Reciprocal Method Research Articles

A wall model for LES accounting for radiation effects

In several conditions, radiation can modify the temperature law in turbulent boundary layers. In order to predict such an effect and the corresponding change in conductive heat flux at the wall, a new wall model for large-eddy simulation (LES) is proposed. The wall model describes the inner boundary layer which cannot be resolved by the LES. The radiative power source term is calculated from an analytical expression of the intensity field within the inner layer. In the outer layer, wall stress and conductive heat flux predicted by the wall model are fed back to the large-eddy simulation which is coupled to a reciprocal Monte-Carlo method to account for radiation.Several mixing-length models and turbulent Prandtl number formula are investigated. Then, the level of accuracy of the discretized radiation analytical model is investigated. Finally, fully coupled results are compared with Direct Numerical Simulation/Monte-Carlo results of turbulent channel flows at different Reynolds number, wall temperature and pressure conditions. The proposed wall model greatly improves the accuracy of the predicted temperature profiles and wall conductive heat fluxes compared to approaches without radiation accounted for in the inner layer.

Using Excel's Solver Function To Facilitate Reciprocal Service Department Cost Allocations

The reciprocal method of service department cost allocation requires linear equations to be solved simultaneously. These computations are often so complex as to cause the abandonment of the reciprocal method in favor of the less sophisticated and theoretically incorrect direct or step-down methods. This article illustrates how Excel's Solver Function can be used to greatly simplify the reciprocal cost allocation method. Solver Function users will be pleased to see how easy it is to let Excel do the mathematics once the linear equations are formulated.

The Deep Beam Bending of Rectangular Section under Concentrated Load

In this paper the application of reactive reciprocal method is used to solve the concentrated load rectangular section of the deep beam bending problem. The deep beams new equation of bent rectangular section is not only the use of the power of reciprocal method is used to solve the deep bending beam one of the innovation points, also abounded beam theory. Through numerical calculation, the calculate method of this paper is correct.

ReQuest in the Secondary History Classroom: How does the Introduction of a Purposeful Reading Technique Effect Comprehension of Text?

This quantitative, action research study sought to explore the effects of introducing the ReQuest reading comprehension technique to students who are accustomed to using a world history textbook and the initiate-respond-evaluate questioning pattern to acquire basic historical information. Data collected from a series of paired sample quiz scores indicates that the ReQuest method shows promise as part of a purposeful, reciprocal teaching method when reading comprehension of expository text is the explicit goal of the classroom teacher. The results of this exploratory study support the literature on the use of explicitly taught reading strategies and suggests that further investigation of the ReQuest technique in the social studies classroom is warranted.

Resolving complex structure in near-surface refraction seismology with common-offset gathers

Common-offset gathers (COG) have been usefully employed in the processing of seismic reflection data (Fulton and Darr, 1984). COG methods have also been employed to a lesser extent with the processing of seismic refraction data (Coppens, 1985), but their wider application has yet to be fully exploited. This study describes novel COG adaptations of the generalized reciprocal method (GRM) (Palmer, 1981, 2010b). Initially, the COG GRM methods (Palmer, 2012) were developed as simple and convenient methods for the quality assurance of the large volumes of refraction data, which are characteristic of statics computations for high-fold CMP reflection data processing. However, their application to a variety of sets of data has demonstrated a number of additional unanticipated benefits.

Diagnostic criteria for mass lesions differentiating in electrical impedance mammography

The purpose of this research was to determine the diagnostic criteria for differentiating volumetric lesions in the mammary gland in electrical impedance mammography. The research was carried out utilizing the electrical impedance computer mammograph ≪MEIK v.5.6≫®, which enables to acquire images of 3-D conductivity distribution layers within mamma's tissues up to 5 cm depth. The weighted reciprocal projection method was employed to reconstruct the 3-D electric conductivity distribution of the examined organ. The results of 3,710 electrical impedance examinations were analyzed. The analysis of a volumetric lesion included assessment of its shape, contour, internal electrical structure and changes of the surrounding tissues. Moreover, mammary gland status was evaluated with the help of comparative and age-related electrical conductivity curves. The diagnostic chart is provided. Each criterion is measured in points. Using the numerical score for evaluation of mass and non-volumetric lesions within the mammary gland in electrical impedance mammography allowed comparing this information to BI-RADS categories developed by American College of Radiology experts. The article is illustrated with electrical impedance mammograms and tables.

