Readiness Of Countries Research Articles

Global analysis of geological CO2 storage by pressure-limited injection sites

Limiting global warming to a 2 °C rise may require large-scale deployment of carbon capture and storage (CCS). Due to the key role CCS plays in integrated assessment models of climate change mitigation, it is important that fundamental physical constraints are accounted for. We produce a global estimate of CO2 storage resource that accounts for pressure-limits within basin-scale reservoir systems. We use a dynamic physics model of reservoir pressurisation that is sufficiently simple to be incorporated into energy systems models. Our estimates address regionally inconsistent methodologies and the general lack of consideration for pressure limitations in global storage resource estimates. We estimate a maximum pressure-limited resource base and explore scenarios with different injection patterns, and scenarios where the extent of CCS deployment is limited by the history of regional hydrocarbon exploration and the readiness of countries for deployment. The maximum pressure-limited global storage achievable after thirty years of injection is 3640GtCO2 (121GtCO2yr-1), increasing to 5630GtCO2 (70 GtCO2yr-1) at the end of the century. These represent an update to volumetric-based estimates that suggest in excess of 10,000Gt of storage resource available. When CCS deployment is limited to the top ten countries ranked by the GCCSI Storage Readiness Index, our maximum storage estimate decreases to 780GtCO2 (26GtCO2yr-1) at the mid-century and 1177GtCO2 (15GtCO2yr-1) at the end of the century. These latter results fall within the range of projected deployment by the IPCC and IEA and suggest that reservoir pressurisation will limit CCS deployment if development does not rapidly expand beyond the current implementation.

The Prospect of the GCC Monetary Union and its Expansion to Other MENA Countries

This study investigated the possibility of expanding the GCC monetary union to other MENA countries using cluster analysis for the period 2000-2018. It also examined whether the economic characteristics of the countries provide evidence for the readiness of countries for the proposed union. The findings show that there was heterogeneity in the GCC and MENA countries suggesting that the countries were not yet economically ready for the launch of the monetary union. We found evidence in support of the expansion of the GCC monetary union to other MENA countries with two categories of countries, the core and the periphery. We also revealed key variables, including inflation differential, debt service requirement, and current account balance, which clearly demarcated the GCC and other MENA countries. These findings underscore the need for policy-makers in MENA countries to strengthen intraregional trade creating policy, policy coordination, and harmonisation for a successful and sustainable monetary union.

A Critical Analysis of Morocco’s Green Hydrogen Roadmap: A Modelling Approach to Assess Country Readiness from the Energy Trilemma Perspective

Morocco, despite its heavy reliance on imported fossil fuels, which made up 68% of electricity generation in 2020, has recognised its significant renewable energy potential. The Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) commitment is to reduce emissions by 45.5% from baseline levels with international assistance and abstain from constructing new coal plants. Moreover, the Green Hydrogen Roadmap aims to export 10 TWh of green hydrogen by 2030, as well as use it for local electricity storage. This paper critically analyses this Roadmap and Morocco’s readiness to reach its ambitious targets, focusing specifically on an energy trilemma perspective and using OSeMOSYS (Open-Source energy Modelling System) for energy modelling. The results reveal that the NDC scenario is only marginally more expensive than the least-cost scenario, at around 1.3% (approximately USD 375 million), and facilitates a 23.32% emission reduction by 2050. An important note is the continued reliance on existing coal power plants across all scenarios, which challenges both energy security and emissions. The assessment of the Green Hydrogen Scenarios highlights that it could be too costly for the Moroccan government to fund the Green Hydrogen Roadmap at this scale, which leads to increased imports of polluting fossil fuels for cost reduction. In fact, the emission levels are 39% higher in the green hydrogen exports scenario than in the least-cost scenario. Given these findings, it is recommended that the Green Hydrogen Roadmap be re-evaluated, with a suggestion for a postponement and reduction in scope.

Digital Currencies: Is Africa Ready?

