Raw Materials Of Animal Origin Research Articles

Influence of phospholipid-containing additives on the functional condition of organs and systems of mice

Numerous studies in experiments on laboratory animals and in clinical practice have confirmed the positive effect of essential phospholipids on the structural organization of cell membranes, intracellular metabolism, mitochondrial function, antioxidant processes, which explains the active use of phospholipid-containing drugs in hepato- and enteropathologies, cardiovascular diseases, etc. The raw material of animal origin, in particular milk, which is a safe source of biologically active substances, has a structural similarity with phospholipids of mammalian tissues. Based on them, a biologically active additive (BAA) "FLP-MD" was created, which is characterized by membranotropic properties and reparative effect. The aim of this work was to investigate the biological effect of the liposomal form of BAA "FLP-MD" based on milk phospholipids on the body of clinically healthy laboratory mice. Determination of the toxicity of phospholipid-containing BAA "FLP-MD" was performed on mice of the CBA line. The duration of the experiment was 16 days. The results of the studies indicate a probable increase in body weight of mice of the CBA line aŌer the 10th day of intragastric administration of 1% solution of liposomal form of BAA "FLP-MD". As a result of the study of biochemical parameters of plasma / native blood, the absence of toxic effects of the liposomal form of BAA "FLP-MD" on the functional state of the body of mice was set. Morphological parameters of peripheral blood in these animals did not change significantly. According to the results of microscopic studies, no negative effect of the liposomal form of BAA "FLP-MD" on the structure microstructure of the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract was found. Therefore, the components of BAA "FLP-MD" do not adversely affect the functional state of organs and systems of laboratory mice and do not show a toxic effect, which allows it to be recommended for use in veterinary medicine as a means of rehabilitation therapy.

New Data on the Role of Madzhar in Golden Horde Trade of Skin and Leather Products: Archeozoological Aspect

Documentary sources on Italian sea trade of the 13th – 14th centuries report about the export of large volumes of animal skins and processed leathers from the Golden Horde. A significant problem was the finding out places of slaughtering livestock and processing raw materials of animal origin by archaeological methods, since organic remains are not preserved in the cultural layers of settlements and cities of the Golden Horde. The article analyzes three collections of animal bones from archaeological excavations in the craftsmen’s quarter of the Golden Horde city of Madzhar during 2014–2017. In the 2014 year’s collection at excavation site no. X (10), where the master of bone carving lived, a fact of special selection of goat and ram horns for products being manufactured of their horn covers was identified, aside from production wastes of a dense horn. In pit no. 2 (2016), an archaeozoological research has revealed a specific anatomical set of domestic ungulates remains: shattered heads and distal parts of the legs, which can be formed only as a result of massive slaughter of livestock to obtain skins. At excavation site no. XIII of 2017, archaeozoological research was able to record not only a specific anatomical set, but also traces of the use of small cattle bones in leather processing devices, which, combined with the archaeological context, made it possible to identify the presence of a specialized seasonal leather workshop on this site. It was established that cattle was slaughtered right in the cities, as well as artisans processed the obtained skins on specially equipped seasonal workshop sites. Thus, archaeozoological research showed that Madzhar, like other cities, participated in the production of animal skins and leather, which subsequently became the most important export products of the Golden Horde state.

Growth of beef cattle as prediction for meat production: A review

Growth of beef cattle as prediction for meat production: A review

Rabies Vaccine Characterization by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis

