Rational Use Of Water Resources Research Articles

Features of the use of non-destructive testing to combat siltation of the Krasnodar reservoir

The article discusses ways to use non-destructive testing to combat siltation of the Krasnodar reservoir. This article presents the results of solving the problem of silting of the Krasnodar reservoir for the rational use of water resources of floodplain territories. The forecast of changes in sediment for the future is determined considering the increase in overgrowth of the reservoir, further processing of the coastline, as well as a decrease in afforestation and an increase in cultivated areas in the Kuban river basin. The main measures to improve the transport of sediment into the dead volume bowl are considered, and ways to solve the siltation problem through clearing the flooded riverbeds are proposed to be carried out by the method of stirring, since this method is used in reservoirs with flow, because its essence lies in the fact that silt sediments are agitated with the help of a floating dredger with water jets and the pulp is not sucked into the dredger, and suspended sediments are transported by the flow of water into the bowl of the “dead” volume of the reservoir. It should be noted that during georadar studies on soils such as clays and loams, the boundaries are distinguished mainly by the degree of moisture. In our case, water is highly mineralized, and filtration significantly reduced the electrical resistance of soils, therefore, the separation of the lithological composition is possible only on the main lithological differences. With soil moisture more than 20-30% and high mineralization of soils with a relatively low resistance, the depth of the study was no more than 2-3 m.

Water need formation on the drained lands in the variable climatic, agricultural and ameliorative conditions

Relevance of research. At both global and regional levels, climate change has become an indisputable fact, the presence of which has posed to humanity the challenge of solving a number of extremely important and complex tasks related to the development and implementation of a strategy for their practical continued existence. Data base on evaporation and water needs for agricultural crops in the different periods of their growing, depending on the climatic conditions, are the basis for the development of design and formation of operational regimes of water regulation carried out by justifying the necessary methods of water regulation, types, structures and modes of operation of hydro-reclamation systems and calculation of their parameters.
 Aim of the study is to estimate the changes in water needs during crop cultivation on the drained lands of the Western Polissya in Ukraine in the variable climatic, agricultural and ameliorative conditions for the substantiation of appropriate adaptive decisions to it. To achieve this goal, the authors evaluated the weather and climate conditions in the Western Polissya in Ukraine and calculated the evaporation in the studied conditions, planned and carried out a large-scale computer experiment, based on a complex of predictive-simulation models concerning the basic regimes and technological variables of the hydro-reclamation system parameters, climate conditions, water regime, water regulation technologies and the productivity of drained lands for the schematized natural, agricultural and ameliorative conditions. 
 Research methods. The research methods were based on the application of system theory along with the systematic approach, system analysis and modeling oriented on widespread use of computers and related software in developing modern approaches to the substantiation of technical and technological solutions for water regulation on the drained lands in the conditions of climate change. The object of the study is the drainage system “Birky” in Rivne region, typical for the region in relation to the natural land reclamation conditions. 
 Results of the study and the main conclusions. It was established the needs for additional irrigation of cultivated crops on the drained lands of the Western Polissya in Ukraine in the current weather and climatic conditions. Based on the long-term forecast the vegetative values of the total evaporation and the formation of water needs for the drained lands in the variable climatic, agricultural land reclamation conditions were determined. The technological efficiency of different technologies of the irrigation on the drained lands was evaluated. This approach to the estimation of changes in water needs during crop cultivation in the variable climatic, agricultural and ameliorative conditions allows determining the best technology of water regulation for growing a particular crop under the studied conditions in terms of the most rational use of water resources and the efficiency of system functioning. 
 Prospects. The obtained results can be effectively used for justification of regime and technological decisions in the projects of construction and reconstruction of hydro-reclamation systems of the Western Polissya in Ukraine in the variable climate conditions and developing hydro-technical adaptive measures to the predicted climate change in the region.

Application of a Monopole Antenna Probe with an Optimized Flange Diameter for Tdr Soil Moisture Measurement.

