Reciprocal Method Research Articles

Adaptations of Casuarina Windbreak Stands to Land Subsidence on the Southwestern Coast of Taiwan

In this study, we investigated the adaptive behavior of Casuarina windbreak stands along the southwestern coast of Taiwan to land subsidence. Based on surveys and measurements of 17 indicators, such as soil factors, the external appearance of individual trees, damage sustained by individual trees etc., we applied a maximum variance reciprocal matrix method of a factorial analysis to obtain sets of reciprocal matrices, together with weighting factor adjustments, and then we derived the state of health of the stands. The analytical results indicated that the vitality of the tree crowns, soil salinity, soil pH, tree diseases, tree flowering, and root damage were the 6 major factors affecting differences in the adaptive performance of Casuarina windbreak stands. Finally, the maximum variance reciprocal matrices of the factorial analysis identified 3 factors of tree status, crown vitality, and changes in the soil environment as influential indicators. Furthermore, the analysis indicated that there was a seasonal fluctuation in the tree health status with a decrease observed in summer and autumn compared to winter and spring. This study confirmed that coastal Casuarina windbreak stands of southwestern Taiwan have already been affected by land subsidence, and the adaptive characteristics of injured trees and a seasonal fluctuation of their health status were observed.

A General Matrix Model Of Support Department Cost Allocation Methods

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0.5in 0pt; mso-pagination: none;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman;">This paper demonstrates that the direct and step methods for making support department allocations are really special cases of the more general reciprocal method, and that the different allocations can be estimated using the same basic model.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Simple modification of the matrix of resource consumption between support departments is all that is required to use a matrix algebra approach for all three methods.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Potential benefits accruing to users and practitioners from the use of these models and areas of possible future research are discussed in the paper.</span></span></p>

Maile-Ann Company: A Matrix Approach To Reciprocated Support Department Cost Allocations

The reciprocal method for allocating support department costs has been shown to be better than the direct and step-down methods. In addition, a matrix approach for the reciprocal method has been presented often in academic journals. Yet, the instructional use of spreadsheet matrix functions for reciprocal cost allocations has been limited as many authors continue to present two-department simultaneous equations solved by algebraic substitutions. The Maile-Ann Company presents an intuitive matrix approach to allocating reciprocated costs of many support departments. The case converts commonly used algebraic expressions of support department reciprocated costs into an equivalent matrix relationship. Spreadsheet matrix functions compute each support department’s reciprocated costs and allocate them to user departments.

Acoustical characteristics of earplug speaker for measuring of head-related transfer function by reciprocal method

Acoustical characteristics of earplug speaker for measuring of head-related transfer function by reciprocal method

Application of Reciprocal Allocation Method to Service Department Costs under MFCA

Application of Reciprocal Allocation Method to Service Department Costs under MFCA

Comparing Models GRM, Refraction Tomography and Neural Network to Analyze Shallow Landslide

Detailed investigations of landslides are essential to understand fundamental landslide mechanisms. Seismic refraction method has been proven as a useful geophysical tool for investigating shallow landslides. The objective of this study is to introduce a new workflow using neural network in analyzing seismic refraction data and to compare the result with some methods; that are general reciprocal method (GRM) and refraction tomography. The GRM is effective when the velocity structure is relatively simple and refractors are gently dipping. Refraction tomography is capable of modeling the complex velocity structures of landslides. Neural network is found to be more potential in application especially in time consuming and complicated numerical methods. Neural network seem to have the ability to establish a relationship between an input and output space for mapping seismic velocity. Therefore, we made a preliminary attempt to evaluate the applicability of neural network to determine velocity and elevation of subsurface synthetic models corresponding to arrival times. The training and testing process of the neural network is successfully accomplished using the synthetic data. Furthermore, we evaluated the neural network using observed data. The result of the evaluation indicates that the neural network can compute velocity and elevation corresponding to arrival times. The similarity of those models shows the success of neural network as a new alternative in seismic refraction data interpretation.

Is visual interactive ray trace an efficacious strategy for refraction inversion?