Digital currencies are likely to modify the way businesses, people and governments transact in Africa. Nonetheless, several factors need to be assessed before the wide adoption of digital currencies in the continent. These factors include the regulatory environment for fintech, the condition of digital infrastructure and the degree of financial inclusion. This paper assesses the readiness of African countries for the issuance of digital currencies. The paper gives an overview of the African countries that have implemented or are considering implementing digital countries. It discusses the issues to be considered for a conducive environment to launch digital currencies. It explores the opportunities and challenges of developing and issuing digital currencies in Africa. The paper finds that although the developed mobile money network infrastructure, high mobile money penetration, the growth of the digital economy and high degrees of financial exclusion position Africa well for the adoption of central bank digital currencies (CBDCs), several challenges need to be addressed. These encompass lower levels of financial inclusion, digital exclusion, the digital divide, poor digital infrastructure and regulatory uncertainty. The paper provides recommendations for improving the prospects of digital currencies in Africa. These include the creation of a legal and regulatory framework for digital currencies, investing in digital infrastructure, improving internet connectivity and educating citizens on digital currencies. Digital currencies can lead to improved economic growth, increase cross border payments, promote financial inclusion and sustainable development Keywords: Africa, Digital Currencies, Digital Infrastructure, Financial Inclusion, legal, regulatory environment

Sustaining essential health services inLao PDR inthe context ofdonor transition andCOVID-19.

Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR) aims at graduating from least developed country status by 2026 and must increase the level of domestic financing for health. This paper examines how the government has prepared for the decline of external assistance and how donors have applied their transition approaches. Adapting a World Health Organization (WHO) framework, reflections and lessons were generated based on literature review, informal and formal consultations and focus group discussions with the Lao PDR government and development partners including budget impact discussion. The government has taken three approaches to transition from external to domestic funding: mobilizing domestic resources, increasing efficiency across programs and prioritization with a focus on strengthening primary health care (PHC). The government has increased gradually domestic government health expenditures as a share of the government expenditure from 2.6% in 2013 to 4.9% in 2019. The Ministry of Health has made efforts to design and roll out integrated service delivery of maternal, newborn, child, and adolescent health services, immunization and nutrition; integrated 13 information systems of key health programs into one single District Health Information Software 2; and prioritized PHC, which has led to shifting donors towards supporting PHC. Donors have revisited their aid policies designed to improve sustainability and ownership of the government. However, the government faces challenges in improving cross-programmatic efficiency at the operational level and in further increasing the health budget due to the economic crisis aggravated during Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Working to implement donor transition strategies under the current economic situation and country challenges, calls into question the criteria used to evaluate transition. This criterion needs to include more appropriate indicators other than gross national income per capita, which does not reflect a country's readiness and capacity of the health system. There should be a more country-tailored strategy and support for considering the context and system-wide readiness during donor transition.

The Role of Economic Stability in Climate Adaptation Readiness and Vulnerability

This study examines the correlation between economic stability indicators, climate adaptation readiness, and vulnerability to climate change. By analyzing an extensive dataset of 192 countries and employing regression analysis, we determine which macroeconomic factors play a significant role in the readiness and vulnerability of countries to climate risk. Our findings generally show that stable economies are better prepared for climate change, while less stable ones are more vulnerable. We also highlight the role of AI readiness in enhancing adaptation efforts. Our findings help policymakers and economists understand climate risk determinants and better allocate resources towards climate change adaptation.

Impact of artificial intelligence on sustainable development in African countries

The African continent continues to be characterized by imbalances in economic development and infrastructure challenges, while the high cost of internet access, skills shortages and technical skills hinder the adoption of artificial intelligence. Large-scale corruption and bureaucracy pose major challenges. Addressing these challenges will enable the development of a quality AI ecosystem and utilize the latest technologies to create new opportunities for the government, businesses and the African population. The main objective of this study is to identify the role of artificial intelligence in the inclusive and sustainable economic growth of African countries, and justify the feasibility of its adoption in their economies and infrastructure. The study of the artificial intelligence market in the countries of the region has shown that there is significant potential in the introduction of such technologies in various sectors of national economies There is unevenness in the readiness of countries for digital transformation and technology adoption due to different levels of investment opportunities of national economies, human potential, government policies on artificial intelligence, political stability and technological development. Based on expert assessments, three scenarios (conservative, confident and pessimistic) of economic development of African economies depending on the level of development of the artificial intelligence market in the region were drawn up. The factors negatively affecting the processes of digital transformation were identified; the directions of using artificial intelligence technologies to solve global problems and achieve inclusive and sustainable economic growth of the African continent were substantiated.