Soil volumetric water content (θ) is a parameter describing one of the most important factors conditioning proper plant growth. Monitoring soil moisture is of particular importance in the rational use of water resources for irrigation, especially during periods of water scarcity. This paper presents a method of measuring soil moisture in the vicinity of the plant root system by means of a probe designed to be mounted on a mobile device used for precise plant irrigation. Due to the specific field conditions of the measurement, the design of the probe was proposed as a monopole antenna. Electromagnetic simulations of the probe were carried out with Ansys HFSS software to optimise its dimensions. Then a prototype of the probe was manufactured to conduct laboratory measurements with the use of a vector network analyser (VNA) working in the 20 kHz to 8 GHz frequency range. The VNA analyser was configured to work in the time-domain reflectometry (TDR) mode. From measurements of the time distance between reflections from the probe’s elements it is possible to calculate the bulk dielectric permittivity of the soil surrounding the probe. Next, based on commonly used soil moisture dielectric calibrations one can determine θ of the soil sample. The paper presents simulation results and laboratory tests of an antenna probe. Due to its tough and durable design, this type of probe gives the possibility of easy application in field conditions, which makes it especially suitable for mechanically demanding measurement systems. As the sensitivity zone is comparatively large, this probe is well-suited to measuring soil moisture in the vicinity of the plant root system.

Modelling the daily reference evapotranspiration in semi-arid region of South India: A case study comparing ANFIS and empirical models

The estimation of evapotranspiration (ETo) is one of the main tools for the control of crop growth and to make a rational use of water resources. To estimate this parameter accurately, it is necessary to have a daily measurement of four meteorological variables, these are: temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity and wind speed. It is not always possible to count on all the variables, that is why there are empirical methods that use a limited number of variables that make an approximate estimate of the ETo value. Each of these models are applicable to different regions with completely different climates. In this paper, a study has been carried out to define the model of ETo estimation that best adapts to the semi-arid region in South India. Two different datasets for the same period from different meteorological stations were used. In addition to the empirical methods for estimating ETo, computer models ANFIS (Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System) were implemented. These models consist in the future estimation of a certain parameter by using current variables and a history of variables and past results. The results of this work show that ANFIS 11 model makes the best estimate with RMSD = 0.002 and r = 0.999. The RITCHIE method is the most suitable empirical model for this region, which reaches RMSD = 0.507 and r = 0.851. In addition, ranking of equations is elaborated for both datasets for daily estimates of ETo. Finally, comparison is made with the results for each case and thus confirm or reject the convenience of one model over the rest. To achieve this, a series of statistical indicators were used: Index of agreement (d), MAE (Mean absolute error), SEE (Standard error of estimate) and RMSD (Root mean square difference). Moreover, a sensitivity analysis was performed in order to compare and show the stability of the best models when an error is introduced within the input parameters. In this case, the empirical models demonstrate a better performance than the ANFIS models. This work demonstrates that the Ritchie method is a good estimator of the ETo value for a semi-arid region in southern India. In addition, the results of the ANFIS models are promising and could be used as estimation methods.

A combined prediction approach based on wavelet transform for crop water requirement

Abstract The accurate prediction of crop water requirement is of great significance for the development of regional agriculture. Based on the wavelet transform, a combined prediction approach for crop water requirement is proposed. Firstly, the Mallat wavelet transform algorithm is used to decompose and reconstruct the crop water requirement series. The approximate and detail components of the original series can be obtained. The characteristics of approximate components and detail components are analyzed by Hurst index. Then, according to the different characteristics of the components, the particle swarm optimization algorithm optimized support vector machine is used to predict the approximate component, and the autoregressive moving average model is used to predict the detail components. Three-fold cross-validation is used to improve the generalization ability of the forecasting model. Finally, combined with the prediction value of each prediction model, the final prediction value of crop water requirement is obtained. The crop water requirement data from 1983 to 2018 in Liaoning Province of China are collected as the research object. The simulation results indicate that the proposed combined prediction approach has high prediction accuracy for crop water requirement. The comparison of performance indicators shows that the root mean square error of the proposed prediction approach reduced by 45.40% to 57.16%, mean absolute error reduced by 32.96% to 52.07%, mean absolute percentile error reduced by 33.02% to 52.37%, relative root mean square error reduced by 45.26% to 57.38%, square sum error reduced by 70.18% to 80.42%, and the Theil inequality coefficient reduced by 59.02% to 80.77%. R square increased by 16.46% to 54.77%, and the index of agreement increased by 3.82% to 23.37%. The results of Pearson's test and the DM test show that the association strength between the actual value and the prediction value of the crop water requirement is stronger. Moreover, the proposed prediction approach in this paper has higher reliability under the same confidence level. The effectiveness of the proposed prediction approach for crop water requirement is verified. The proposed prediction approach has great significance for the rational use of water resources, planning and management, promoting social and economic sustainable development.

