Raw Plant Research Articles

ON THE FRUIT AND VEGETABLES PLANT CELL WALL HEMICELLULOSE COMPOUND STRUCTURE

Plant raw material biochemical characteristics may vary depending on it`s species, organ and tissue type and even cultivation facilities, and this dependence may discover a great field of interest for researches. These researches may result not only in fundamental information on plant biochemical development regularity, but in determination of plant potential as a raw material for biological active additives obtaining. The neutral oligo- and polysachharides of cell wall belonging to hemicelluloses have different structure depending on plant tissue type and plant species. The polysachharides isolating from plant raw material can be used in food technology as thickeners and sorbents (pectin, gums), so the structure determinating for different plant species can be useful in technological potential determination of studying plant raw material for food additives obtaining. The article presents the review on hemicelluloses structures and hemicelluloses complex researches for different types of fruit and berries raw material in purchase to estimate the availability of the raw plant material as a food additives source. Analyzed resources allows us to conclude that there is no visible regularity in hemicellulose complex of studied fruit and berry species, and all of these species can be a used as a sourse of polysachharides, excepts black currant because of high level of oligosachharides and sugar beet because of low hemicellulose yields. Gelling ability appears only in polysachharides.

Comparative Genomics Reveals Evolutionary Traits, Mating Strategies, and Pathogenicity-Related Genes Variation of Botryosphaeriaceae.

Botryosphaeriaceae, as a major family of the largest class of kingdom fungi Dothideomycetes, encompasses phytopathogens, saprobes, and endophytes. Many members of this family are opportunistic phytopathogens with a wide host range and worldwide geographical distribution, and can infect many economically important plants, including food crops and raw material plants for biofuel production. To date, however, little is known about the family evolutionary characterization, mating strategies, and pathogenicity-related genes variation from a comparative genome perspective. Here, we conducted a large-scale whole-genome comparison of 271 Dothideomycetes, including 19 species in Botryosphaeriaceae. The comparative genome analysis provided a clear classification of Botryosphaeriaceae in Dothideomycetes and indicated that the evolution of lifestyle within Dothideomycetes underwent four major transitions from non-phytopathogenic to phytopathogenic. Mating strategies analysis demonstrated that at least 3 transitions were found within Botryosphaeriaceae from heterothallism to homothallism. Additionally, pathogenicity-related genes contents in different genera varied greatly, indicative of genus-lineage expansion within Botryosphaeriaceae. These findings shed new light on evolutionary traits, mating strategies and pathogenicity-related genes variation of Botryosphaeriaceae.

The Essential-Oil-Bearing Rose Collection Variability Study in Terms of Biochemical Parameters

The primary task when breeding new varieties of essential-oil-bearing rose is to increase the essential oil content and quality. The purpose of the present research is to study the essential-oil-bearing rose collection variability in terms of the essential oil content and component composition and to identify opportunities for isolating the specimens promising for selection. The study of a collection of 112 specimens was carried out in 2017–2020 in the context of the piedmont of Crimea. The decanted essential oil content was determined using the hydrodistillation method. The component composition of rose essential oil was analyzed by gas chromatography on Crystal 5000.2. The essential oil components were identified by comparing their Kovats retention indices to the literature values. A high variability in the essential oil content in the collection (Cv = 36.3% at the average, over 4 years) and the major components content in the essential oil (Cv = 22.1–45.9%) was found. In the context of the piedmont of Crimea, the major components’ percentage content in essential oil from all the specimens including the five Bulgarian varieties did not meet the GOST ISO 9842-2017 standard requirements. This is indicative of a high-degree sensitivity to the soil and weather conditions in the region. It was found that the citronellol, geraniol, and nerol content in essential oil dropped significantly in extreme high temperature and drought conditions. Seven specimens rich in essential oil contained in the raw plant material (0.030–0.049%) and thirteen specimens with a high yield of concrete (0.31–0.39%) were identified and have been recommended for inclusion in the breeding process.