Visual interactive ray trace (VIRT) inversion is a manual approach to refraction tomography. VIRT tomograms neither detect nor define a major 50 m wide zone with a low seismic velocity at Mt Bulga. This failure is attributed to the probable use of a low resolution starting model, specifically the smooth velocity gradient wavepath eikonal traveltime (WET) tomogram, for the VIRT inversion. In this case, the low resolution of the VIRT tomogram is another demonstration of the ubiquity of non-uniqueness.Alternatively, the conventional reciprocal method has been used to generate a starting model, in which the existence of the low velocity region is unequivocal. In this case, confirmation bias has been employed to remove any expression of the low velocity region in the VIRT tomogram.By contrast, WET refraction tomograms produced with smooth and detailed starting models generated with the generalised reciprocal method (GRM) clearly define the 50 m wide zone with the low seismic velocities. The low velocity zone is confirmed with a priori information, specifically the inverted head wave amplitudes and a spectral analysis of the refraction convolution section, and by a posteriori information, specifically numerous closely spaced orthogonal refraction profiles. Furthermore, the GRM tomograms have smaller misfit errors than the tomograms obtained with VIRT tomography and with WET tomograms generated with VIRT starting models.VIRT tomography generates complex velocity models of the weathering from relatively small numbers of traveltimes, indicating that VIRT is overfitting the data. The extensive use of vertical interfaces across which there are large contrasts in seismic velocities is not consistent with standard models of normal weathering profiles, nor is it indicated in the traveltime graphs. By contrast, VIRT generates simple velocity models in the sub-weathering from many traveltimes, indicating that VIRT is underfitting those traveltimes.VIRT neither improves the accuracy nor the geological verisimilitude of refraction tomography. Furthermore, VIRT is time consuming, subjective, and in the final analysis, simply outdated. Although technically, VIRT is efficacious, the alternatives of automatic refraction tomography are more practical, more accurate, and generate more useful tomograms.

Bending of Thick Rectangular Plates with Different Boundaries under Concentrated Load

Reciprocal theorem method (RTM) is generalized to solve the problem of bending of thick rectangular plate under concentrated load with four edges fixed and with two opposite edges fixed, the third edge simply supported, and the fourth edge free based on Reissner’s theory. The analytical solutions of the thick plate are given, and the relevant date and diagram are given to guidance engineering application.

TEM observation of liquid-phase bonded aluminum–silicon/aluminum nitride hetero interface

Liquid-phase bonded aluminum–silicon/aluminum nitride interface structure was investigated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. A textured layer of aluminum formed a stable orientation relationship with aluminum nitride, which showed Al(111) to be tilted by about 4° with respect to the AlN(0001) interface plane. The unique orientation relationship between Al and AlN was predicted as one of the stable orientation relationships using coincidence of reciprocal lattice point method, which surveys the degree of geometrical coherency between two crystals in three-dimensional space. A stable orientation relationship was found to be (001)[1\( \bar{1} \)0]Al//(2\( \bar{2} \)03)[11\( \bar{2} \)0]AlN.

Refractor velocity analysis: a signal processing procedure

ABSTRACT This paper presents a signal processing procedure to perform refractor velocity analysis. The procedure enables one to obtain the seismic velocity from the refracted wavefield without the picking of refracted arrival times. Two processing procedures are derived, one starting from a seismic interferometric approach and another, from the conventional reciprocal method and generalized reciprocal method approaches. The theoretical equivalence of the two approaches is also demonstrated. The proposed processing procedure is applied to synthetic data in order to test the influence of some procedural parameters and its capability to reconstruct a known velocity model starting from refracted signals, without and with perturbations, in arrival times and noise; finally, it is applied to a field data set.

Interactions of Vitamin K3 with Herring-Sperm DNA Using Spectroscopy and Electrochemistry

By means of ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and fluorescence spectra, the binding ratio between vitamin K(3) and herring-sperm DNA in a physiological pH environment (pH = 7.40) was determined as n(K3):n(DNA) = 2:1, and the binding constants of vitamin K(3) binding to DNA at different temperatures were determined as K(θ)(298K) = 1.28 × 10(5) L·mol(-1) and K(θ)(310K) = 7.19 × 10(4) L·mol(-1), which were confirmed using the double reciprocal method are Δ(r)H(m)(θ) = -3.57 × 10(4) J·mol(-1), Δ(r)G(m)(θ) = -2.92 × 10(4) J·mol(-1), and Δ(r)S(m)(θ) = 217.67 J·mol(-1)K(-1). The driving power of this process was enthalpy. An intercalation binding of the vitamin K(3) with DNA was supported by a competitive experiment using acridine orange (AO) as a spectral probe. By combination analysis of the Scatchard method and cyclic voltammetry, we suggested that the interaction mode between vitamin K(3) and herring-sperm DNA would be a mixed mode. The quinonoid, duality fused-ring of vitamin K(3) can intercalate into the base pairs of DNA, and there is an electrostatic binding along with intercalation binding.

