydro xyphenyl)-2-phenyl-N(3,3-diphenylpropyl)-acetamide (44578655), a compound from water fraction, with an inhibition constant of 2.82 × 10-8 µM and Gibbs free energy of –10.2880 Kcal/mol. In vitro results showed that the best cell growth inhibition value was obtained from the n-hexane fraction at a concentration of 500 ppm of 73.42%. The conclusions of this study indicate that the bioactive compound of red betel leaf is water fraction is the best fraction inhibition. However, the hexane fraction proved to have cytotoxic activity against breast cancer MCF-7 cells.

Characteristic and Antibacterial Activity Test of Red Betel Leaf Essential Oil Against Propionibacterium Acne Bacteria

Many Indonesian plants have the potential to have anti-acne activity, one of which is the red betel plant. Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) contains flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and essential oils which are thought to be used as antimicrobials. The purpose of this study was to test the quality characteristics and test the antibacterial activity of red betel leaf essential oil against Propionibacterium acne bacteria. This research was an experimental study by identifying the physical quality and testing the antibacterial activity of the essential oil. human senses with the results of the smell or aroma obtained, namely the strong or stinging characteristic odor of red betel. The color of the essential oil obtained was yellow with a little brownish, bitter taste, the pH obtained from the essential oil was 4.65, the specific gravity of red betel leaf essential oil was 0.739, the ethanol soluble test obtained from the essential oil completely dissolved and white clear in a quantity of alcoholic solution. Antibacterial activity test results with red betel leaf essential oil concentrations of 5%, 10%, and 20%, could inhibit antibacterial of 7.16 mm, 10.3 mm, and 11.6 mm.

PENERAPAN PERAWATAN LUKA PERENIUM MENGGUNAKAN REBUSAN DAUN SIRIH PADA ASUHAN KEBIDANAN IBU NIFAS UNTUK MEMPERCEPAT PENYEMBUHAN LUKA EPISIOTOMI DI PUSKESMAS TANJUNG BALAI KARIMUN

Data from WHO in 2019, almost 90% of normal deliveries experience perineal tears either impulsively or by episiotomy. Maternal deaths are caused by bleeding after childbirth hypertension in pregnant women, obstructed labor, abortion and for other reasons. One of the causes of maternal death is due to postpartum infection, postpartum infection can occur in perineal wounds. Vulva hygiene in the treatment of birth canal injuries with non-antiseptic one of which is by using traditional medicine using betel leaf decoction (Piper betle linn). Betel leaf contains several active compounds with antibacterial and antiseptic properties. Research Objectives To provide midwifery care for episiotomy wound care using betel leaf decoction to accelerate perineal wound healing. The method of this report is a case study with a background in midwifery care for postpartum women with betel leaf decoction therapy for healing grade 2 perineal wounds at the Tanjung Balai Karimun Health Center. The case study was conducted on Mrs A P1A0H0 6 hours postpartum interview from anamnesis and continued with providing care until evaluation. The results of the study found that there was an effect of giving red betel leaf decoction on perineal wound healing so that it can be concluded that Betel Leaf Decoction Water Can Be Used as an Alternative to Accelerate Perineal Wound Healing in Postpartum Mothers. suggestions that there is a need for the role of health workers, especially midwives in providing education to postpartum women to improve personal hygiene as an effort to heal perineal wounds and prevent infection.

Pengaruh Pemberian Kombinasi Ekstrak Etanol Piper crocatum dan Ekstrak Akuades Elaeocarpus ganitrus pada Kadar Gula Tikus