The Prevalence of Arcobacteraceae in Aquatic Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Members of the family Arcobacteraceae are distributed widely in aquatic environments, and some of its species have been associated with human and animal illness. However, information about the diversity and distribution of Arcobacteraceae in different water bodies is still limited. In order to better characterize the health risk posed by members in the family Arcobacteraceae, a systematic review and meta-analysis-based method was used to investigate the prevalence of Arcobacteraceae species in aquatic environments based on available data published worldwide. The database search was performed using related keywords and considering studies up to February 2021. The pooled prevalence in aquatic environments was 69.2%, ranging from 0.6 to 99.9%. These bacteria have a wide geographical distribution, being found in diverse aquatic environments with the highest prevalence found in raw sewage and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), followed by seawater, surface water, ground water, processing water from food processing plants and water for human consumption. Assessing the effectiveness of treatments in WWTP in eliminating this contamination, it was found that the wastewater treatment may not be efficient in the removal of Arcobacteraceae. Among the analyzed Arcobacteraceae species, Al. butzleri was the most frequently found species. These results highlight the high prevalence and distribution of Arcobacteraceae in different aquatic environments, suggesting a risk to human health. Further, it exposes the importance of identifying and managing the sources of contamination and taking preventive actions to reduce the burden of members of the Arcobacteraceae family.

Farmers' preferences for adopting on-farm concentration of raw milk: Results from a discrete choice experiment in Germany

Milk concentrates are used in the manufacturing of dairy products such as yogurt and cheese or are processed into milk powder. Processes for the nonthermal separation of water and valuable milk ingredients are becoming increasingly widespread at farm level. The technical barriers to using farm-manufactured milk concentrate in dairies are minimal, hence the suspicion that the practice of on-farm raw milk concentration is still fairly uncommon for economic reasons. This study, therefore, set out to investigate farmers' potential willingness to adopt a raw milk concentration plant. The empirical analysis was based on discrete choice experiments with 75 German dairy farmers to identify preferences and the possible adoption of on-farm raw milk concentration. The results showed that, in particular, farmers who deemed the current milk price to be insufficient viewed on-farm concentration using membrane technology as an option for diversifying their milk sales. We found no indication that adoption would be impeded by a lack of trustworthy information on milk processing technologies or capital.

Combining Plant Proteins to Achieve Amino Acid Profiles Adapted to Various Nutritional Objectives-An Exploratory Analysis Using Linear Programming.

Although plant proteins are often considered to have less nutritional quality because of their suboptimal amino acid (AA) content, the wide variety of their sources, both conventional and emerging, suggests potential opportunities from complementarity between food sources. This study therefore aimed to explore whether, and to what extent, combinations of protein ingredients could reproduce an AA profile set as a nutritional objective, and to identify theoretical solutions and limitations. We collected compositional data on protein ingredients and raw plant foods (n = 151), and then ran several series of linear optimization to identify protein ingredient mixes that maximized the content in indispensable AA and reproduced various objective profiles: a “balanced profile,” based on AA requirements for adults; “animal profiles” corresponding to conventional animal protein compositions, and a “cardioprotective profile,” which has been associated with a lower cardiovascular risk. We assumed a very good digestibility of plant protein isolates. As expected, obtaining a balanced profile was obvious, but we also identified numerous plant protein mixtures that met demanding AA profiles. Only for particularly demanding profiles, such as mimicking a particular animal protein, did solutions require the use of protein fractions from more specific sources such as pea or canola. Optimal plant blends could mimic animal proteins such as egg white, cow milk, chicken, whey or casein with a similarity reaching 94.2, 98.8, 86.4, 92.4, and 98.0%, respectively. The limiting constraints were mainly isoleucine, lysine, and histidine target contents. These different solutions offer potential for the formulation of mixtures adapted to specific populations or the design of plant-based substitutes. Some ingredients are not commercially available but they could be developed.