There are concerns that effectiveness and consistency of biopharmaceutical formulations, including vaccines, may be compromised by differences in size, concentration and shape of particles in suspension. Thus, a simple method that can help monitor and characterize these features is needed. Here, nanoparticle tracking analysis (NTA) was used to characterize particle concentration and size distribution of a highly-purified rabies vaccine (RABV), produced in Vero cells without raw materials of animal origin (RMAO). The NTA technique was qualified for characterization of RABV particles by assessing the stability profile of vaccine particles over 5–55 °C. Antigenicity of the viral particle was also monitored with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and NTA. RABV particle size diameters were 100–250 nm (mean:150 nm), similar to sizes obtained when labelled with rabies anti-G D1–25 monoclonal antibody, suggesting mainly antigenic virus-like particles, also confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Thermal stress at 55 °C decreased the concentration of anti-G D1–25-labelled particles from 144 hours, coherent with conformational changes leading to loss of G protein antigenicity without impacting aggregation. Results from RABV antigenicity assessment during the 24 months monitoring of stability showed good correlation between NTA and ELISA. NTA is a suitable approach for the characterization of biopharmaceutical suspensions.

Leite: ser ou não ser? eis a questão!

O leite é um alimento essencial na alimentação humana, pois é importante fonte de carboidratos, proteínas, vitaminas e minerais, indispensáveis nutrientes para uma vida longa e saudável. Devido às vulnerabilidades, desde sua produção à disponibilidade na prateleira para o consumidor final e, por ser um alimento amplamente consumido por todas as faixas etárias e por pessoas de todos os níveis sociais, faz-se necessário uma vigilância mais acirrada no combate às adulterações e fraudes no produto. Cita-se a simples prática de adicionar água no leite como uma das adulterações mais corriqueiras, utilizada para aumentar o seu volume e os lucros do produtor, o que constitui um crime e uma afronta aos direitos do consumidor. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo apresentar discussões teóricas e práticas, fundamentadas em levantamentos empíricos em laboratório especializado, direcionadas à analisar a qualidade do leite e identificar sua adulteração. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no Laboratório de Laticínios do Departamento de Engenharia de Alimentos da Universidade Federal do Ceará como atividade didática na disciplina de Matérias Primas de Origem Animal. Os testes foram realizados tomando amostras de leite adulterado, por meio de testes padrões, como: Alizarol, pH, densidade, Dornic, entre outros. A partir das observações e análises realizadas foi possível concluir a importância de se realizar a aferição da qualidade do leite por meio de todos os testes físico-químicos apresentados e garantir um produto íntegro ao consumidor.

Development of formulations for emulsions and dry mixes for production of semi-finished products using additive technologies

Study of possibilities of using various types of raw materials as fillers for food 3D printers is relevant for development of additive technologies in the field of food production. Currently, the properties are studied to the greatest extent and the ingredients are widely used for confectionery production in the world and, at the same time, the process properties of raw materials of animal origin, in particular meat raw material, as one of the main sources of protein are of greater interest. Process capabilities of meat raw material were studied for this purpose for formulating emulsions or mixtures suitable for use as a raw material for food 3D printer. Formulations of emulsions and dry mixes are developed based on broiler chicken meat, as well as combinations of broiler chicken meat and pork, pork and beef (ratio 1 : 1) for manufacture of semi-finished products, as well as production technologies. It was determined that it is advisable to add structure-forming components to formulations of emulsions in a dry form, which provides improved functional-and-process and structural-and-mechanical indicators in comparison with hydrated and gel forms. It was determined that 15% of hydrolyzed connective tissue or 10 % of hydrolyzed pork skin can reduce the level of structure-forming components in emulsion formulations, and also has a positive effect on reducing the cost price of emulsions while maintaining rational functional-and-process and structural-and-mechanical parameters. It has been revealed that adding 6-12 % of WPS-UF-80, 5-10 % of dry whey or 4-8 % of fat free milk powder into emulsion formulations allows reducing the level of structure-forming ingredients in the formulations. These mixtures and emulsions used as raw materials for food 3D printers will ensure production of innovative group of meat products using additive technologies in the Republic of Belarus.