ЦИФРОВІЗАЦІЯ КРАЇН АФРИКАНСЬКОГО КОНТИНЕНТУ ТА ПЕРСПЕКТИВИ РОЗВИТКУ МІЖНАРОДНОГО БІЗНЕСУ

The article is devoted to the study of the place and role of the digitalization process of the countries of the African continent in the context of their integration into the international business environment. The article highlights the essence and mechanisms of the implementation of information and communication technologies based on the measurement of the index of readiness of countries for digital networks, the theoretical and methodological aspects of formation of the conceptual apparatus of researched issues and the market competitiveness of African countries in the conditions of globalization of the world economy are determined. The work analyzes the global experience of managing the process of digitalization of the international economy in general and international business in particular, the methods and mechanisms of regulation of this process are determined; researched mechanisms of state influence on enterprises and the conditions under which it is appropriate to use it; a modernized approach to the implementation of leading experience in the management activities of enterprises in African countries is also proposed. The article identifies the leading countries in the field of digitalization, their role in global and local markets is clarified; the prospects for changing the rates of population growth in the African region and the consequences of this growth as part of the expansion of high-tech businesses to regional and international markets are outlined; the predicted degree of their presence in the countries of the African continent. Particular attention is paid to the general features of the modern stage of the development of international business, the role of innovations in the development of strategies for the development of the economies of African countries is determined; an assessment of the effectiveness of the set of strategies of international companies was provided, which ultimately allowed us to propose a number of practical and recommended actions aimed at improving and improving the process of managing the processes of digitalization of the business environment of the countries of the African continent.

County Readiness for eTourism Using Systematic Gap Analysis: The Case of Jordan

The primary focus of this study is to establish a mechanism for assessing a country readiness for eTourism using two paradigms: systematic review and gap analysis. This assessment will be conducted by applying eTourism technology aspects as the main detriments of eTourism and behavioral aspects as moderating factors to generate a three-level gap index. The systematic review for determining gap analysis will be based on a framework developed in the literature of the eTourism Technology Acceptance Model (ETAM). This study, based on ETAM, develops its own framework for the systematic review. A comparative study was performed on two dimensions. The first dimension involves the examination of technology-related factors, encompassing security, accessibility of mobile applications, support for mobile payments, user interface design, and quality. To improve understanding of how tourists assess the four technological aspects, the second dimension included two moderating factors: attitude and trust. Based on the systematic review, this paper demonstrates a methodology for calculating individualized gaps for the six factors, as well as compounded gap indexes for the two dimensions and the total composite gap index (CGI) for all six factors through the utilization of an Excel spreadsheet. Based on the overall assessment, as the authors deduced from the discussions, Jordan's readiness for eTourism still needs further improvements to its eTourism factors. Future investigations will involve the implementation of a framework, such as Expert Choice, to emulate the methods utilized in this research. In addition, the outcome of this endeavor should suggest potential avenues for continuous improvement and diversification of eTourism research.

THE IMPACT OF INDUSTRY 4.0 ON THE ECONOMY: THEORETICAL AND EMPIRICAL ASPECTS

The enhanced focus on Industry 4.0 has brought numerous challenges and questions regarding the meaning and impact of this concept. The literature on Industry 4.0 has rapidly expanded recently, indicating its significant influence on the economy as a whole. The study objective is to analyse the impact of Industry 4.0 on the economy and to evaluate the OECD countries in terms of selected indicators in the major fields of science and technology. Science and technology indicators serve as measures, analytical and comparison tools to assess a country's readiness to adopt Industry 4.0. The analysis indicates that the OECD countries vary in terms of R&D spending, with an observed growth in R&D spending by businesses across most OECD countries. Universities also play a crucial role in the implementation of Industry 4.0. On average, higher education facilities in the OECD countries allocated 0.42% of GDP to R&D in 2011, and this figure was slightly up to 0.43% in 2020. The results demonstrate an increase in the number of researchers in most OECD countries between 2011 and 2020. Patent statistics were also analysed to measure technology performance across countries, revealing that Japan and the USA have a significant advantage in patent development.

Opportunities for developing digital career guidance in Hungary

Digitalisation is a process that is transforming the framework of social and economic coexistence, and career development professionals must also be part of it. At the same time, the digital readiness and culture of individual European countries differ. The coronavirus crisis that started in 2020 has forced all of us to adapt to this digital challenge. In this article, we present the changes in Hungary and make recommendations for the possible directions of national development.