IMPROVING STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN READING NARRATIVE TEXT BY USING RECIPROCAL TEACHING METHOD

This study deals with the improving students’ achievement in reading narrative text by using reciprocal teaching. The research of this study was conducted by using action research. The subject of this study was the tenth grade students SMA Negeri 6 Medan. One class was taken as the subject, namely the students from X-5. There were 49 students, consisting of 22 male and 27 female. This research was done in two cycles; there was three meetings in cycle I and three meetings in cycle II. The instruments for collecting data were reading narrative text (25 items of multiple choice tests) teacher make test as quantitative data and interview sheet, observation sheet and diary notes as qualitative data. In analyzing the data, the mean of the students’ score for the treatment I was 61.79, for the treatment II was 72.24 and treatment III was 81.71. The data showed that the students’ score was rising in every treatment. The conclusion is that the use of reciprocal teaching method can improve students’ reading comprehension in narrative text. It suggested to English teacher to apply reciprocal teaching method in teaching reading comprehension. Key words: reading, narrative text, reciprocal teaching.

Effects of short-term isokinetic training with reciprocal knee extensors agonist and antagonist muscle actions: A controlled and randomized trial

Previous studies have shown that preloading an antagonist muscle may increase the acute agonist neuromuscular performance. In addition, studies have suggested that very short-term resistance exercise (RE) programs may also be useful to increase strength and muscular performance. To evaluate the effects of three days of RE using a reciprocal action method on the muscular performance of healthy men and to compare these effects with those of a traditional RE group. Thirty-three men (21.1 ± 2.3 years) were randomly assigned to one of three groups: 1) reciprocal (REC; knee flexion immediately followed by a knee extension exercise); 2) traditional (TRA; non-preload; a concentric knee extension exercise); and 3) control (CON; no exercise). The REC and TRA subjects performed four sets of 10 repetitions at 60º/s with one minute of rest. The pre- and post-RE tests included two sets of four maximal concentric repetitions at 60º/s and 180º/s. A 3x2 ANOVA with Tukey post-hoc was used to analyze the differences in peak torque (PT), rating of acceleration development (RAD) and time to peak torque (TIMEtorque). A significant PT increase was found for REC and TRA (p<0.05) at 60º/s and for REC at 180º/s (p<0.05). There was a decrease in the RAD for REC and TRA (p<0.05), and TIMEtorque showed a significant decrease for REC. The inter-group analysis revealed that REC is more effective than TRA for PT gains at both velocities (p<0.05). It is recommended that REC offers benefits for the clinical practice of professionals involved in neuromuscular rehabilitation.

Analytical Solution to the Roof Bending Deflection with Mixed Boundary Conditions under Uniform Load

Analytical solution to the roof bending deflection is the key to conduct the stability evaluation and risk prediction of the shallow mined-out areas. The engineering mechanics model of the roof was built through the generalization engineering model of the practical shallow mined-out areas. Based on Reissner's thick plate theory, the roof bending deflection with mixed boundary conditions under uniform load was analyzed through the reciprocal theorem method. The function of roof bending deflection was derived and the analytical solution was verified by the numerical solution. Then, a comparative analysis was conducted for the difference characteristics of roof bending deflection with mixed boundary conditions and simply-supported boundary conditions.