Продовольча сировина тваринного походження: класифікація, властивості та використання

The article reveals the prospects of using non-traditional raw materials of animal origin for enhancing the biologi-cal value of food. The purpose of the article is to summarize the classification of animal raw materials used in the medical and food industries. The urgency of the use of medicinal and technical animal raw materials, which is characterized by the preva-lence and availability, is emphasized, however it is noted that the use of such raw materials in the food industry is very little has been studied so far. The studies of domestic and foreign scientists on the use of non-traditional raw materials of animal origin in the production of various foodstuffs is analyzed, which contributes to the expansion of the range of products of therapeutic, prophylactic, special and functional purpose. Due to numerous studies of scientists from different countries, it is recommended to use in the food production such non-traditional animal raw materials as the products of processing of deer antlers, fish and sea-food, snails, frogs, insects, larvae, etc. Further research should focus on more comprehensive exploration of the non-traditional animal raw materials use in recipes and technologies for the production of meat, fish, bakery and other food products.

Efficiency of using Vitaferm in broiler poultry farming

The cultivation of poultry without the use of antibacterial drugs is a vital direction of modern production, since the entry of domestic poultry products to the foreign market involves their absence in raw materials of animal origin. As experience confirms, enrichment of feed rations with enzyme preparations and vitamins reduces the waste of young animals, significantly increases the feed absorption, and reduces their feed-gain relations per production unit. This allows enhancing the productivity of poultry farming while simultaneously improving the quality of resulting products. We have studied the effect of the new vitamin-enzyme complex Vitaferm on the broiler-chickens body against the background of the antibacterial drugs exclusion from their antiepizootic measures. Studies have shown a positive effect of Vitaferm on the poultry body which is manifested by an increase in average daily growth, livability enlargement and reduced feed-gain relations per production unit. These changes can be explained by the normalization of the digestive system of broiler-chickens with the Vitaferm use. It is known that antibiotics inhibit the body’s immune system and disturb the balance of intestinal microflora. Thus, the use of vitamin-enzyme complex Vitaferm with broiler-chicken feed at the rate of 15.0 g/kg, starting from the day-old up to 10 days, is proposed for the complete or partial exclusion of antibacterial drugs from the antiepizootic measures scheme.

DETECTION OF CAMPYLOBACTER SPP. WITH REAL-TIME POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION

Bacteria of Campylobacter genus are ones of the main zoonotic pathogens causing human and animal diseases. Campylobacter organisms are microaerophiles and, therefore, require low oxygen concentration (3–5%) and high carbon dioxide concentration (3–10%) for their growth. They use amino acids rather than carbons as a source of energy. Classical bacteriological methods for Campylobacter spp. detection are not always successful due to diffi culties in creating optimal conditions for their growth. Therewith, development and implementation of molecular methods for Campylobacter detection and identifi cation are of current importance. Assay for qualitative Campylobacter spp. detection with real-time polymerase chain reaction using CFX-96 thermocycler was optimized. Highly specifi c segment of 16S rRNA gene allowing identifi cation of 6 Campylobacter species: C. jejuni, C. coli, C. lari, C. upsaliensis, C. helveticus и C. hyointestinalis was selected as an amplifi cation target. Optimal magnesium ion concentration (2.5 мМ) and primer annealing temperature (58 °С) were determined. Eighteen reference strains of various bacteria were tested. Only tests of Campylobacter genus strains gave positive results. The method sensitivity was 40 target molecules. The said method was used for testing 76 samples of raw materials of animal origin. Campylobacter spp. genome was detected in 18 samples. Obtained results showed that the optimized variant of real-time polymerase chain reaction based on 16S rRNA gene amplifi cation was a specifi c, sensitive, rapid, reproducible and accurate method for qualitative detection of Campylobacter spp. in samples of raw animal materials.

SEROLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS AND ANTIMOCROBIAL RESISTANCE OF SALMONELLA ISOLATES, RECOVERED FROM ANIMAL RAW MATERIAL

Salmonella continues to be the primary cause of foodborne intestinal infections in many countries around the world. According to the offi cial data, 47% of the infection outbreaks in the world are associated with salmonellosis, while chicken meat (34%) plays a signifi cant role in the infection transmission to humans through food. Since the early 90’s of the last century, with the massive use of antibiotics, Salmonella strains resistant to a number of antimicrobials began to appear and currently pose a serious public health problem. Resistant strains persistent in animals can be transmitted to humans through the food chain. The paper presents results of studies of morphological, biochemical, serological properties of Salmonella bacteria recovered from animal raw material: beef, pork, poultry meat, tallow, off al derived from broiler chickens and pig slaughter products. In 2018 the FGBI “ARRIAH” Microbiological Laboratory performed 1,204 tests of animal raw material for Salmonella bacteria and recovered 45 Salmonella isolates. Salmonella bacteria were isolated in accordance with GOST 31659-2012 (ISO 6579:2002). Most Salmonella isolates (56%) were recovered from poultry meat. Biological properties of all the studied isolates were quite typical: they formed hydrogen sulfi de, fermented glucose and mannitol with the formation of gas and acid, did not utilize sucrose, lactose and urea; reaction to indole was negative. It was established that the recovered Salmonella isolates belong to serogroups O7, O9, O5, O4. The frequency of recovering Salmonella group B was 8.9%, group C – 51.1%, group D – 40.0%. Among Salmonella group B, S. derby (4.4%) and S. typhimurium (2.2%) were more common; group C – S. infantis (29.0%), S. virchow (17.8%); group D – S. enteritidis (40.0%). Isolated cases of S. reading (2.2%) and S. oranienburg (4.4%) were observed. All Salmonella isolates recovered from raw material of animal origin demonstrated sensitivity to ciprofl oxacin, chloramphenicol, amoxicillin, amikacin, azithromycin, meropenem, gentamicin, ceftriaxone, kanamycin; were less sensitive to cefotaxime, ampicillin, levofl oxacin and had low sensitivity to nalidixic acid, doxycycline, streptomycin, tetracycline. The phenomenon of multiresistance is characteristic of 44.4% of the isolated Salmonella isolates.

CHARACTERISTIC OF ANIMAL RAW MATERIALS FOR FOODSTUFFS MANUFACTURE

In the article the main types of raw materials of animal origin used for foodstuffs manufacture are considered.

The use of pumpkin crumbs in pate technology and their functional characteristics

One of the priorities of the modern meat industry is the production of products that have improved consumer properties. To accomplish this task, it is necessary to involve as much as possible in industrial circulation the local raw materials of plant origin, which will be an impetus for the production of new foods with functional properties. The article deals with the partial replacement of raw materials of animal origin with pumpkin pulp as a functional ingredient in the production of pâté products. We have developed three recipes for pumpkin paste. Changes in nutritional value of the developed samples were investigated. The organoleptic characteristics and nutritional value of pumpkin pate products were determined. The use of pumpkin pulp as a functional ingredient in the technology of pate products affects the appearance, the color of the products and the composition of these products, along with other technological indicators were within the regulatory requirements. Experimentally established, that increase in the proportion of pumpkin pulp has been found to lead to an increase in mineral content and a decrease in fat content. Improvements in the functional and technological properties of experimental pâté products based on the use of pumpkin pulp have been demonstrated. Established rational replacement level of basic raw materials, which is characteristic for recipes № 3. Pâté products using pumpkin pulp as a functional ingredient is a low-calorie products. The production of combined meat products does not require additional specialized equipment and is a potential source of expansion of the domestic range of functional products. Consumption of these products gives us every reason to believe their food with significant new functional properties that meet the requirements of modern food.

