Recreational Tasks Research Articles

Педагогическая модель совершенствования здоровьесберегающей компетентности педагога основного общего образования

Innovative approaches improve the quality of modern education, especially when they develop personality and contribute to the psychological and physiological health of students and teachers. The authors modeled and described a health-saving competence of a school teacher. The model consists of several components and covers targets, content, procedures, and assessment. The target block describes the goals, objectives, principles, and approaches to improving the health-saving competence of a school teacher in the process of adaptive and developmental interaction between various subjects of school education. The content block includes a set of education events aimed at solving academic, educational, developmental, social, and recreational tasks in class and during extracurricular activities. The procedural block reflects the types and orientation of adaptive and developmental interaction between subjects of school education. It corrects psychological, pedagogical, and health-saving support for students of primary and secondary schools, depending on their age, behavioral patterns, functional capabilities, and socio-pedagogical environment. The assessment block features psychological, pedagogical, didactic, and information technologies that develop health-saving competence in a school teacher. The theory was supported by an ascertaining and formative experiment based on the abovementioned pedagogical model.

STRATEGY OF DEVELOPMENT COASTAL AREAS IN A BIG CITY

The article proves that a systematic approach to the urban organization of coastal areas includes complex environmental and recreational tasks. The study examines in detail the need to create a comprehensive strategy for the restoration of the coastal zone. The complex of measures is substantiated, among which the activation of water protection functions of coastal areas, rehabilitation of disturbed territories, use of recreational and town-planning potential of coastal territories for formation of recreational base along water area, development of integrated system of management of processes of coastal zones and integration of ecosystems. The work separately highlights the possibility of creating a recreational cluster that will ensure the continuity of the natural framework, given the multi-vector formation of the urban environment. It is established, that the connection of the recreational cluster with the suburban green strip and water area will create a pedestrian recreational corridor in the city and beyond, as well as contribute to the greening of the city and influence the modeling of ecological infrastructure.

POSTINDASTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF COASTAL AREAS

The article proves that a systematic approach to the urban organization of coastal areas includes complex environmental and recreational tasks. The study examines in detail the need to create a comprehensive strategy for the restoration of the coastal zone. The complex of measures is substantiated, among which the activation of water protection functions of coastal areas, rehabilitation of disturbed territories, use of recreational and town-planning potential of coastal territories for formation of recreational base along water area, development of integrated system of management of processes of coastal zones and integration of ecosystems.
 The work separately highlights the possibility of creating a recreational cluster that will ensure the continuity of the natural framework, given the multi-vector formation of the urban environment. It is established, that the connection of the recreational cluster with the suburban green strip and water area will create a pedestrian recreational corridor in the city and beyond, as well as contribute to the greening of the city and influence the modeling of ecological infrastructure.

Forms of presentation of content in educational media (on the example of the educational media project Arzamas)

The subject of the research in the article is the forms of presentation of content in educational media, which are a very voluminous developing typological group and constitute a significant segment of the Russian information market. The editorial offices of these resources use modern formats for presenting scientific and educational information from different fields of knowledge in accordance with the trends in the development of journalism and following the interests and needs of the audience. The hypothesis of the study is the idea that educational media mainly use formats with a greater engaging ability to solve creative tasks and realize their functional purpose. Using the example of publications of the Arzamas network media project, the author examines the possibilities of various forms of presentation of educational information. The article presents an intelligence study of the forms of presentation of content in educational media. The novelty of the research is due to the small knowledge of the formats of online publications of this type and consists in identifying and characterizing the main forms of content presentation in educational media in the context of the development of online journalism formats. The methodological basis of the study was a systematic approach. The forms of educational media content are considered by the author of the article in the context of the development of journalism and the characteristics of modern media text. The study uses descriptive, informative, comparative and structural-functional methods to solve a scientific problem, highlights the main forms of presentation of the content of the educational media project Arzamas, reveals their features and functional purpose. As a result of the research, the author comes to the conclusion that in order to realize their functional purpose, educational media use combined forms that allow solving educational and recreational tasks. The editorial board of the Arzamas educational media project creates a hypertextual and multimedia educational environment, addressing both traditional journalistic genres and new media formats.