Multi-objective fuzzy optimisation method for emergency evacuation based on hybrid intelligence algorithm under fuzzy environment

After a sudden public event, how to optimise emergency evacuation routings and enhance the response capability of emergency system is an important issue for emergency management agency. In this paper, we choose the optimal evacuation routing under fuzzy environment to make sure the injured reach the destination safely and quickly. Chance-constrained programming model of emergency evacuation routings and chance-dependent constraint programming models are setup respectively and a hybrid intelligence algorithm is designed to solve the model. The algorithm, which combines simulation technique and the genetic algorithm, produces chromosomes according to priority-based coding mode, uses simulation technique to calculate target values of chromosomes, produces a new group by using improved roulette wheel method to select chromosomes, crosses by adopting the partially matched crossover method, and uses reciprocal exchange mutation method to mutate. Finally, an example is presented to validate the feasibility of this model and the algorithm. The research result can help emergency decision-makers to find an optimal route after a sudden public event and reduce the casualties caused by transportation delays.

OS0108 第ゼロ節点法による単純重ね合わせ継ぎ手の特異応力場の解析

In this paper, the crack tip stress method is extended so that the intensity of the singular stress field of the SLJ with two real stress singularity orders can be analyzed. Two types of the reference models are proposed; one is the tensile force model; the other one is the shear force model. The intensities of the singular stress fields of the reference models are calculated by the reciprocal work contour integral method (RWCIM). The intensities of the singular stress field of the SLJ are calculated by superposing those of the reference models. Then the accuracy of the present method is discussed by comparing the present results with the solutions which are calculated by the RWCIM.

Uncertainty in Near-Surface Refraction Inversion

Uncertainty in the tomographic inversion of near-surface seismic refraction data can be separated into aleatory variability, which describes the misfit errors and epistemic uncertainty, which describes the suite of acceptable models. Common implementations of refraction tomography usually focus on reducing aleatory variability and frequently disregard epistemic uncertainty. In this study, the tomograms generated with three models of the seismic velocities in both the weathering and in the sub-weathering, using the generalized reciprocal method (GRM), are consistent with the traveltime data. However, only one tomogram is consistent with the optimum XY value and the attributes derived from the head wave amplitudes and seismic velocities. This study demonstrates that epistemic uncertainty can be explicitly addressed with the GRM, because the most probable tomogram can be selected objectively from a number of acceptable alternatives. The GRM-based tomogram successfully detects, defines and differentiates narrow regions with low seismic velocities which represent shear zones and a massive sulphide ore body. None of these zones is detected with the tomogram generated with the default starting model using smooth vertical velocity gradients. It is concluded that minimizing epistemic uncertainty through the use of the most appropriate starting model is more important than minimizing aleatory variability.

Generating starting models for seismic refraction tomography with common offset stacks

Common offset refraction (COR) traveltime attributes are derived from multi-fold data with novel adaptations of the generalised reciprocal method (GRM). COR GRM stacks are generated from a refraction equivalent of common midpoint (CMP) gathers, which are computed at each CMP with the COR GRM algorithms. The COR GRM stacks, which generate detailed spatially varying attributes for each layer detected in the near surface region, provide useful starting models for automatic refraction tomography.The spatial resolution of the depth models of the wavepath eikonal traveltime (WET) refraction tomograms obtained with starting models derived with the COR GRM is similar to the WET tomogram obtained with the standard GRM, whereas the COR GRM seismic velocity model is a smoothed version of the standard GRM model. In all cases, the GRM-derived WET tomograms avoid the generation of undetectable artefacts with common implementations of automatic refraction tomography, which can occur with the use of default starting models consisting of smooth vertical velocity gradients and with the need to minimise misfit errors through over-processing.The COR GRM attributes demonstrate that the traveltime data are consistent with minimal penetration within the sub-weathering, representative of uniform seismic velocities, and that the spatial variations in the time model and seismic velocities are more significant than any variations caused by vertical velocity gradients in the sub-weathered zone. However, the occurrence of vertical velocity gradients in the sub-weathering largely remains unresolved because minimal penetration of the first arrivals can occur even with large vertical velocity gradients, such as the hyperbolic velocity function.The WET tomograms generated with the COR GRM time model and seismic velocity attributes are generally very similar visually to the starting models, even though the misfit errors may differ. It is concluded that COR GRM starting models can frequently be a useful alternative to refraction tomography.