Development of Green Economy: Myth or Real Admiration

It will soon be 10 years since the international community, speaking out about the causes of climate change at the global level, has gradually moved on to the issue of transition to the development of a “green” economy as an acceptable way out of the situation of growing greenhouse gases and carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. However, despite serious contradictions between the capabilities and readiness of countries to transition to a green economy, politicians in a number of developed countries and, above all, the European Union (EU), argue that such a transition is possible in the short term and has even already been accomplished in some countries. as if by default. How should such assurances be accepted - as real anticipations of a process that has not yet taken place, or should the attention of scientists and the public be focused on obvious inconsistencies or obstacles to such a transition? Complications on the discussed path of transition from a market to a “green” economy give rise to many questions that require clear, concise and well-founded answers and solutions.

Assessment of the country's readiness to use complex management technologies based on global indices: case study of China

Assessment of the country's readiness to use complex management technologies based on global indices: case study of China

The 15 West African countries as an optimum currency area and the role of labour mobility in the adjustment to asymmetric shocks

This paper assesses the nature and correlation of shocks in Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) countries and investigates the readiness of member countries for the formation of a monetary union. It also assesses the role of labour mobility as an adjustment mechanism to asymmetric shocks. Structural vector autoregression (SVAR) models are used in assessing the nature and correlation of shocks while cointegrated panel autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) models are employed to examine the role of labour mobility in the adjustment process to asymmetric shocks. The results show that the ECOWAS region is characterised by asymmetric shocks. The study also finds that most countries failed to consistently meet the convergence criteria for the formation of the monetary union and that labour mobility in the region is low to act as an efficient adjustment mechanism to asymmetric shocks. It takes about 2–5 years for member countries to adjust to asymmetric shocks through labour mobility.

The Impact of the Organization of Public Health Systems on the Ability of Countries to Resist the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Experience of Developed Countries of the World and Ukraine.

The purpose of the study is to analyze the presence of functional interrelationships between the level of funding of the healthcare sector and the country's ability to withstand any pandemic, using the example of the COVID-19 pandemic. Official indicators presented by the WHO, analytical reports by Numbeo (the world's largest cost-of-living database), and the Global Health Security Index were used for the study. Using these indicators, the authors analyzed the following: the level of the spread of coronavirus infections in the world's countries, the share of public expenditures on the development of the medical sphere in the GDP of the countries, and the development of the healthcare sector in 12 developed countries and Ukraine. These countries were grouped into three groups, based on the model of the organization of the healthcare sector (Beveridge model, Bismark model, Market (private) model). The Farrar-Glauber method was used to check for multicollinearity in the input dataset, and thirteen relevant indicators were selected. These indicators took part in the formation of the generalized characteristics of the country's medical sphere and the ability to resist the pandemic. The state of readiness of countries to resist the spread of coronavirus infections was assessed using the country's index of vulnerability to COVID-19 and the integral index of the development of medicine. Additive convolution was used in combination with sigma-limited parameterization to form an integral index of the country's vulnerability to COVID-19 and to determine the weights of each indicator. The convolution of indicators according to the Kolmogorov-Gabor polynomial was used to construct an integral index of the development of medicine. Thus, while analyzing the ability of countries to resist the pandemic in terms of models of organization of the healthcare sector, it should be noted that none of the models demonstrated absolute effectiveness in the fight against the mass spread of COVID-19. The calculations made it possible to determine the nature of the relationship between the integral indices of the development of medicine and the vulnerability of countries to COVID-19, as well as a country's potential ability to resist any pandemic and prevent the mass spread of infectious diseases.

Problems of Legal Regulation and State Policy Measures Related to Nature Management in the Framework of Achieving the SDGs: Examples from Russia and Kazakhstan