STRATEGY FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE URBAN WATERFRONT AREAS

The article describes a systematic approach to the urban planning organization of riverside areas. It includes complex environmental and recreational tasks, issues of surface runoff management within the catchment area, protection of territories from flooding and inundation. They can be implemented by means of a landscape approach and corresponding planning documents.
 The landscape approach presented in the article can be used as a methodological basis for theoretical, as well as design and spatial modeling of waterfront buildings at the stage of their construction or reconstruction.
 The article presents a strategy for renovation in the riverside area: improvement of water protection functions; rehabilitation of disturbed territories; the use of recreational and urban planning potential of such territories for creating a recreational framework on the waterfront; integration of eco-clusters into the structure of riverside territories and the development of an integrated management system for waterfront zones.
 The article considers the possibility of creating a recreational cluster, which will ensure certain continuity of natural framework, regarding its multi-vector formation in the urban space. This connection of the recreational cluster with the suburban green belt and water area, will allow establishing a pedestrian and recreational framework inside and outside the city. It is established that the introduction of a recreational cluster in the structure of the riverside area will contribute to the greening of the city, and will affect the modeling of ecological infrastructure.
 The article presents a graphic material illustrating the formation of recreational framework of Dnipro city and provides the schemes for the riverside transformation strategy in different parts of the city embankments.

OPEN AIR CELEBRATIONS IN LENINGRAD'S SUBURBS IN THE CONTEXT OF DEVELOPMENT OF CULTURAL TOURISM IN THE 1950S (THE CASE OF PALACE AND GARDEN COMPLEX OF PAVLOVSK (LENINGRAD OBLAST, THE USSR))

Palace and garden complexes located at suburbs of Leningrad (Leningrad Oblast, the USSR) rapidly reconstructed after ruinous German occupation during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945 became popular places for open air celebrations among Soviet citizens. The author outlines historic specifics of open air celebrations considered as a form of organization of leisure time, topics and content of cultural programs, analyses an evolution of forms of museum communication with visitors in early post-war time drawing on the example of Pavlovsk of the 1950s. The article gives the author's view on a role of integration historical and cultural resources (including monuments of architecture and decorative art) into the context of solution of personal growth, educational, recreational tasks of Soviet social pedagogics, measures aimed at state support to domestic tourism sector.

Physiological and biomechanical effects on the human musculoskeletal system while carrying a suspended-load backpack

Many people need to carry heavy loads in a backpack to perform occupational, military, or recreational tasks. Suspended-load backpacks have been shown to reduce dynamic peak forces acting on the body and lower an individual’s metabolic cost during walking. However, little is known about the physiological and biomechanical effects of a suspended-load backpack on the human musculoskeletal system. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of different types of backpacks on metabolic cost, joint kinetics, gait kinematics, and muscle activity while individuals carried the same load of 15 kg at a walking speed of 5 km/h and running speed of 7 km/h on an instrumented treadmill. A group of six healthy participants participated in experiments in which two different backpacks were worn under three different conditions: suspended-load backpack working condition (SLB_ON), suspended-load backpack locking condition (SLB_OFF), and ordinary backpack condition (ORB). The results showed that carrying the backpack in the SLB_ON condition can reduce lower limb muscle activities and biological joint work while decreasing the metabolic cost by 15.25 ± 4.21% and 8.81 ± 2.46% during walking and 12.53 ± 2.39% and 6.99 ± 2.37% during running compared to carrying the backpack in the SLB_OFF and the ORB conditions, respectively. However, the SLB_ON condition may cause increased shoulder strain and dynamic stability and balance problems. These results suggest that the control of load movement in a suspended-load backpack should be considered when locomotion performance is optimized in future studies.