New Jacobian approach to the kinestatic analysis of a planar double-wishbone suspension mechanism

An understanding of the kinestatic relation between a suspension mechanism and a vehicle body is important for the design of a vehicle with the desired motion characteristics. In particular, when the mechanism has elastic springs, it is necessary to analyse the instantaneous kinematic and statics (or, briefly, kinestatics) relations simultaneously. This paper presents a new Jacobian approach to the kinestatic analysis of a planar half-vehicle model with double-wishbone suspension mechanisms. Introducing the reciprocal Jacobian method of a planar mechanism, the kinestatic relations of a quarter-vehicle model are first derived. Next two instantaneous rotation centres of a pair of quarter-vehicle models are determined and modelled as virtual joints to form a new parallel-type mechanism of a half-vehicle model. Finally, the Jacobian and reciprocal Jacobian of the parallel-type mechanism are found in order to complete the kinestatic relations of a half-vehicle model. Using an illustrated example, it is shown that this new kinestatic analysis can be utilized for determination of the best locations of the strut springs for the least rolling motion due to cornering of a vehicle.

Characterization of silicon–carbon alloy materials for future strained Si metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors

N type metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistors (NMOSFETs) using strained silicon–carbon alloy (Si1−xCx) surface channels are reported in this work. Tensile-strained Si1−xCx layers with substitutional carbon content up to ~1% were epitaxially grown on (100) Si substrates by ultra-high vacuum chemical vapor deposition, using silane and methylsilane as the silicon and carbon sources, respectively. NMOSFETs were fabricated using standard MOS processing with reduced thermal treatment in order to minimize the possibility of strain relaxation. A reciprocal space mapping method was used to analyze strain distribution in the silicon–carbon alloy thin films on Si substrates. The election inversion layer mobilities of the Si1−xCx and Si control devices at room temperature are comparable. This is in contrast to the electron mobility enhancement observed in NMOSFETs fabricated using tensile-strained Si grown on relaxed Si1−xGex layers. At low temperatures, the electron inversion layer mobility of Si1−xCx devices is lower than that of the Si controls, and appears to be affected by Coulomb as well as possibly by random alloy scattering.

A Correlative Model to Predict In Vivo AUC for Nanosystem Drug Delivery with Release Rate-Limited Absorption

Drug release from nanosystems at the sites of either absorption or effect biophase is a major determinant of its biological action. Thus, in vitro drug release is of paramount importance in gaining insight for the systems performance in vivo. A novel in vitro in vivo correlation, IVIVC, model denoted as double reciprocal area method was presented and applied to 19 drugs from 55 nano formulations with total 336 data, gathered from literature. The proposed model correlated the in vitro with in vivo parameters with overall error of 12.4 ± 3.9%. Also the trained version of the model predicted the test formulations with overall error of 15.8 ± 3.7% indicating the suitability of the approach. A theoretical justification was provided for the model considering the unified classical release laws. The model does not necessitate bolus intravenous drug data and seems to be suitable for IVIVC of drugs with release rate-limited absorption.