The paper considers the problems of legal regulation and environmental policy in Russia and Kazakhstan related to the achievement of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. The focus of this study is in the plane of studying the features of legislative regulation and the arrangement of political priorities in the two countries in order to determine their similarities and differences. The study intends to assess the current state of the legislative regulation of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan in the context of achieving individual SDGs. Taking into account the object of this study, the assessment of the readiness of countries to achieve the SDGs is carried out within the framework of such criteria as: (1) the current state of the relevant legislation in the field of environmental protection and natural resource management and the analysis of legislative regulation in terms of adaptability to achieve the SDGs, and (2) the role of programmatic-strategic documents in areas corresponding to the SDGs, covering environmental protection and natural resource management. A study of the experience of the Russian Federation gives grounds to say that the fragmented and inconsistent approaches enshrined in policy documents and Russian regulatory legal acts regulating nature management cause duplication of certain provisions of regulatory legal acts. Both Russian and Kazakhstani legislators avoid the universal application of the concept of “sustainable development goals” as a separate category in lawmaking, reserving the right to interpret this term at their own discretion. Formally, in the legislation and strategic and program documents of both countries there is no normative binding justifying the focus on achieving the SDGs, or tools for achieving them. However, on the part of Kazakhstan, strategic documents and national laws and regulations governing sustainable resource management are less diversified and more consistent with each other. The study gives grounds to say that in view of the presence in the Russian legal field of many inconsistent laws and political documents, harmonization of strategic documents related to the achievement of the SDGs is an urgent issue for the Russian Federation. For RK, this problem is less obvious. At the regulatory level, the instruments for achieving the UN SDGs and their indicators are not enshrined in the laws of both countries. References to the defining role of the UN SDGs are absent both in the text of the strategic documents of the Russian Federation and the Republic of Kazakhstan.

A Systematic Scoping Review to Identify Criteria to Assess a Country's Readiness to Deploy a New or Under Utilised Vaccine at a National Level

A Systematic Scoping Review to Identify Criteria to Assess a Country's Readiness to Deploy a New or Under Utilised Vaccine at a National Level

МІЖНАРОДНІ КОМПАРАТОРИ ПЕРЕДУМОВ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ РОЗВИТКУ IT-СФЕРИ УКРАЇНИ В УМОВАХ ЄВРОІНТЕГРАЦІЇ

The relevance of the research topic is due to the rapid development of the IT sphere in the countries of the world, the acceleration of the processes of digitization of the economy and the life of society. Despite on the fact that the IT sphere of Ukraine has been developing dynamically in recent years, the process of its regulation is characterized by a number of shortcomings and problematic issues that need to be resolved. For this purpose, it is expedient to first thoroughly study the relevant prerequisites for its development in the international dimension. The paper is devoted to the assessment of international comparators of prerequisites that affect the effectiveness of regulating of the IT sphere of Ukraine development. The purpose of the study is to carry out a comparative analysis of the prerequisites for the regulation of the development of the IT sphere of Ukraine and the countries of the European Union, and to substantiate on its basis directions for the activation of the activities of the subjects of economic activity in this sphere. Attention is focused on the importance of conducting a comparative analysis and drawing up ratings of indicators in relation to the countries of the European Union, taking into account the course of the European integration chosen by Ukraine. The comparative analysis was conducted and ratings of the countries of the European Economic Area and Ukraine were formed based on indicators of network readiness, using of information and communication technologies, development of infrastructure for ICT, development of digital skills. The level of readiness of countries for the introduction of artificial intelligence and its components (readiness of the government, technological sector, data and infrastructure) was studied. The comparison was made of the results of the grouping of countries by GDP per capita with the level of information provision and readiness for the introduction of artificial intelligence. The ways of further regulation of the development of the IT sphere in Ukraine were outlined, including financial and investment support, strengthening international cooperation, improving labor relations, bridging the digital divide and developing digital skills.

Firm and non-firm actor collaborations as a determinant of countries readiness, progress and success for developing COVID-19 vaccines

Firm and non-firm actor collaborations as a determinant of countries readiness, progress and success for developing COVID-19 vaccines

Adaptive Management of Business Entities in the Context of Digitalization of the Economy

The advanced development of the world’s economies requires a detailed study of the adaptive management of business entities in the economy digitalization. It includes ensuring the economic growth of countries and promoting the use of information and communication technologies in the digital economy. Digitalization of the world’s economies is secured by implementing relevant legislation and making political decisions to implement state policy and strategy in the digital economy sector for effective adaptive management of business entities. The aim of the research is to establish the regularity of the impact of digitalization in the world’s economies on the adaptive management of business entities. This can be achieved by conducting a regression analysis to reflect the dependence of the influence of factors on the level of digitalization in 25 economies of the world according to the IMD digital competitiveness ranking. This is aimed at checking the features of the use of various digital technologies at the enterprise level for 2022. Research methods: method of synthesis of information; regression analysis; systematization, generalization. Results. It is established that as a result of regression analysis, the value of the coefficient of determination indicates that the regression model explains 78 % of the relationship between the future readiness of countries to implement digital technologies and the use of information and communication technologies, but there are still a small number of other factors that are not included in the regression model.