The use of prebiotics in broiler poultry as an alternative to antibacterial drugs

Breeding animals without the use of antibacterial drugs is a relevant branch of modern science, because the entry of national agricultural products into the foreign market provides for the antibacterial drugs absence in raw materials of animal origin. Therefore, in order to improve livability and productivity of animals, it is necessary to constantly monitor the resistance of their bodies, use antibacterial drugs more carefully and eliminate unnecessary or ineffective drugs completely. Thus, an important task facing the veterinary service of the Russian Federation is the complete elimination or reduction of the antibiotics use in animal breeding and the use of drugs that can replace antibacterial ones. We first studied the effect of heteropolysaccharides “raspol” and “gemiv” on broiler bodies. It is established that the used drugs allow eliminating the antibacterial drugs from the broiler ration. In the period of antibacterial drugs exclusion from the broiler preventive treatment scheme these prebiotics cause an increase in poultry gain, increase its livability and natural resistance, while the use of antibiotics in broiler control group negatively affects the body. Recommendations for the use of prebiotics raspol and gemiv in broilers, as an alternative to antibacterial drugs, are provided.

Биохимическое исследование насекомых используемых в кормах для рыбоводства по антиоксидантной активности

The article presents the results of biotechnological studies of insects used in fish feed by antioxidant activity. The problem of raw materials of animal origin for feeding fish is an urgent problem of our time. It is aggravated by the shortage, high cost and unstable quality of substrates that are made on the basis of fish meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal, etc. Recently, there has been an increase in research around the world in the search for substitutes for animal feed when growing aquaculture. Orthopteran insects of the cricket species Acheta domesticus are of considerable practical interest as a source of protein and biologically active components necessary for the growth and development of valuable species of fish. Most of the issues related to the technology of growing crickets in artificial conditions and the production of high-quality fodder based on them, remain open today. We chose an optimal diet and identified the most favorable conditions for the breeding of insects in a mini-farm. Studied the qualitative composition of the substrate on the basis of crickets. In order to select the optimal technological regimes for the processing of raw materials on the basis of insects, the total antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts of dried crickets, Daphnia magna Straus crustaceans and Gammarus pulex was determined. For crickets, the activity was 6.288 g of rutin, for daphnia 4.219 g of rutin and for gamarus 6.519 g of rutin per 100 g of absolutely dry sample. It was established that all samples, upon drying dry samples to constant weight at 105 oС, lose the total antioxidant activity.

Economic assessment of the need for processing of raw materials of animal origin

The search for new effective methods of processing of secondary raw materials in the food industry is a very urgent problem. The biological waste of the food and processing industry is considered to include veterinary confiscates, nonfood waste and little value food products, waste products of food, technical and special products, the corpses of livestock and poultry. This waste has been and remains a valuable secondary raw material. The reasons are our Russian mentality, which allows us to neglect the environment, certain economic reasons and the inefficiency of the supervisory bodies. In Soviet times, large processing plants had workshops for production of feed, fish, feather, horn and hoof and other flour. Waste of smaller enterprises was brought to special plants, where they were either burned or used for production of the same flour. Most of these plants had not been working for a long time, and the rest ones did not cope with the supplied volume of waste. The other side of the problem is that both these plants and the vast majority of enterprises that have their own production of feed and other animal flour use obsolete old technologies and old equipment. The result is a product with low consumer qualities. The variety of nonfood waste of the food industry and the diversity of their application imply the use of different technologies of utilization. And the more advanced these technologies, the higher the profitability of processing and the quality of the products.

HYDROLIZATY BIAŁKOWE JAKO ŹRÓDŁO BIOLOGICZNIE AKTYWNYCH PEPTYDÓW – OTRZYMYWANIE I ZASTOSOWANIE W PRZEMYŚLE SPOŻYWCZYM

Białko jest w niemal wszystkich surowcach i produktach żywnościowych. Podczas składowania lub przetwarzania żywności białka często ulegają rozkładowi na mniejsze fragmenty, do peptydów zbudowanych z kilku do kilkunastu aminokwasów. Peptydy te mogą wykazywać aktywność biologiczną, korzystną dla zdrowia człowieka. Dlatego też coraz większym zainteresowaniem cieszy się żywność z dodatkiem hydrolizatów białkowych. Obecnie najczęściej wykorzystuje się właściwości przeciwutleniające peptydów. Właściwości biologicznie aktywnych peptydów zależą od surowców i enzymów użytych do produkcji hydrolizatów. Są to surowce pochodzenia zwierzęcego, jak mleko i ryby, oraz roślinnego, jak nasiona roślin oleistych, strączkowych lub zbóż. Tanim źródłem białka do produkcji hydrolizatów są również owady. Dzięki bioaktywnym peptydom, hydrolizaty białkowe pozwalają również tworzyć nową żywność projektowaną dla grupy osób o specjalnych potrzebach żywieniowych, np. dla alergików.