ІННОВАЦІЙНІ ПІДХОДИ У ФІЗИЧНОМУ ВИХОВАННІ УЧНІВ ПОЧАТКОВОЇ ШКОЛИ

The article outlines the essence of innovative approaches in the system of physical education of elementary school students which have great opportunities for solving the issues of health preservation, development of creative personality, self-realization, self-improvement, formation of interest towards physical culture and sports, active motor activity. The system of physical education, the versatility of which is not only to improve the health of the growing generation, but also to unite spiritual, moral, intellectual, emotional, aesthetic wealth of the individual, and should be aimed at innovative educational activities. The content of physical education curricula that contain an innovative components were reviewed. The author’s methodology of Ukrainian scientists who consider innovative approaches of the organization of physical education as one of the ways of its improvement were analyzed. Those were the approaches that are aimed to improve student’s health of different age groups, reduce fatigue, and increase productivity of brain work. The modern system of physical education requires active transformations as a result of new trends introduction, which depend on the development and substantiation of innovative technologies, mechanisms and their implementation to the secondary schools programs. Innovative approach to the system of physical education, which is conducted in elementary school, will be considered realized, in case of reduction of the rates of students’ morbidity and improvement of their health will be achieved; raising the level of physical and mental performance; development of creative abilities, inclinations and desires of each child; stable motivation for a healthy lifestyle and motor activity. Innovative activities require a creative, responsible approach, with non-standard scientific thinking of a teacher, who, in the conditions of the New Ukrainian school, will solve educational, educational, recreational tasks.

Modern personal subsidiary plots of villagers and townspeople: historical dynamics, functions, spatial differences

The article deals with the economic, geographical and sociological analysis of personal subsidiary plots of rural residents and citizens in modern post-reform Russia. The authors consider the specifics of individual household plots of rural residents, analyze the reasons for the rise of such establishments, and then decrease in their number. The features and distribution of homestead farms of urban dwellers, who own countryside homes (dacha), in connection with the processes of urbanization and partial de-urbanization are also investigated. An assessment of the contribution of personal subsidiary plots to the total volume of agricultural products is given. The question of a formal or informal status of personal subsidiary plots, as well as their role in the social and economic life of rural and rural-urban dwellers, is raised. It is proved that an individual subsidiary plot in rural areas performs both a usual function of food production for own consumption (meeting up to 30-40% of the need for vegetables and fruits; at plots with poultry and small cattle — up to 60 – 70% of meat and dairy product needs), and plays a socio-communicative function of maintaining reciprocal family relations, and also solves recreational tasks. It is emphasized that the production, distribution, consumption and sales of products from the personal subsidiary plots are usually carried out within the framework of informal economic relations and that statistics are poorly capable of taking them into account.

EDUCATION FOR PEOPLE OF THE “THIRD AGE” IN RUSSIA

Introduction.In today’s world, numbers of people of the senior generation are steadily increasing due to longer life expectancy. In this regard, questions of maintaining seniors’ working capacity, physical and psychological wellbeing and support of high vitality are updated. In this particular situation, an institute of formation of the “third age” is in high demand. The institution is considered as an integral part of a general continuous educational process during all life giving an opportunity to elderly citizens to stay actively full members of society. Theaimof the publication was to describe socio-pedagogical research and practical experience in the education of the elderly (the “third age”) in post-Soviet Russia at the turn of the 20th–21st centuries.Methodology and research methods.The research was based on socio-cultural approach to organisation of the education system, philosophical ideas about objective positivism, concept of continuous and non-formal life-long education and theory of comparative pedagogy.Results and scientific novelty.On the basis of scientific publications and documentary sources, many of which have until been out of the research field, the initial stage of genesis of education of the “third age” in Russia was systemically analysed. Its legislative base, tasks, contents of programmes and technology were investigated; the practicability of such education was esteemed. The representatives of the “third age” were characterised as members of education – in terms of their social activity, level of the previous educational preparation, cultural and educational inquiries and differentiation on gender. Desire for world outlook generalisation, mentorship and freedom from marginalization complex after retirement were noted. The practices of the first institutions and projects of education in the “third age” were analysed: retro clubs, open universities. The structure, curriculum and the results of the education of the “third age” were characterised by the example of “third age” universities in Orel, Stavropol and Chelyabinsk. Social, pedagogical, psychological and medical and recreational tasks of such educational organisations were designated; the humanistic principles and practice-focused orientations of their activity were emphasised. In addition, the shortcomings were listed: exaggerated encyclopedism of programmes, domination of verbal material presentation, unsuitable use of forms and methods for “aged” students; lack of the funded legal base of such education, its worthy financing and shortage of special teaching personnel. However, despite shortcomings and gaps, the social advantage of the education focused on satisfaction of essential needs and interests of elderly people is obvious. The results of monitoring outcomes and surveys, in particular, recorded a marked strengthening of physical and psychological health of students, emergence of vital incentives and decrease in intergenerational conflicts in their families. The similarities and distinctions of ideas and processes within the formation and development of the system of education of the “third age” in Russia and abroad were shown. The worldwide tendency of social turn towards the changed needs of elderly people was emphasised.Practical significance. The materials of the present research will make it possible to effectively cope with new challenges and solve current problems of additional education, which is oriented on a specific social stratum – older adults, taking into account their characteristics and expectations.