Расчет образования ртутьсодержащих отходов и разработка мероприятий по охране и рациональному использованию водных ресурсов

The problem of processing industrial products and waste from various industries containing metallic mercury or its compounds, which is acute in connection with the increasing requirements for environmental protection and, in particular, water resources, is considered. The results of calculation of the formation of mercury-containing waste and the development of a set of measures for the rational use of water resources of the OPS LLC «EVO» are presented. The environmental impact of the environmental impact assessment of OPS LLC «EVO» was assessed. As a result of such an assessment, the main sources of pollution of the water basin were identified. An assessment of the environmental impact of the LLC «EVO» company and analysis of the technology for processing mercury-containing wastes were carried out. The developed comprehensive measures for the protection and rational use of water resources will contribute to improving the level of environmental safety.

УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВЫЕ МЕТОДЫ И ПРИБОРЫ ДЛЯ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ РАСХОДА ВОДЫ НА ГИДРОМЕ-ЛИОРАТИВНЫХ СИСТЕМАХ

Purpose: analysis of existing ultrasonic methods and devices for metering water flow in irrigation and drainage systems. The problem of rational use of water resources exists in all areas, including agriculture. It cannot be resolved without considering the issue of water metering and water distribution. The main task of the water accounting system in irrigation and drainage systems is measuring the volume of water taken from the water intake and delovered to the irrigation network. For these purposes, flow meters – devices that measure the flow of water, are used. Ultrasonic (acoustic) flow meters are flow meters capable of solving complex problems in flow measurement. Currently, there are several measurement methods to determine the water flow rate at reclamation facilities: ultrasonic, radar, Doppler method, cross-correlation method and Transit-Time method. Based on these methods, a large number of modifications of devices for determining water flow rates have been created: level gauges, radar flow meters, Doppler flow meters, submersible cross-correlation flow meters, pulse-time flow meters. Conclusions. Flow meters based on level gauges and radar flow meters are impractical to use in commercial water metering units. They have high flow measurement errors, since level gauges measure only the level, and the speed is taken as a constant value, while radar flow meters measure the flow rate, but this is not the speed of the entire flow, but only of the surface layer. The flow rate measured by Doppler and cross-correlation meters depends on the amount of solids in the flow. But since the water in canals and closed pipelines on irrigation and drainage systems has a large number of solids, these flow meters have a high accuracy of flow measurement. Pulse time meters, as well as Doppler and cross-correlation meters, have high measurement accuracy, but do not depend on the amount of solids in the flow.