Комплексная оценка сырьевых ресурсов березняков

The research is aimed at a comprehensive assessment of the forest site resources deposited in a birch blueberry forest. The relevance of the work is based on the increasing interest of countries and regions in the diversity of forest ecosystem resources. A material and financial assessment of the major types of resources of the forest site with a birch stand is given for the first time. The stand composition is as follows: birch, 65 %; spruce, 21 %; aspen, 8 %; alder, 3%; elm, 2 %; and maple, 1 %. The stand is described by the following parameters: the relative density – 0.6; the quality class – II; and the growing stock – 344 m3/ha. Food and medicinal resources, wood and forest chemical raw materials, honey plants and birch sap, and household products were taken into account in the comprehensive assessment. The composition and reserves of the forest site reserves were assessed on the 10 m2 circular survey plots in accordance with the patent no. RU 2084129 C1 “Seedling Growth Registering Method”. The commercial species reserves of edible, technical and medicinal plants were estimated using the mowing method; berries – by a single collection during the ripening period. The sap production of the birch forests was determined empirically, based on the stand parameters. The prices for all types of resources were used as of 2019. It is shown that the cost of timber on the forest site is about 15 % (200,840 rub/ha) of the total cost of the other recorded types of resources, i.e. totally 2,643 rub/ha in terms of one year. The stock is dominated by firewood – over 36 %; the share of industrial wood is 34 %. The sap productivity of the birch forest is more than 12 ths L/ha per season. With an average birch sap cost of 20 rub/L, the income from the sale of seasonal sap volume per 1 ha can be more than 257 ths rub. By-products account for the largest share of revenue, ranging from 70 to 85 % depending on the season of the year. The share of edible and medicinal plants is about 10 %. The total income from the sale of the recorded types of resources of this forest site is estimated to be 1.2 mln rub/ha. The most important feature of this kind of resources is their ability to regenerate themselves without human participation. The main types of resources in the birch forest can be used annually during the entire period of reforestation. The obtained results can be used when drafting an agreement on the lease and a project for the development of a forest site where integrated utilization of forest resources or their individual types is assumed. For citation: Gryazkin A.V., Tran Trung Thanh, Vu Van Hung, Prokof’yev A.N., Hoang Minh An. Integrated Assessment of Raw Material Resources of Birch Forests. Lesnoy Zhurnal [Russian Forestry Journal], 2022, no. 1, pp. 23–35. DOI: 10.37482/0536-1036-2022-1-23-35

PROMISING DIRECTIONS IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF NEW TYPES OF FOOD PRODUCTS USING FRUITS OF SORBUS SIBIRICA HEDL.

The food industry of the Krasnoyarsk region is highly associated with local agricultural raw materials processing, both of plant and animal origin; however, wild resources are practically not used. Moreover, food enterprises are concentrated mainly in the southern regions, while the northern regions of the region, characterized by a fairly low level of anthropogenic impact, are a promising territory for organizing the processing of plant resources, the collection of which is implemented in this area. Thus, studies aimed at substantiating the possibility of using raw plant materials from the regions of the Arctic zone of the Krasnoyarsk region in the production of food products are relevant. The article discusses the possibility of using fruits of Sorbus Sibirica Held. for the purpose of enriching food products with vitamins, minerals and dietary fibers. Current directions for the subsequent development of food products with the inclusion of wild fruits in their composition are demonstrated. A possible scheme for processing wild-growing raw materials in the area where its harvesting is implemented is given.

The Influence of Zn and Cd Accumulation on the Growth and Development of Medicinal Plants in the Impact Zone of the Novocherkassk Power Station

Over the pastdecade, particular attention has been paid to studies of the chemical composition of medical plants to identify the possible negative consequences of using raw plant material polluted with heavy metals for the production of medical drugs. In our study, we analyzed the chemical composition of the medical plants growing in the impact area of the Novocherkassk power station. Specifically, the plants Artemisia austriaca, Poa pratensis and Elytrigia repenswere examined for the analysis.The content and distribution of Zn and Cd, which are most distributed in industrial emissions and belong to the first class of hazardous elements, were measured. The maximum permissible content (MPC) of Zn in the raw material of Artemisia austriaca and Elytrigia repens was found, as was the maximum content of Cd in all analyzed plants growing in the 5km area around thepower station. The plant Artemisia austriacawasfound to have Zn and Cd accumulation in itsabovegroundcomponents, while in Poa pratensis and Elytrigia repens, accumulation was in the roots. The morphobiometric parameters of the plants were mostly dependent on the soil properties, followed by the degree of technogenic load. The content of Zn and Cd in the medical drugs was higher than the MPC without visible features of heavy metal pollution and so these plants weredangerous for human health.
 Keywords: heavy metals, technogenic load, phytoreagents, morphometric parameters

Some Common Medicinal Plants with Antidiabetic Activity, Known and Available in Europe (A Mini-Review).

Diabetes is a metabolic disease that affected 9.3% of adults worldwide in 2019. Its co-occurrence is suspected to increase mortality from COVID-19. The treatment of diabetes is mainly based on the long-term use of pharmacological agents, often expensive and causing unpleasant side effects. There is an alarming increase in the number of pharmaceuticals taken in Europe. The aim of this paper is to concisely collect information concerning the few antidiabetic or hypoglycaemic raw plant materials that are present in the consciousness of Europeans and relatively easily accessible to them on the market and sometimes even grown on European plantations. The following raw materials are discussed in this mini-review: Morus alba L., Cinnamomum zeylanicum J.Presl, Trigonella foenum-graecum L., Phaseolus vulgaris L., Zingiber officinale Rosc., and Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer in terms of scientifically tested antidiabetic activity and the presence of characteristic biologically active compounds and their specific properties, including antioxidant properties. The characteristics of these raw materials are based on in vitro as well as in vivo studies: on animals and in clinical studies. In addition, for each plant, the possibility to use certain morphological elements in the light of EFSA legislation is given.