FEATURES OF THE METHODS OF THE PHYSICAL CULTURE TRAINING CLASSES WITH THE CHILDREN OF PRESCHOOL AGE

The education of a physically healthy child is a priority of the whole educational process in pre-school educational institutions, but the solution of this important task is connected with many problems in Ukraine such as imperfect diagnostics of the state of health, orientation of the system only to healthy children, interaction between teachers and parents. For this reason, the research topic is relevant. The purpose of the article is to explore the methodological features of the organization of physical education and the conduct of physical culture training classes in a preschool educational institution and to make the appropriate methodological recommendations. Methods of research used: synthesis of research problems, psychological analysis, and pedagogical observation. The article explains that the process of physical education of the children of preschool age are educational, educational and recreational tasks, while the priorities should be considered health. The author analyzes various issues of organization of the process of physical education in preschool educational institutions, identifies the main organizational and methodological issues that the teacher should deal with. An important issue is the correct allocation of different structural parts of the physical culture training class. The teacher of the preschool educational institution must follow the methodical rules to correctly prepare and conduct a physical culture training class. The author talks about the importance of an adequate selection of physical exercises for children, as well as the selection and alternation of effective ways of organizing children during the physical culture training class. Much attention needs to be paid to the effective use of lesson time. Physical activity planning is one of the tasks facing the teacher. The next task is to fulfill the methodological requirements for the organization of the implementation of children’s general development exercises and motor games. In the process of physical education of children of preschool age, the teacher must use different forms of physical culture training classes. In addition, it is necessary to follow the methodological requirements for the formation of children’s motor skills, and for this, the teacher must ensure the organization of a rational motor mode.

Алгоритм програми індивідуалізації фізичної реабілітації дітей 14–17 років із вегето-судинними дисфункціями

Актуальність теми дослідження зумовлена відсутністю комплексного підходу до оцінювання психофізичного стану учнів спеціальних медичних груп із вегето-судинними дисфункціями, що не виконує повною мірою оздоровчих завдань освіти в умовах навчального процесу закладів загальної середньої освіти. Мета й методи роботи. Мета роботи – підвищити ефективність оздоровчих завдань освіти в умовах навчального процесу закладів загальної середньої освіти для дітей 14–17 років із вегето-судинними дисфункціями за допомогою розробки алгоритму програми індивідуалізації фізичної реабілітації дітей цієї групи. Проаналізовано навчальні програми та науково-методичну літературу щодо підходів до фізичної реабілітації дітей 14–17 років із вегето-судинними дисфункціями в умовах навчальних закладів загальної середньої освіти. Із метою вивчення сучасних проблем організації навчального процесу дітей спеціальних медичних груп проведено спостереження за перебігом процесів навчання на уроках фізичної культури для дітей 8–11 класів закладів загальної середньої освіти м. Суми. Використано методи симпліфікації та диференціації до процесу побудови алгоритму індивідуалізації програми фізичної реабілітації. Результати роботи та висновки. Розроблено алгоритм та схему програми індивідуалізації фізичної реабілітації дітей 14–17 років із вегето-судинними дисфункціями в умовах закладів загальної середньої освіти, що реалізують індивідуальний підхід через визначення рівня інтегрального показника вегето-судинної дисфункції й індивідуальних для кожної дитини складових частин ризику розвитку вегето-судинної дисфункції (психогенної, соматичної, ризику виникнення вегето-судинної дисфункції під впливом чинників життєдіяльності). Запропоновані алгоритм та схема програми індивідуалізації фізичної реабілітації дітей 14–17 років із вегето-судинними дисфункціями в умовах закладів загальної середньої освіти дадуть змогу здійснювати індивідуальний підхід на основі кількісної оцінки донозологічних станів, покращення моніторингу стану здоров’я школярів, програм закріплення форм рухової активності.