Diabetes mellitus is a disease characterized by hyperglycemia. Antidiabetic research using natural ingredients has been carried out a lot, one of which is by utilizing red betel leaves and granite leaves. Combining two plants must be done to increase the antihyperglycemic effect and reduce the toxic effects. This study aimed to obtain the most effective dose variations in combinations of plants that are safer and have better results so that they can be used as alternative treatments. The blood sugar levels were measured in vivo on white Wistar rats induced with streptozotocin using a glucometer. The results showed that a single extract of red betel leaf (100 mg/kg BW) and a single extract of granite leaf (100 mg/kg BW) had a percentage decrease in blood sugar levels of 27% and 10%, respectively. While the combination of extracts with a ratio of 100:100, 50:50, 100:50, and 50:100 mg/kg BW has a decrease in blood sugar levels of 50%, 42%, 33%, and 19% after 21 days of observation. The study also showed that the positive control of 0.036 mg glimepiride caused a 36% decrease in sugar levels. Statistical analysis proved that the effect of reducing blood sugar levels on days 0 to 21 differed for each treatment group with a p-value of 0.05. The study concluded that the combination of red betel leaf extract and granite leaf extract was more effective on blood sugar levels than the single extract of each plant in white male Wistar rats. The percentage reduction in blood sugar levels of the combination extract with a dose ratio of 50:50 mg/kg BW and 100:100 mg/kg resulted in better antidiabetic activity than the positive control glimepiride. The combination ratio of 100:100 mg/kg BW extract had the best antidiabetic activity compared to the other extract treatment groups.

Analysis of Red Betel Leaf Tests As A Natural Anti-Infection In Post Partum Mothers

Background: Incidence of infection contributes to maternal mortality. Innovative efforts to treat infection in postpartum mothers continue to be made, including non-pharmacological techniques. The local wisdom of red betel leaves is believed by the community to be able to handle it. The true efficacy of this extraordinary red betel leaf deserves further investigation. The purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of red betel on perineal wound healing in postpartum mothers. Methods: This study used the Quasi Experiment with Control Group Design method. The study was conducted on 80 postpartum mothers with perineal wounds degrees 1 to 3. 40 women were included in the intervention group who were given red betel ointment made by researchers from 2 hours to 7 days postpartum. 40 people as the control group were given perineal wound care according to standard. Assessment of wound healing was carried out every day until the 7th day postpartum. Statistical tests used the dependent and independent t-tests to examine differences in healing scores in the two study groups. Results: There was an increase in the average perineal wound healing value in the intervention group which was higher and there was an increase in the average healing value every day, starting from the first day (mean = 9.25), the second day (mean = 11.55), and the seventh day (mean = 12.65) compared to the control group, p value <0.001. On the third day postpartum, the intervention group had the maximum healing value (100%) compared to the control group (52.5%)

TOXIC SYMPTOMS IN WISTAR STRAIN RATS ON SINGLE AND REPEATED DOSAGE FROM THE EXTRACT OF RED BETEL LEAF (Piper crocatum) AS A TOXICITY TEST OF PERIODONTAL POCKET THERAPY

Red betel leaf (Piper crocatum) is one of the potential medicinal plants known to have properties to cure various diseases. The main components of betel leaf exhibit antiseptic, bactericidal, and antioxidant effects. The betel leaf was concentrated into an essential oil containing the antiseptic chemical. The antibacterial power of betel leaf essential oil is due to the content of phenolic compounds and their derivatives that can denature bacterial cell proteins, so it was considered to have potential as a material that could develop for periodontal therapy. After going through the stages of toxicity testing and repeated dose in terms of mortality, changes in body weight, and relative organ index of Wistar strain rats, the study continued to observe the effects that occurred after using single and repeated doses of 100, 400, and 1000 mg/kg BW in vivo using red betel leaf extract with the parameters of observing the behavior of rats studied for 14 days. Observation of the behavior of the test animals on toxic symptoms at each visit consisted of motor activity, straub phenomenon, piloerection, ptosis, corneal reflex, pineal reflex, lacrimation, vasodilation, catalepsy, dangling, reestablishment, walking backwards, circular walking, flexion, haffner, writhing, grooming, tremor, body shaking, vocalizations, urination, defecation, heart rate, salivation, mortality, posture, and breath changes before and after dosing for 14 days. From the observations, the analysis of the data obtained is primary data. Primary data in the form of qualitative data was obtained from data on effects that occurred after the rats were given a dose. After processing the data, the data is presented in tabular and narrative form based on the observations by showing the test dose used, the number of animals showing a toxic effect, the time of onset of a toxic effect and the percentage of animals in a group showing a toxic result. Based on the results of the study, red betel leaf extract with doses of 100, 400, and 1,000 mg/kg BW which was observed on the first and 14th days, did not cause toxic symptoms in all groups of rats, both on single administration and repeated administration for 14 days.

EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN SIRIH MERAH (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) SEBAGAI REPELEN TERHADAP NYAMUK Aedes aegypti

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a disease caused by the dengue virus and transmitted through the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito. One effective option to prevent the transmission of the disease is by avoiding the bite of the Aedes aegypti mosquito by using a repellent-type insecticide. The use of chemical insecticides widely circulated in the market often has negative effects, such as irritation to the skin. Red betel leaf contains several active compounds that may act as contact poisons and are effective as repellents. The purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of ethanol extract of red betel leaf against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. This study was an true experimental post-test only with a control group design, consisting of 4 concentrations of ethanolic extract of red betel leaf (12.5%, 25%, 50%, 100%), DEET 15% K(+), and aquades K(-) with four replications. Serial concentrations ethanol extract of red betel leaf K(+), and K(-) were applied to the back skin of mice exposed to mosquitoes for 5 minutes for every minute. The concentration of 100% at every minute had no significant difference with the positive control (p>0.05). The conclusions from this research were red betel leaf ethanol extract with concentrations of 12.5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% was effective as a mosquito repellent Aedes aegypti, and red betel leaf ethanol extract with a concentration of 100% was equivalent to 15% DEET

Acetylcholinesterase Enzyme Inhibitor and Antioxidant Activities from A Mixture Extracts of Black Tea, Red Betel, Cinnamon and Curcuma

Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the consequences of impaired functioning of acetylcholine which can be hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. Alzheimer's treatment is carried out using two approaches, namely compounds (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors) and noncholinergics (antioxidants). There are commercial drugs that can slow the progression of Alzheimer's, but their use can cause excessive side effects. The use of herbal plants as a cure for Alzheimer's disease has been proven to be safer and does not cause excessive side effects. Herbal plants that can be used and developed are black tea, red betel, curcuma, and cinnamon. This study determined that extracts of black tea, red betel leaf, curcuma, and cinnamon's formula have the best antioxidant activity and level of inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase enzyme. F1 (cinnamon), F5 (cinnamon, black tea, red betel, and curcuma), F6 (cinnamon and black tea), and F11 (cinnamon, black tea, and curcuma) were the best formulations in each type of sample based on inhibitory AChE enzymes and antioxidants activity. F1 (cinnamon) is the most effective extract out of all formulations analyzed in this study.
 
 Keywords: Acetylcholinesterase; Alzheimer; Black Tea; Cinnamon; Red Betel; Curcuma

The Anti-Inflammatory Potential of Red Betel (Piper crocatum) Leaves Through Inhibitory Mechanism on Nfκb Signaling Pathway: Drug-Like Candidate Study

Abstract Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease that causes inflammation of the synovial tissue bone as well as joint damage. Furthermore, an increase in the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) due to overexpression in the nuclear factor-kappa B (NFκB) contributes to the progression of the disease. NFκB also plays an important role in the production, differentiation, and effector function of inflammatory T cells. Red betel (Piper crocatum) leaf (RBL) is an Indonesian herb, which contains bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds. It is widely used as an intervention for various diseases including inflammatory-related diseases. Therefore, this study aims to evaluate the therapeutic effect of RBL extract as an anti-inflammatory agent through inhibition on the TNF receptor 1(TNFR1), NFκB, and inhibitor kappa B kinase (IκK) by molecular docking study. Oral toxicity prediction was carried out before molecular docking. Molecular docking performed using PyRx 0.8 software. The amino acid residues analysis and visualization were conducted using the Biovia Discovery Studio and Pymol. The toxicity prediction using ProTox-II showed that RBL active compounds are categorized between the 4th-6th class. Furthermore, the compounds, specifically kaempferitrin and apigenin have greater binding affinity compared to the drug inhibitor in NFκB signalling pathway. Based on the results, RBL active compounds can potentially act as an anti-inflammatory agent in RA, but further studies must be carried out to explore the potency of RBL through in vitro and in vivo effects. Keywords: Red betel leaf, Molecular docking, Rheumatoid arthritis, Flavonoid