Water consumption of industrial hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) from a site in northern Kazakhstan

Purpose: This study investigated the water consumption (crop evapotranspiration) of industrial hemp on a newly established hemp field in Aqmola Region of Northern Kazakhstan. Methodology: The water consumption of hemp was investigated through direct measurements of the sapflow movement during the second half of the growing season 2021. These sapflow data yielded data on the water consumption. The water consumption of the first part of the growing season was assessed through the Penman-Monteith approach by FAO. Findings: The water consumption of hemp was 353 mm over the growing season at a stem yield of 10 t/ha. Under the water supply conditions of the study site, hemp offers higher yields than grasslands or grains. Originality/value: This is the first study that revealed data on water consumption of hemp for the region Central Asia as a potential raw material plant for bioeconomy.

Utilization of waste sludge in cementitious Matrix: A feasibility study

Enormous amounts of sludge are generated globally, from conventional treatment processes, in raw water and sewage treatment plants. Owing to the chemical composition of sludge, adherence to stringent environmental norms is solicited to avoid the environmental impacts due to the disposal of such a significant waste stream. Alternatively, it has been suggested to utilize sewage and Poly Aluminum Chloride (PAC) sludge from treatment plants in the cementitious matrix. In order to reduce the quantity of natural contents, the present study utilized sludge as a partial replacement of cement in the concrete mix. The effects of sludge addition on the composition and performance of the concrete mix were determined. The experimental results showed strength variation at different replacement levels, and the concrete constituting 10% of sewage sludge was acceptable for construction purposes. The concrete constituting 5% of PAC sludge was acceptable for secondary construction, i.e., partition wall. Variations in the strength of sewage sludge-based concrete may be attributed to the organic matter present in this sludge. Hence, modification of raw sewage sludge before its incorporation was suggested; though this would involve significant energy consumption and lead to an added cost. In general, the compressive strength reduced with an increase in the sludge content. Additionally, X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis of the waste PAC sludge confirmed the presence of alumina in the sludge.

ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF VEGETATIVE ORGANS OF MEDICINAL PLANTS PHYSALIS ANGULATA L. AND THEIR CHEMICAL COMPOSITION

The aim of the study is to obtain an extract of Physalis angulata germinating in Uzbekistan. Witanolides were isolated from the extract - fizangulide B, 14α-hydroxyixocarpanolide and other biologically active substances. Analysis of the anatomical structure showed that the leaves are dorsiventral, the stomatal apparatus is anocytic. Essential oil secretory receptacles and essential oil cells are observed in the leaf, petiole and root. The main morphological and anatomical characteristics of the raw plant Physalis angulata were revealed. Data on the microscopic structure of vegetative organs can also be used in the compilation of anatomical atlases of useful plants.

Characterization of Bioactive Phenolics and Antioxidant Capacity of Edible Bean Extracts of 50 Fabaceae Populations Grown in Thailand.

Fabaceae is the third largest family containing great variation among populations. However, previous studies mainly focus on single species, and phytochemicals at population level have never been reported. This work aims to complete this knowledge with 50 populations from throughout Thailand by (1) determining total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), and anthocyanin (TAC) contents; and (2) investigating in vitro and cellular antioxidant potentials. Phytochemicals of 50 populations from different localities are differed, illustrating high heterogeneity occurring in polyphenols accumulations. Vigna unguiculata subsp. sesquipedalis populations showed low variability in TPC ranging from 628.3 to 717.3 mg/100 g DW gallic acid equivalent, whereas the high variability found in TFC and TAC range from 786.9 to 1536.1 mg/100 g DW quercetin equivalent, and 13.4 to 41.6 mg/100 g DW cyanidin equivalent. Red cultivar population #16 had the greatest TAC, but surprisingly the cream cultivars were relatively high in anthocyanins. HPLC quantification of genistein and daidzein showed great variations among populations. In vitro antioxidant results indicated that antioxidant capacity mediated by electron transfer. Cellular antioxidants ranged from 59.7% to 87.9% of ROS/RNS in yeast model. This study investigated at the population level contributing to better and frontier knowledge for nutraceutical/phytopharmaceutical sectors to seek potential raw plant material.