Interaction mode between methylene blue-Sm(III) complex and herring sperm DNA

Spectroscopic and viscosity methods were applied to investigate the interaction between methylene blue (MB)-Sm(III) complex and herring sperm DNA by using acridine orange as a spectral probe in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.40). By means of molar ratio method, the binding ratios between MB-Sm(III) and DNA were determined as nSm(III):nMB =1:3, nMB-Sm(III) complex:n DNA = 8:1, and the apparent molar absorption coefficient of &#949;MB-Sm(III)-DNA was found to be 7.01&#215;105 M-1&#183;cm-1. The bonding constants at different temperatures K&#952;292K = 7.35&#215;105 M-1, K&#952;310K = 1.25&#215;105 M-1 were obtained by double reciprocal method. Thermodynamic function computation demonstrates that &#916;rSm&#1256; is the primary driving power of the interaction between MB-Sm(III) and herring sperm DNA. By combination analysis of the Scatchard method, circular dichroism spectroscopy and viscosity method, it suggests that the interaction mode between MB-Sm(III) complex and herring sperm DNA are a mixed binding, which contains partial intercalation and electrostatic interaction.&#160;KEY WORDS: Methylene blue-Sm(III), Complex, Herring sperm DNA, Interaction&#160;Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2012, 26(3), 395-405.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v26i3.8

&lt;b&gt; O município ambientalmente sustentável: a responsabilidade dos governos locais na formulação e implementação de políticas públicas de planejamento da ocupação urbana &lt;/b&gt; - doi: 10.5102/rbpp.v2i1.1720

Th e aim of this paper is to highlight the responsibility of local government in the formulation and implementation of public policies that guarantee an environmentally sustainable urban occupation. We adopted the method of dialectical approach, in order that the work enters the world of phenomena by means of their reciprocal action and procedural structuralist method, seeing the reality of the internal point of view of the phenomena. It was concluded that local government has an important role, because it is responsible for the implementation of urban policy, fi nding bounds only in goals and guidelines of the Urban Policy, which are characterized by a content to the protective environment. Moreover, it is necessary that the municipalities act as promoter of integrating their actions with other federal entities and the population and inserting in global competition. Th e work function is to integrate the content of public policies with the urban-environmental aspects, as, planning and environmental rules, although they are oft en studied together, suff er the same problem, which is the lack of eff ectiveness, and means that this problem can be alleviated if the approach has based public policies, particularly its implementation.

IMPROVING STUDENTS’ ACHIEVEMENT IN READING NARRATIVE TEXT BY USING RECIPROCAL TEACHING METHOD

This study deals with the improving students’ achievement in reading narrative text by using reciprocal teaching. The research of this study was conducted by using action research. The subject of this study was the tenth grade students SMA Negeri 6 Medan. One class was taken as the subject, namely the students from X-5. There were 49 students, consisting of 22 male and 27 female. This research was done in two cycles; there was three meetings in cycle I and three meetings in cycle II. The instruments for collecting data were reading narrative text (25 items of multiple choice tests) teacher make test as quantitative data and interview sheet, observation sheet and diary notes as qualitative data. In analyzing the data, the mean of the students’ score for the treatment I was 61.79, for the treatment II was 72.24 and treatment III was 81.71. The data showed that the students’ score was rising in every treatment. The conclusion is that the use of reciprocal teaching method can improve students’ reading comprehension in narrative text. It suggested to English teacher to apply reciprocal teaching method in teaching reading comprehension. Key words: reading, narrative text, reciprocal teaching.

Investigation on the interaction between luteolin and calf thymus DNA by spectroscopic techniques

The interaction of luteolin with calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid (ctDNA) under physiological conditions (Tris–HCl buffer solutions, pH 7.4) was studied by UV–Vis spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy and viscosity measurement method, respectively. The results indicated that a complex of luteolin with ctDNA can be formed. Spectroscopic techniques together with viscosity determination provided evidences of intercalation mode of binding for the interaction between luteolin and ctDNA. The binding constant of luteolin to DNA calculated based on UV–Vis spectroscopy data was found to be 4.52×104Lmol−1 at 310K. The thermodynamic parameters of the complex were calculated by a double reciprocal method: ΔrHms=-8.9×103J mol-1,ΔrSms=60.5JK-1mol-1 and ΔrGms=-2.76×104J mol-1 (310K). The interacting forces between luteolin and DNA mainly included hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. The acridine orange displacement studies revealed that luteolin had significant effect for acridine orange bounded on DNA, which was indicative of intercalation binding.