SYNTHETIC STUDY OF Pc-2, AN ACTIVE COMPOUND FROM INDONESIAN RED BETEL LEAF

PC-2 is one of the active compounds isolated from Indonesian red betel leaf. The structure of the compound is named 2-allyl-4-(1'-hydroxy-1'-(3",4",5"-trimethoxyphenyl)propan-2'-yl)-3,5-dimethoxycyclohexa-3,5-dienone and included in the neolignan’s structure category. This compound was reported to have very good biological activity in giving antiproliferative effects on human breast (T47D) cells. From 2.12 g of its leaf methanolic extract, only 12.1 mg of Pc-2 was collected. This amount is too small to do more studies about its biological activities. The synthetic work should be applied to get a sufficient amount. This paper is aimed to explain the synthetic study and design of the Pc2 compound. The first approach is by involving the aldol reaction in the synthetic pathway through the disconnection approach. The result showed that this attempt did not work very well. The second approach is to design the new synthetic pathway by using the synthia Organic Retrosynthesis Software by Merck. This software gave a reasonable result to be tried. The result proposed the use of the Suzuki coupling reaction for the new synthetic pathway of Pc-2.

Potential of Natural Ingredients for Tooth Paste from Red Betel Leaf Extract ( Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) and Mint Leaf Extract ( Mentha piperita) to Support the Availability of Drug Ingredients in Dental and Mouth Diseases

Potential of Natural Ingredients for Tooth Paste from Red Betel Leaf Extract ( Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav.) and Mint Leaf Extract ( Mentha piperita) to Support the Availability of Drug Ingredients in Dental and Mouth Diseases

Antibacterial potential of red betel Leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) against Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586

The micro-organism that affects periodontitis is Fusobacterium nucleatum. To inhibit the growth of these micro-organisms, al-ternative herbal medicines are used, such as red betel leaf extract (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav) because it contains tannins, fla-vonoids, and saponins which have antibacterial and anti-inflammatoryproperties. This study was conducted to determine the an-tibacterial potential of RBL against the bacteria F.nucleatum ATCC 25586 using the agar diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer) with chlorhexidine as a positive control, aquadest as a negative control, RBL ethanol extract with concentrations of 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 30%. Replication 3 times, so the total samples are 21 plates. Data were analyzed by one-way Anova using SPSS v.21. The ethanol extract of RBL appeared to have weak inhibition at concentrations of 10% and 15% and strong inhibition at con-centrations of 20%, 25%, and 30% against F.nucleatum ATCC25586. It was concluded that there was a strong antibacterial po-tential of RBL extract against F.nucleatum ATCC 25586 at a concentration of 30%.

Antihyperuricemia Effect of Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav Leave Ethanol Extract in Male Wistar Rats

Hyperuricemia is characterized by an increase in blood uric acid levels above normal. One of the traditional plants used to reduce uric acid levels is red betel leaf (Piper crocatum Ruiz & Pav). This study aimed to examine the uricostatic effect of the ethanolic extract of red betel leaf on male Wistar rats. The animals were divided into 6 groups, namely the normal, control, Allopurinol 9 mg/kg BW, extract dose 11.5, 23 and 46 mg/kg BW. Induction was done by giving a diet high in purines (chicken liver juice) for three days and potassium oxonate 250 mg/kg bw on the 4th day one hour before giving the test preparations in all groups except normal. Measurement of uric acid levels was carried out at 0, 60, 90, and 120 minutes after potassium oxonate induction. The test results showed that the extract at all doses had a uricostatic effect with the best effect being 46 mg/kg BW compared to the control P<0.05) but the effect was not better than allopurinol