<i>In Vitro</i> Protein Digestibility of Selected Plant and Animal Foods by Multi-Enzyme Assay

The recent Food and Agricultural Organization / World Health Organization United Nations University expert consultations on protein quality have emphasized the need for protein digestibility measurements in humans. The standard in vivo oro-ileal protein digestibility measurements are invasive, expensive, time-consuming and burdensome on participants. The in vitro multi-enzyme based assays have been a promising tool for rapid, non-invasive and cost-effective protein digestibility measurements in foods. The digestibility estimates obtained from these methods have not been compared with true ileal digestibility measurements in humans. This study measured in vitro protein digestibility in selected commonly consumed plant and animal proteins, assessed the effect of heat-treatment on protein digestibility and compared the digestibility estimates with previously published human true ileal protein digestibility values. The in vitro protein digestibility in the raw plant proteins ranged from 35% in pigeon pea to 72% in rice. Cooking improved digestibility by 8% in potato to 26% in pigeon pea. The in vitro protein digestibility in freeze dried and spray dried milk powder were €85% which reduced to 73% after heat-treatment at 120°C for 40 minutes. The mean difference between the in vitro protein digestibility coefficients and the true ileal protein digestibility estimates was 4.3% (95% CI:-1.05, 9.74%). Although, the in vitro assays can be used as useful tools to predict ileal digestibility in humans, and to rank food proteins according to their digestibility, further studies are warranted for inter-laboratory validation of assays with appropriate evaluation on same protein sources against true ileal digestibility measured in humans.

Phenol-rich alternatives for Rosa x damascena Mill. Efficient phytochemical profiling using different extraction methods and colorimetric assays

Damask rose is a well-established, abundant source of phytochemicals, as well as economically important essential oil—however, its cultivation is demanding and costly. In this paper, extracts from four raw plant materials—Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Matricaria chamomilla, Calendula officinalis, known to be rich in phenolic compounds, but also far easier to cultivate—were directly compared to those obtained from Rosa × damascena Mill. By combining diverse extraction methodologies (in a Soxhlet apparatus, ultrawave-assisted and microwave-assisted, using supercritical CO2) and complementary in vitro assays (radical scavenging, iron reducing, Folin–Ciocalteau and Al3+ complexation), it was possible to conveniently approximate and compare the phytochemical portfolios of those diverse plants. By factoring in the crop yields of different species, economically important conclusions can be reached—with pot marigold (C. officinalis) seemingly the most viable substitute for damask rose as a source of phenolics. Fatty acid and microelement analyses were also performed, to further enrich the chemical profiles of plant extracts. The paper also aims to collate and redesign multiple colorimetric assays frequently used while studying plant extracts in vitro, but criticized for their lack of correlation to in vivo activity. We show that they remain a viable tool for direct comparison of extraction methodologies, while highlighting their shortcomings.

The Use of Silicones as Extractants of Biologically Active Substances from Vegetable Raw Materials

Based on theoretical studies, the authors of this paper propose the use of cosmetic organosilicon polymers (commonly called silicones) for the extraction of a complex of biologically active substances contained in vegetable raw materials. It is important to note that the biological molecules do not interact with the organosilicones and, therefore, their properties are not altered after the extraction. In this work, we investigate the efficiency of several polyorganosiloxanes as extractants of vegetable raw materials (Calendula Officialis L. and Artemisia Absinthium L.) useful for the preparation of cosmetic emulsions. Specifically, the extraction studies were conducted by using polyorganosiloxanes with a single component (polydimethylsiloxane Silicone Oil 350 cSt, cyclopentasiloxane BRB CM 50, and phenyltrimethicone BRB PTM 20) as well as a mixture (PEG-12 polydimethylsiloxane BRB 526, a solution of dimethiconol in cyclopentasiloxane BRB 1834, and amodimethicone BRB 1288). Compared to water and ethyl alcohol, polyorganosiloxanes are more effective in the extraction of the biologically active substances that are contained in the raw plants. Interestingly, the combination of different polyorganosiloxanes improved the extraction efficiency. The attained knowledge can be helpful in the development of a novel protocol for the formulation of emulsions appealing for cosmetic applications.