Practical approaches to handle the singularities of a wrist-partitioned space manipulator

Space robotic systems are expected to play an increasingly important role in the future. However, the control methods based on the inverse kinematics are affected by singularities. In this paper, practical approaches are proposed to solve the problems of a wrist-partitioned space manipulator. For spacecraft-referenced end-point motion control, we presented the singularity separation plus damped reciprocal (SSPDR) method, which separates the singularity parameters from the inverse of the Jacobian, and replaces their reciprocals using the damped reciprocals. For another control strategy, i.e. inertially referenced end-point motion control, including spacecraft attitude-controlled mode and free-floating mode, the linear momentum equation is used to eliminate three independent variables. With modifying some expressions, the SSPDR method is utilized to solve the singularities of spacecraft attitude-controlled space robot. When the space robot is free-floating, the singularities, i.e. the so-called dynamic singularities, cannot be predicted according to its kinematic structure. Combining with the measured angular velocity of the base, the dynamic singularity handling problem is transformed into real-time kinematic singularity avoiding problem, which can be solved by the SSPDR method. Since the SVD decomposition, the estimation of the minimum singularity value, and the calculation of the generalized Jacobian matrix are not required, the algorithm has lower computation load. Another advantage is that, only the accuracy of part velocity components is reduced by adding the damped coefficients. Simulation results verify the proposed approaches.

Comparison of methods for allocation of service departments' costs to operating departments: A Monte Carlo simulation

In this paper; the performance of widely used methods for allocation of multiple service departments costs to operating departments, namely direct method and two different applications of step-down method, were compared by using the criteria of deviation of their results from those of reciprocal method which is posited as the most accurate method for allocation. Moreover the conditions under which each method yielded the best results were presented. Our dataset included randomly obtained 10,000 observations with different percentages of service provided by service departments and different cost figures. Results indicated that the application of step-down method which considered percentage of service provided as the base for ranking service departments yielded least deviation from results of reciprocal method on average, and yielded the best results with highest probability and the worst results with the least probability, thus provided more accurate results than competing methods. Key words: Cost allocation, service departments’ costs, direct method, step-down method, reciprocal method.

Non‐uniqueness with refraction inversion – the Mt Bulga shear zone

ABSTRACTThe tau‐p inversion algorithm is widely employed to generate starting models with many computer programs that implement refraction tomography. However, this algorithm can frequently fail to detect even major lateral variations in seismic velocities, such as a 50 m wide shear zone, which is the subject of this study.By contrast, the shear zone is successfully defined with the inversion algorithms of the generalized reciprocal method. The shear zone is confirmed with a 2D analysis of the head wave amplitudes, a spectral analysis of the refraction convolution section and with numerous closely spaced orthogonal seismic profiles recorded for a later 3D refraction investigation.Further improvements in resolution, which facilitate the recognition of additional zones with moderate reductions in seismic velocity, are achieved with a novel application of the Hilbert transform to the refractor velocity analysis algorithm. However, the improved resolution also requires the use of a lower average vertical seismic velocity, which accommodates a velocity reversal in the weathering. The lower seismic velocity is derived with the generalized reciprocal method, whereas most refraction tomography programs assume vertical velocity gradients as the default.Although all of the tomograms are consistent with the traveltime data, the resolution of each tomogram is comparable only with that of the starting model. Therefore, it is essential to employ inversion algorithms that can generate detailed starting models, where detailed lateral resolution is the objective.Non‐uniqueness can often be readily resolved with head wave amplitudes, attribute processing of the refraction convolution section and additional seismic traverses, prior to the acquisition of any borehole data. It is concluded that, unless specific measures are taken to address non‐uniqueness, the production of a single refraction tomogram that fits the traveltime data to sufficient accuracy does not necessarily demonstrate that the result is either correct, or even the most probable.

Generic differential kinematic modeling of articulated mobile robots

This paper presents a generic method to obtain the kinematic model of articulated multi-monocycle mobile robots. It is based on an extension of the reciprocal screw method to asymmetrical and constrained parallel mechanisms. The proposed formulation allows to obtain the input/output velocity equations for such kinematic structures in an analytical form. Its efficiency is illustrated by an application to the RobuRoc6 mobile robot. The complex kinematic structure of this articulated multi-monocycle robot isfirst transformed into a spatial parallel mechanism which encapsulates the differential driving wheel systems. Then, we establish the analytical form of the reciprocal screw system which corresponds to the actively controlled wrenches applied to the controlled body. The model then provides explicit kinematic and static performances. Subsequently, the concept of multi-wheeled traction ellipsoid is introduced to evaluate quantitatively the obstacle clearing capabilities of such systems, even though their configuration and the contact conditions are highly variable.

Electrical impedance potential mammography for visualization of objects (electrochemical tests)

The article presents the result of the electrochemical testing of the potential electric impedance mammograph "MEIK" (version 5.6) which reconstructs the image using the reciprocal projection method. The testing was carried out on several categories: biological objects visualization, definition size, location, depth and shape of the biological objects, concentration and electrical conductivity, resolution capability. The research has been conducted in the original tank filled with homogeneous and heterogeneous medium. The research of the visualization of abiological and bialogical objects, objects dimensions, objects location, objects structure. According to the data of the electrochemical testing, the resolution capability of the objects with high electrical conductivity ranges from 1 to 3 mm and of the objects with low electrical conductivity – from 3 to 5 mm. Due to the given electrochemical testing results potencial electric impedance mammograph "MEIK" (version 5.6) can be rated as the medical visualization device.