Investigation of resistance of Salmonella spp. isolated from products and raw material of animal origin (swine and poultry)to antibiotics and disinfectants

ABSTRACT The genus Salmonella spp. Has worldwide geographical distribution, and represents a potential risk both to animal and human health. Inadequate use as well as continuous exposure to antibiotics and disinfectants might lead to the appearance of resistance of these microorganisms to antimicrobial compounds. The aims of this study were to investigate the occurrence of resistance in Salmonella spp., isolated from products and raw material of animal origin (swine and poultry), to antibiotics and disinfectants, and check whether the phenomenon of simultaneous resistance to disinfectants occurs among the antibiotic-resistant isolates. The test of susceptibility to antimicrobials (TSA) applied in 134 isolates indicated that 51 (38%) were resistant to at least one of the eight antibiotics used, and 28 (55%) of resistant isolates were multi-resistant. Resistant isolates were submitted to the test of quantitative suspension against four concentrations of disinfectants in three contact times, and the result was compared with that of the reference strain (Salmonella Choleraesuis ATCC 10.708). While the reference strain was sensitive considering the highest concentration (200 ppm) and the lowest contact time (5 min) as indicators, 12 (24%) isolates were resistant to cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (ammonia quaternary); the reference strain was resistant to chlorhexidine, which also occurred with 22 (43%) of the isolates; similar to the reference strain, all isolates were sensitive/inactivated by sodium hypochlorite and iodophore. There were no significant relations of simultaneous resistance between the antibiotics and the disinfectants tested.

IDENTIFICATION OF RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH RAW MATERIALS OF ANIMAL ORIGIN

Products, that meet the requirements of Technical regulations of the Customs Union are possible to produce only from high-quality and safe raw materials of animal origin. However, it is necessary to identify the risks associated with its use, assessment and indication of management mechanisms. In the production of meat products, the mechanisms for managing the identified risks associated with meat raw materials will be different. The aim of our study is to identify the most important risk factors associated with meat from different species of animals, including poultry, currently used in meat processing plants. The emphasis was placed on the meat intended for the production of smoked sausages, as these products are subjected to minimal temperature effects, respectively, under adverse conditions, almost always retains the original parameters of the feedstock (for example, the presence of antibiotics, pathogens). The screening microbiological method for the presence of antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents was used to identify the chemical risk factor. Classical microbiological methods were used to determine the biological risk factor. It was found that the chemical risk factor (the presence of antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents) creates a biological problem, i.e. the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of pathogens. Thus, in the study of beef, we found that the percentage of samples contaminated with antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents was 26.7 %, pork –35.3 %, and poultry meat — 42.9 %. At the same time, Salmonella spp. was absent in the same beef samples and the monocytogenes, however, have been found and they have demonstrated their resistance to antibiotics. In pork and poultry all bacteria were found. Perhaps, these species of animals and poultry, strains of microorganisms have the greatest antibacterial resistance.