Assessment of Surface Water Quality in the Udy` River Basin

According to the Water Framework Directive of the European Parliament and the Council of the EU, works aimed at the protection, restoration and rational use of water resources in Ukraine are of particular relevance. Purpose. To determine and establish patterns, in temporal and spatial changes, of water quality in the Udy river basin. Methods. Statistical, system analysis Results. At all observation posts, the highest concentration ratio to MPC in such compounds as: nitrites, oil products, copper, iron, total., manganese, chromium 6, BOD5, sulfates, zinc 2+. The quality of the rivers on the border with the Russian Federation according to WPI corresponds to the “clean” class II. In the middle reaches of the rivers Udy, Lopan, Kharkov and the mouth of the Nemyshlya river, water quality deteriorates to class III “moderate pollution”. Water quality, in the estuary area of the river Lopan, class IV "contaminated". Poor water quality in the river basin. Udy near the Khoroshevo village and the village of Eskhar, where the WPI corresponds to the V class “polluted” water. According to the WPI mod water quality at most posts is equal to class III “moderate pollution”. Water quality, in the estuary area of the Lopan river and the Nemyshlya river of the WPI mod corresponds to class IV "very polluted". A high value of the WPI mode is observed at Udy at Khoroshevo village and with Eskhar - V class "polluted" water. According to the pollution coefficient χ using priorities, the water quality at most posts of the Udy river network corresponds to the “small” class II. On the Udy River near the village of M. Danilovka class III "moderate" pollution. The wellhead section of the Lopan and Udy rivers is characterized as “very polluted”. Poor water quality is observed at the post of Udy River - the Khoroshevo village with "intensive" pollution. Without priorities, the calculation of the χ coefficient showed significantly worse water quality indicators. At most posts, pollution is “moderate”. Well section of the Nemyshlya river ` is characterized as “substantial” pollution. Qualitative condition of water of the river Lopan may be defined as “intensive” pollution. Expected at the posts on the Udy River near the village of Khoroshevo and the village of Eskhar, the water quality is V class “catastrophic”. Conclusion. Certain water quality, using the three methods of WPI, WPI mod. and the pollution coefficient χ over a long period, indicates a significant environmental load of the city of Kharkov on the river system of the Udy river. Changes in water quality indicators occur without any temporary patterns. According to the pollution coefficient χ, water quality deteriorates along the length of the rivers, except for the case on the river Udy - Khoroshevo village, where pollution is qualified as “catastrophic”. Further along the length of the river is the Eskhar village, where water quality is improving, due to the self-cleaning of the river.

ОБОСНОВАНИЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ РЕКУЛЬТИВИРУЕМЫХ ПРУДОВ-НАКОПИТЕЛЕЙ ДЛЯ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ВОДООБЕСПЕЧЕННОСТИ ВОДОДЕФИЦИТНЫХ ТЕРРИТОРИЙ КРЫМА

In connection with the transition of the Crimean Peninsula to water supply at the expense of its own natural sources, there is a formation of water-deficit conditions in significant territories. The current situation with water scarcity of the territory has a negative impact on all sectors of the national economy. In the current situation, the problem of increasing water availability should be considered comprehensively, taking into account the rational use of water resources and water bodies with the possibility of parallel restoration of disturbed territories. The use of reclaimed storage ponds on local runoff can be a step towards improving the existing water supply system for water-deficient areas.

Production of “Mel” Papaya Seedlings under the Application of Different Irrigation Depths

Water management is considered one of the most prevalent factors in the production of quality seedlings in commercial crops. Despite the benefits provided, the technique is still little used by irrigating users, who, for the most part, do not adopt any criteria for water use. Thus, aiming at the rational use of water resources and increasing the productive potential of seedlings, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different irrigation depths on the production of Formosa “Mel” papaya seedlings (Carica papaya L.). The experiment took place in a greenhouse, located at the Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Campus Itapina, in Colatina, ES. The treatments consisted of six irrigation depths corresponding to 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 14 mm·day−1 adjusted in a completely randomized design, with 25 plants per treatment. The variables evaluated were: plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, dry mass of the aerial part, dry mass of the root system, total dry mass and Dickson’s Quality index, 58 days after sowing in all experimental plots. At the end of the experiment, it was found that the 7.36 mm·d−1 irrigation depth provided better quality, in addition to lower water consumption, being the most recommended for the production of Formosa “Mel” papaya seedlings.

Textured materials with extreme wettability for water harvesting from aerosols

The creation of methods for complete and cost-effective collection of water droplets from an aerosol which arises as a by-product of the low-potential heat uptake from industrial devices, is one of the key tasks of rational use of water resources contributing to the improvement of the environment near large industrial enterprises. This paper shows how the application of materials with extreme wettability and a specific surface topography in spray separators can significantly increase the efficiency of water collection.