Kinematic and ground reaction force accommodation during weighted walking

Weighted walking is a functional activity common in daily life and can influence risks for musculoskeletal loading, injury and falling. Much information exists about weighted walking during military, occupational and recreational tasks, but less is known about strategies used to accommodate to weight carriage typical in daily life. The purposes of the study were to examine the effects of weight carriage on kinematics and peak ground reaction force (GRF) during walking, and explore relationships between these variables. Twenty subjects walked on a treadmill while carrying 0, 44.5 and 89N weights in front of the body. Peak GRF, sagittal plane joint/segment angular kinematics, stride length and center of mass (COM) vertical displacement were measured. Changes in peak GRF and displacement variables between weight conditions represented accommodation. Effects of weight carriage were tested using analysis of variance. Relationships between peak GRF and kinematic accommodation variables were examined using correlation and regression. Subjects were classified into sub-groups based on peak GRF responses and the correlation analysis was repeated. Weight carriage increased peak GRF by an amount greater than the weight carried, decreased stride length, increased vertical COM displacement, and resulted in a more extended and upright posture, with less hip and trunk displacement during weight acceptance. A GRF increase was associated with decreases in hip extension (|r|=.53, p=.020) and thigh anterior rotation (|r|=.57, p=.009) displacements, and an increase in foot anterior rotation displacement (|r|=.58, p=.008). Sub-group analysis revealed that greater GRF increases were associated with changes at multiple sites, while lesser GRF increases were associated with changes in foot and trunk displacement. Weight carriage affected walking kinematics and revealed different accommodation strategies that could have implications for loading and stability.

Effects of Using an iPod App to Manage Recreation Tasks

A withdrawal design study evaluated the effectiveness of using constant time delay to teach six adults with a developmental disability to program and use an iPod touch® as an electronic photographic activity schedule (ePAS). The ePAS, created with the First Then Visual Schedule app, consisted of photographs of different exercises to complete during their workout time at the recreation facility on their community college campus. Dependent variables included the percent of correct steps programming the device and the percent of exercises completed correctly. All participants learned to program their iPod touch® within six sessions and maintained the skill during the second intervention condition. For generalization, participants programmed self-selected exercises into the device and performed each exercise.

Measuring activity and participation in children and adolescents with disabilities: A literature review of available instruments

This article aims to (1) identify instruments available to measure activity and participation in children with disabilities; (2) describe the reliability and validity of these instruments; and (3) consider whether the available instruments capture the extent of involvement, as well as the difficulty and satisfaction/enjoyment associated with performance in all life areas. A literature review was completed by undertaking an electronic search to identify instruments that measure activity and participation in children with disabilities. A further electronic search was conducted to obtain an adequate description of the instruments, including psychometric properties. The search identified 20 instruments purporting to measure activity and participation, however, no single instrument measured extent of involvement, difficulty and satisfaction/enjoyment in all life areas. There were instances in which each of these aspects was captured, but not within the one instrument. Instruments assessed combinations of frequency, difficulty, assistance, environment and satisfaction across varying contexts, for example, school, domestic life, recreational tasks, leisure tasks or all life areas. Although a large number of instruments exist to measure varying aspects of activity and participation, there is currently no single instrument available to measure the extent of involvement, difficulty and satisfaction/enjoyment in all life areas. This finding indicates that there is the opportunity to develop a single instrument to measure activity and participation across all life areas.

Point/Counterpoint

Point/Counterpoint

To Do It or to Let an Automatic Tool Do It?