Sociotopography of Vilnius: Industrial Zones and their Development (1870–1914)

The scheme for the formation of the industrial zone of Vilnius is best supported by Homer Hoyt’s city development model (the sector theory). At the initial stage of industrialization of Vilnius, the industrial zone evolved along the most important transport arteries (the Vilnelė and the Neris rivers, the railway, closer to Kaunas and Kalvarija highways). They extended from south-eastern and southern part to the western part of the city and occupied the north-western and the northern parts of the city. Industrial buildings arranged in this way correspond to Hoyt’s second (transport and industrial) urban sector. Next to it there were residential zones of lower-class inhabitants in Naujamiestis, Šnipiškės, and Paupys; there was also a cone-shaped zone in the suburb of Lukiškės, in the section of Gedimino Avenue formed by Juozo Tumo-Vaižganto Street and Žvėryno Bridge, which was populated by the middle-class. Its manifestations can also be seen at the fringes of the suburbs of Šnipiškės and Paupys. Judging from the dominant industries, the environmental impact of industrial enterprises must have been felt in certain urban areas. Although all types of factories used the rivers for waste disposal and polluted them, the greatest environmental impact in Vilnius was caused by the companies processing leather and other raw materials of animal origin. They were most common in Vilnius, but their concentration in one district of the city (Lukiškės) formed a pollution zone along the river below the city and had no significant impact on the city itself. This is evidenced by the formation of middle-class neighbourhoods of rented houses and cottages in the section of Gedimino Avenue behind Tumo-Vaižganto Street, in TumoVaižganto Street and around it, and is a proof that the fourth zone (inhabited by skilled workers and higher-class civil servants and intellectuals) was forming. Due to close proximity of brickworks, leather processing factories, dyehouses, and other enterprises and residential buildings, the damage to the environment and human health caused by the factories must have been more severe in Šnipiškės. The factories of Paupys, which at that time were considered modern, best equipped, and of high sanitary norms, still polluted the water of the Vilnelė, which was the source of drinking water for the inhabitants further along the river, most of whom belonged to lower and middle classes. Šnipiškės were also a residential area with emerging neighbourhoods of low-income unskilled workers.

COMPLIANCE OF ANTHRAX RECOMBINANT VACCINE PROTOTYPE WITH THE REQUIREMENTS TO IMMUNE-BIOLOGICAL PREPARATIONS

Current areal of anthrax among live stock and wild animals covers almost all the continents. The cause of human infection is conventionally considered to be the contact with diseased animals in the process of carrying for an animal, forced slaughter or further trimming of carcasses, as well as contact with infected raw materials of animal origin. Licensed vaccines has made an invaluable contribution to the improvement of epidemiological situation on anthrax, however, development of the vaccines complying with current scientific progress remains relevant. We have constructed a vaccine prototype containing recombinant protective antigen and S-layer EA1 protein and added state-of-the-art CpG 2006 adjuvant to the formulation. We have demonstrated the advantage of the lyophilized form of the preparation. Objective — obtainment of anthrax vaccine prototype in lyophilized state and assessment of the prototype compliance with the requirements to vaccine preparations. Materials and methods. Isolation of rPA and EA1 protein was carried out using producer-strain B. anthracis 55ΔTПА-1Spo– on an integrated end-to-end manufacturing line, including concentration, diafiltration and two-phase chromatography. CpG 2006 adjuvant was synthesized according to known sequences. Components were mixed and lyophilized in sublimation unit. Combination of 1% sucrose and 3% glycine was used as cryoprotector. Effectiveness and safety of the preparation were evaluated on the model of BALB/c mice and guinea pigs applying immunological, morphometric, and histological assays. Antibody titers in sera of immunized animals were evaluated using standard ELISA procedures. Protective properties were investigated through LD50 values for the test-strain used on immunized and control animals and immunity index. Results. We have performed complex investigation of the anthrax vaccine prototype, containing B. anthracis 55ΔTПА-1Spo– proteins as main and supplementary antigens, as well as CpG 2006 adjuvant, stabilizers and preservative agent. The prototype meets the requirements to immunobiological medicinal drugs by all physical-chemical properties. Our preparation does not have a toxic effect on the organism of laboratory animals in case of subcutaneous and intraperitoneal administration of single human dose. Pathomorphological study of guinea pigs’ organs immunized with double dose of the vaccine prototype has not revealed any evidence of damaging effect on the cells and tissues of macroorganism. The prototype protects BALB/c mice from the infection with B. anthracis 71/12 test-strain.