Study of Antibacterial Activity of Green Betel Leaf (Piper betle L.) and Red Betel Leaf (Piper Crocatum L.) Extract Against Pseudomonas Aeruginosa Bacteria

Green betel leaf (Piper betle L.) and red betel leaf (Piper crocatum L.) are plants commonly used for traditional medicine. The betel plant can treat infections. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a bacteria that causes nosocomial infections. This article's purpose is to describe previous research on the antibacterial activity of green betel leafextract (Piper betle L.) and red betel leaf (Piper crocatum L.) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. We used a traditional review. A search in the literature was carried out by entering the keywords: Piper betle L., Piper crocatum L., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and antibacterial in PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. Data sources were obtained online, then selected based on inclusion criteria, namely in the form of complete articles inIndonesian and English, explaining the extracts of green betel leaf (Piper betle L.) and red betel leaf (Piper crocatum L.) against both Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria in single or combination from the years 2008-2021. The search results for articles obtained were 344.122 articles, and 15 articles were included from various countries. The results showed that the extracts of green betel leaf (Piper betel L.) and red betel leaf (Piper crocatum L.) were able toinhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria with strong to weak inhibition zones. Betel leaf extract (Piper betle) has been shown to have antibacterial properties and can inhibit Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria with strong to weak inhibition zones, single or combination from the years 2008-2021.

MACROSCOPIC AND QUALITATIVE PHYTOCHEMICAL EXAMINATION OF RED BETEL LEAVES AND GREEN BETEL LEAVES AS HERBAL MEDICINE FOR GINGIVITIS

Gingivitis is inflammation of the gums that occurs in response to plaque bacteria that become more easily accumulated and difficult to clean in the gum area. The Red betel plant (Piper crocatum) and green betel leaf (Piper betle L.) are plant species from the Piperaceae family empirically used as antibacterial in gingivitis patients due to the presence of secondary metabolite compounds used as medicine. This study aims to determine the macroscopic description and the content of qualitative phytochemical compounds in red betel leaf and green betel leaf. The research method of this study was a laboratory experiment. The red and green betel leaves from Manoko Lembang, West Java, were examined for macroscopic images in color, smell, taste, and leaf size. A betel leaf qualitative phytochemical examination of flavonoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, saponins, and quinones. The results of the macroscopic analysis showed that the red betel leaf was green and silver with red grooves, the aromatic smell of betel, bitter taste, and the average leaf size was 3x5 cm. The green betel leaf was green, had a distinctive smell of betel slightly bitter taste accompanied by spicy, and the average leaf size was 2x4 cm. Qualitative phytochemical examination showed that red and green betel leaves contain compounds containing alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, polyphenols, saponins, and quinones. It is necessary to examine the quantity of quantitative phytochemical components, so their potential as a gingivitis herbal medicine is clear.

Formulation and Evaluation of Pulp Devitalization Paste Combination of Jatropha Curcas L. and Piper Crocatum Leaves Extract

Dental caries require operative techniques such as pulp devitalization, but pulp devitalization materials that are often used by dentists have serious adverse effects that need to be considered, such as gingival injury and alveolar bone necrosis. Hence, the aim of the present study was to develop natural ingredients as an alternative to pulp devitalization from a combination of Jatropha curcas (Jatropha curcas L.) and red betel leaf extract (Piper crocatum) in the form of a paste and then conducting physical evaluation tests, Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) tests, and also histopathological picture tests to the sample. The formulation of the pasta sample was carried out by the trituration method. Formulation I (FI) contained 25% of Jatropha resin, 0.25% red betel leaf extract, and 25% Jatropha resin, 0.5% red betel leaf extract for Formulation II (FII). The paste produced was then evaluated for physical properties which consisted of organoleptic, homogeneity, pH, spreadability, adhesion, and anti-inflammatory power using test animals with COX-2 expression number parameters. The FI and FII treatment groups had met the requirements as paste formula. In the COX-2 expression test, FI has a COX-2 expression percentage value of 0.38% and a COX-2 suppression percentage value of 0.62%, while FII has a COX-2 expression percentage value of 0.59% and a COX-2 expression percentage of 0.59% and suppression of COX-2 of 0.41%. The optimal concentration of the paste formulation is the paste with a combination of 25% jatropha latex and 0.25% red betel leaf extract had been shown to have potential as an alternative to pulp devitalization