The aim of the present study is to provide experimental data relevant to the issue of what leads humans to use automatic tools. Two answers can be offered. The first is that humans strive to minimize physical and/or cognitive effort (principle of least effort). The second is that humans tend to keep their perceived control over the environment (principle of more control). These two factors certainly play a role, but the question raised here is to what do people give priority in situations wherein both manual and automatic actions take the same time - minimizing effort or keeping perceived control? To answer that question, we built four experiments in which participants were confronted with a recurring choice between performing a task manually (physical effort) or in a semi-automatic way (cognitive effort) versus using an automatic tool that completes the task for them (no effort). In this latter condition, participants were required to follow the progression of the automatic tool step by step. Our results showed that participants favored the manual or semi-automatic condition over the automatic condition. However, when they were offered the opportunity to perform recreational tasks in parallel, the shift toward manual condition disappeared. The findings give support to the idea that people give priority to keeping control over minimizing effort.

Considering multiscale scenes to elucidate problems encumbering three-dimensional intellection and navigation

AbstractVirtual three-dimensional (3-D) environments have become pervasive tools in a number of professional and recreational tasks. However, interacting with these environments can be challenging for users, especially as these environments increase in complexity and scale. In this paper, we argue that the design of 3-D interaction techniques is an ill-defined problem. This claim is elucidated through the context of data-rich and geometrically complexmultiscale virtual 3-D environments, where unexpected factors can encumberintellectionandnavigation. We develop an abstract model to guide our discussion, which illustrates the cyclic relationship of understanding and navigating; a relationship that supports the iterative refinement of a consistent mental representation of the virtual environment. Finally, we highlight strategies to support the design of interactions in multiscale virtual environments, and propose general categories of research focus.

Endurance and fatigue characteristics of the neck flexor and extensor muscles during isometric tests in patients with postural neck pain

Sustained postural loading of the cervical spine during work or recreational tasks may contribute to the development of neck pain. The aim of this study was to compare neck muscle endurance and fatigue characteristics during sub-maximal isometric endurance tests in patients with postural neck pain, with asymptomatic subjects. Thirteen female patients with postural neck pain and 12 asymptomatic female control subjects completed timed sub-maximal muscle endurance tests for the neck flexor and extensor muscles. Muscle fatigue, defined as the time-dependent decrease in median frequency electromyography (EMG), was examined using surface EMG analysis during the tests. The median extensor test holding time was lower but not significantly different in the neck pain group (165 s) that the control group (228 s) ( p = 0.17). There was no difference between groups in the flexor test holding time (neck pain = 36 s, controls = 38 s) ( p = 0.96). The neck pain group was characterised by greater variability in neck flexor ( p = 0.03) and extensor ( p = 0.006) muscle endurance. For both tests, the rate of decrease in median frequency EMG was highly variable within and between groups with no significant difference between groups for the flexor or extensor test ( p = 0.05–0.82). Patients with postural neck pain did not have significant impairment of neck muscle endurance or accelerated fatigue compared to control subjects. However, the greater variability in these indices of muscle function may reflect patient-specific changes in muscle function associated with neck pain disorder.

18.4 Correlation between elbow flexion angle and joint loading of the upper extremity during a forward fall

Many people need to carry heavy loads in a backpack to perform occupational, military, or recreational tasks. Suspended-load backpacks have been shown to reduce dynamic peak forces acting on the body and lower an individual’s metabolic cost during walking. However, little is known about the physiological and biomechanical effects of a suspended-load backpack on the human musculoskeletal system. The goal of this study was to determine the impact of different types of backpacks on metabolic cost, joint kinetics, gait kinematics, and muscle activity while individuals carried the same load of 15 kg at a walking speed of 5 km/h and running speed of 7 km/h on an instrumented treadmill. A group of six healthy participants participated in experiments in which two different backpacks were worn under three different conditions: suspended-load backpack working condition (SLB_ON), suspended-load backpack locking condition (SLB_OFF), and ordinary backpack condition (ORB). The results showed that carrying the backpack in the SLB_ON condition can reduce lower limb muscle activities and biological joint work while decreasing the metabolic cost by 15.25 ± 4.21% and 8.81 ± 2.46% during walking and 12.53 ± 2.39% and 6.99 ± 2.37% during running compared to carrying the backpack in the SLB_OFF and the ORB conditions, respectively. However, the SLB_ON condition may cause increased shoulder strain and dynamic stability and balance problems. These results suggest that the control of load movement in a suspended-load backpack should be considered when locomotion performance is optimized in future studies.