Electric impedance imaging of the mammary gland in the case of mastitis

The electric impedance mammography technique has been applied for several years. The aim of the research in hand is to reveal the peculiarities of the electric impedance imaging in various stages of the inflammatory process in the mammary gland. We have conducted an examination of twenty six patients: five of them in the stage of arterial hyperemia, eight in the stage of infiltration, three of them in the stage of abscess and ten in the stage of cicatrization. The examination was carried out on the "MEIK" (version 5.6) potencial electric impedance computer mammograph. The weighted reciprocal projection method was used to reconstruct the 3-D electric conductivity distribution of the examined organ. Any inflammatory process is phasic and always attended by the complex vascular alterations with exudation of liquid components of plasma, blood cells outwandering and stromal cells proliferation. Pathophysiological and histopathological peculiarities of each stage of the inflammatory process are well reflected in the electric impedance images. This fact enabled the authors of the research to define the electric impedance imaging as the histofunctional scanning.

Strain modulation-enhanced Mg acceptor activation efficiency of Al0.14Ga0.86N/GaN superlattices with AlN interlayer

AlN layer was grown as interlayer between undoped GaN and Mg doped Al0.14Ga0.86N/GaN superlattices (SLs) epilayer to modulate the strain distribution between Al0.14Ga0.86N barrier and GaN well layers in SLs sample. Strain relaxation was observed in the SLs sample with AlN interlayer by x-ray diffraction reciprocal space mapping method. The measured hole concentration of SLs sample with AlN interlayer at room temperature was over 1.6×1018 cm−3 but that was only 6.6×1016 cm−3 obtained in SLs sample without AlN interlayer. Variable temperature Hall-effect measurement showed that the acceptor activation energy decreased from 150 to 70 meV after inserting the AlN layer, which indicated that the strain modulation of SLs induced by AlN interlayer was beneficial to the Mg acceptor activation and hole concentration enhancement.

Spectroscopic studies on the interaction between tryptophan–erbium(III) complex and herring sperm DNA

By means of UV and fluorescence spectra, the binding ratios between Er(III)–Trp and DNA in physiological pH environment (pH 7.40) were determined as n Trp: n Er(III) = 3:1 and n ER ( III ) ( Trp ) 3 : n DNA = 2 : 1 , and the apparent molar absorptivity of ɛ Er(III)–Trp–DNA is 4.33 × 10 5 L mol −1 cm −1 which was confirmed by molar ratio method. The binding constants at different temperatures K B 25 ° C θ = 1.93 × 10 4 L mo l − 1 and K B 37 ° C θ = 5.28 × 10 3 L mo l − 1 were obtained by double reciprocal method. Thermodynamic function computation demonstrates that Δ r H m θ is the primary driving power of the interaction between Er(III)(Trp) 3 and DNA. By combination analysis of the Scatchard method and CD spectrometry, we suggested that the interaction mode between Er(III)(Trp) 3 complex and herring sperm DNA is groove and intercalation bindings.

Non‐uniqueness with refraction inversion – a syncline model study

ABSTRACTNon‐uniqueness occurs with the 1D parametrization of refraction traveltime graphs in the vertical dimension and with the 2D lateral resolution of individual layers in the horizontal dimension. The most common source of non‐uniqueness is the inversion algorithm used to generate the starting model. This study applies 1D, 1.5D and 2D inversion algorithms to traveltime data for a syncline (2D) model, in order to generate starting models for wave path eikonal traveltime tomography.The 1D tau‐p algorithm produced a tomogram with an anticline rather than a syncline and an artefact with a high seismic velocity. The 2D generalized reciprocal method generated tomograms that accurately reproduced the syncline, together with narrow regions at the thalweg with seismic velocities that are less than and greater than the true seismic velocities as well as the true values.It is concluded that 2D inversion algorithms, which explicitly identify forward and reverse traveltime data, are required to generate useful starting models in the near‐surface where irregular refractors are common. The most likely tomogram can be selected as either the simplest model or with a priori information, such as head wave amplitudes.The determination of vertical velocity functions within individual layers is also subject to non‐uniqueness. Depths computed with vertical velocity gradients, which are the default with many tomography programs, are generally 50% greater than those computed with constant velocities for the same traveltime data. The average vertical velocity provides a more accurate measure of depth estimates, where it can be derived.Non‐uniqueness is a fundamental reality with the inversion of all near‐surface seismic refraction data. Unless specific measures are taken to explicitly address non‐uniqueness, then the production of a single refraction tomogram, which fits the traveltime data to sufficient accuracy, does not necessarily demonstrate that the result is either ‘correct’ or the most probable.