Potential Anti-Bacterial Extract of Red Belt (Piper Crocatum Ruiz &amp; Pav.) Against Staphylococcus Epidermidis

Introduction: Red betel leaf is a plant native to Indonesia which is used as an antiseptic, anti-cancer, and infection treatment. The ethanol content of red betel leaf extract is known to have antibacterial activity. Among them there are alkaloids, flavonoids, essential oils, tannins, and saponins. Objective: to determine the potential of red betel leaf extract (Piper crocatum Ruiz &amp; Pav.) in inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. Methods: Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria were divided into 5 groups, PEG 5% as negative control, clindamycin 30µg/disk as positive control, extract 20%, 40%, 80% as treatment group. Measuring the zone of inhibition using a ruler. Result: Staphylococcus epidermidis inhibition zone was formed at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 80%. Kruskal Wallis analysis showed significant results of p = 0.000 for bacteria. Conclusion: Red betel leaf extract (Piper crocatum Ruiz &amp; Pav.) has significant antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. The higher the concentration, the larger the diameter of the inhibition zone.

Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Isolate Compounds from Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav Leaves on Lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 Cells

Red betel (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav) is a traditional Indonesian plant. The ethyl acetate fraction of red betel leaf has the potential as an anti-inflammatory. This research aimed to determine the anti-inflammatory effect of isolate compound from ethyl acetate fraction of Piper crocatum leaves on the production of cytokine pro-inflammatory TNF-α and ICAM-1 in lipopolysaccharide-induced RAW 264.7 cells. Cell viability was determined by the MTT method in the concentration range of 1.25; 2.5; 5; 10; 20, and 40 µg/ml. The TNF-α and ICAM-1 level was determined by the TNF-α and ICAM-1 assay kit as measured by an ELISA plate reader. Cell viability test of isolate compound from ethyl acetate fraction, the concentrations that gave viability percentages above 80% were 10; 5; 2.5 and 1.25 ug/ml. Isolate compound at concentrations of 10, 5, 2.5 and 1.25 ug/ml significantly inhibited TNF-α and ICAM-1 production with p&lt;0.05 (p = 0.000).

Potential Red Leaves Extract on Improving The Effectiveness of Antibiotic in Postpartum (Study Experiment of Perineum Wound Healing Process)

Background: Puerperal infection is caused by the entry of bacteria through uterine or perineal wounds. These bacteria can trigger proinflammatory cytokines. Excessive proinflammatory response results in tissue damage, septic shock to death. Among the non-pharmacological methods are extracts of red betel leaves which have phytochemical screening of flavonoids and tannins as antibacterial and antiseptic.Purposes: Knowing the potential of simplicia extract of red betel leaf on increasing the effectiveness of antibiotic in postpartum (study experiment of the process of healing of perineal wounds).Method: Quasi-experimental post-test only with control group design. Subjects were postpartum mothers with episiotomy perineal wounds that were sewn at Ummu Hani Purbalingga Mothers and Child Hospital using purposive sampling with a total of 38 respondents. The treatment group was given amoxicillin and red betel leaf simplicia extract, the control group was given amoxicillin and perineum wound care standard service. Provision of intervention carried out for 7 days, the measurement instrument for perineal wound healing is the REEDA score. Data analysis using independent t-test.Result: An independent test between the two groups found a mean difference in perineal wound healing p-value 0.0001. On intervention group the mean of perineal wound healing in day 5 and control group day 7.Conclusion: There is potential for simplicia red betel leaf extract to increase the effectiveness of antibiotic in postpartum.