North American species of Solidago as ornamental plants and a source of promising raw plant materials

A review of the role of ornamental horticulture as a vector of phytoinvasions is presented on the example of North American species of Solidago: S. canadensis L., S. gigantea Ait and S. graminifolia (L.) Salisb. The first two species were originally cultivated as ornamental plants. With changes in environmental conditions, their range expanded to the north and east of the Eurasian continent, and the lag phase lasted 100-150 years. At the end of the XX century, their secondary range covered all the Eurasian regions, they were transformed into invasive plants and were listed in the Top 100 most threatened and aggressive species that are introduced into natural phytocoenosis and pose a threat to the environment. The secondary range of S. graminifolia is represented by several scattered localities, its lag phase ends, this species is recognized as invasive only in Poland. It has now become evident that alien species can be used as new resource plants. The study of secondary metabolites composition of species of Solidago makes possible the disbursement of a wide range of flavonoids, triterpene saponins, organic acids, and various terpene compounds in their composition. The authors believe that a detailed study of the phytochemical properties and many other widespread invasive species is required in order to identify new plant resources.

RESOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL SPECIES OF MEDICINAL PLANTS OF RADIUS PHYTOCENOSES OF PEREYASLAVSCHINA

The article presents the results of the resource assessment and location of individual raw material species of medicinal plants of meadow and meadow-steppe phytocenoses of Pereyaslav region (Kyiv region, Boryspil district). It is established that the participation of wild medicinal plants of Pereyaslav region in meadow phytocenoses takes the second (145 species out of the total number – 582), and in meadow-steppe third (114 species) places. The meadow type of floristic complexes in the study area is represented by floodplain meadows of the Dnieper, Supa, Trubizh, Alta, Brovarka rivers, and a number of small rivers. They are presented in four types of formations: steppe, real, swampy and saline meadows.During the field research conducted in 2015-2020, the resources of wild raw medicinal plants of official medicine were taken into account: Achillea submillefolium Klok. et Krytzka, Hypericum perforatum L., Helichrysum arenarium (L.) Moench, Thymus serpyllum L. and their raw material productivity (biological and operational reserves) in meadow and meadow-steppe ecotopes of Pereyaslav region was determined. The location of raw materials of the studied species of medicinal plants of the natural flora of the specified area is determined.As a result of resource surveys, it was found that the stocks of Achillea submillefolium are significant and fully sufficient to meet the needs of the pharmaceutical industry; stocks of Thymus serpyllum, Hypericum perforatum are sufficient for industrial procurement; reserves of Helichrysum arenarium are insufficient and need to be limited.

Peculiarities of distribution of nectaronous and pollinating plants in forest plantations of the North-Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine

Artificial and natural forest plantations, in addition to important functions for the preservation of the environment, are essential as objects for obtaining certain types of raw materials from plants common in their composition. The participation of nectar-bearing and pollen-bearing plants in forest groups from the main list of tree and shrub species as sources of raw materials for apiculture was analyzed. For this purpose, forest management materials of the NorthEastern Forest-Steppe were used (the total area of forest plantations is 336110.3 ha). The main species are Tilia cordata, Robinia pseudoacacia, which are able to provide the main productive honey harvest, in addition to them in the plantations there is a significant group of other species (Quercus robur, Fraxinus excelsior, Betula pendula, Acer platanoides, Populus tremula, etc.), which can be sources of supporting honey harvest. Of the 38 forest types identified in the study area, fresh maple-linden oak wood predominates (183442.0 ha, 54.58%), slightly smaller areas are occupied by fresh oak-pine subir (47040.9 ha, 14.00%) and linden-oak-pine sugrud (33999.3 ha, 10.12%), as well as dry maple-linden oak wood (28697.7 ha, 8.54%), which together make up more than 85% of the forested area. These types of forests are the richest in raw plants for apiculture. Thus, of the species composition of forest-forming species, which includes 60 species of trees and shrubs, the main species are Quercus robur (190153.9 ha, 56.58%) and Fraxinus excelsior (20318.5 ha, 6.05%), which these are raw plants. In addition, it should be noted that other woody, shrubby and herbaceous plant species, which are a valuable source of nectar and pollen, also play a significant role in the above forest groups, which do not take into account the phytodiversity of field protective forest belts of this territory. Thus, the studied forest plantations of this area can be considered as promising lands for apiculture, which have a seasonal maintenance and local main raw material collection for bees.