RESULTS AND PROSPECTS OF RESEARCH ON THE EVALUATION AND RATIONAL USE OF AGRO-RESOURCE POTENTIAL OF AGRICULTURAL AREAS

Relevance of research. In order to ensure energy independence and food security of the state in the context of current climate change trends, the importance of reclaimed territories is increasing. By objectively assessing the agro-resource potential of individual regions and developing a strategy for its rational use, it is possible to significantly improve the productivity, stability, environmental balance and economic efficiency of agro-ecosystems. Objective of research. The objective of the research is to assess the water supply of the territory of Ukraine under changing climate and establish the mechanism of its influence on the bioproductivity of agricultural lands, theoretically substantiate and elaborate perspective options for the development of bioenergy reclaimed agroecosystems and specify the research areas on the reassessment of rational use of water resources in optimal combination with other components of agricultural production in a rapidly changing climate. Research methodology. The estimation and forecasting of the conditions of water supply were carried out on the basis of the climate water balance (CWB). Spatial analysis of climate data and crop yields was performed by IDW interpolation using QGIS3 software. To determine the promising areas for the development of agricultural production systems the results of stationary field experiments were used, which were processed by conventional methods of system analysis. Promising scenarios for the development of reclaimed agroecosystems were created using multivariate computer simulation in the “Agroecosystem” software package.
 Research results and main conclusions. It was established that, compared to 1961-1990, the area with a water supply shortage increased from 56 to 60%, and the area of sufficient and excessive humidity, on the contrary, decreased from 33 to 24%. Provided that the general trend of increasing temperature in the territory of Ukraine continues, the share of agricultural lands with scarce water balance by 2050 may increase up to 67%, and by 2100 – up to 80% of their total area. It was found that grain production remains at the level of 1990 in the steppe zone due to almost annual lack of moisture while in the forest-steppe and Polissia regions it increased up to 80-90%. It is important that, even in the humid zone, the risks of adverse water and air conditions for soils increased significantly, particularly as regards the soils of light texture. Consequently, sustainable high-yield agriculture without the development and implementation of effective regional measures on improving water supply is becoming problematic in most of Ukraine. Based on computer simulation, it was proved that the transition of domestic agricultural production to the principles of balanced organic food production, industrial raw materials and bioenergy resources will dramatically increase the profitability of agricultural enterprises, improve the ecological state of the environment and create a comfortable living environment for rural population and substantially strengthen the food security and energy independence of the state. Prospects. To achieve high efficiency and competitiveness of the agroindustrial complex of Ukraine, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive study on the reassessment of rational use of water resources in optimal combination with other components of agricultural production under rapidly changing climate. On this scientific basis, it is advisable to create a unified system of water management for the effective use of the state's land fund, in particular the reclaimed areas.

Extreme-Wettability Textured Materials for Water Collection from Aerosols

Creation of methods for complete and cost-effective collection of water droplets from an aerosols arising as a by-product of the low-potential heat uptake from industrial equipment is one of the key tasks of rational use of water resources contributing to the improvement of the environment near large industrial enterprises. This paper shows how the application of materials with extreme wettability and a specific surface topography in spray separators can significantly increase the water collection efficiency.

ВЛИЯНИЕ «ЗЕЛЕНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ» НА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКУЮ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ КАЗАХСТАНА


 
 
 Kazakhstan has a huge potential for the use of renewable energy sources, while being the state with the highest rates of greenhouse gas emissions in Central Asia. Despite significant economic, social and environmental benefits, the share of renewable energy in Kazakhstan's electricity production remains low, at 1.1% in 2017. The government intends to increase this figure to 50% by 2050. While Kazakhstan is experiencing some difficulties in diversifying its economy and energy resources, the inclusive concept of green growth is particularly important for the country.The adopted Strategy Kazakhstan 2050: A New Political Course of the Established State «Strategy - 2050» sets clear guidelines for building a sustainable and efficient economic model based on the country’s transition to a green development path.The article analyzes the current status of the transition to «green economy» including the development of renewable energy, green building, environmentally friendly transport, waste management, sustainable and efficient organic agriculture, and rational use of water resources. The scientific article focuses on the key risks, problems and obstacles to the development of the «green economy» in Kazakhstan, as well as offers recommendations and measures to solve existing problems. In addition, the article examines the methods of the government's transition to a «green economy», within which the planned tasks of a large-scale transition to a «green economy» are to be fulfilled.The article can be useful for those who are interested in sustainable economic growth: the government, energy companies, investors in the field of renewable energy and society as a whole.
 
 

ECOLOGICAL SAFETY OF LUTSK TOWN AND PROSPECTS TO RAISE IT

The results of the study of the current level of ecological safety in Lutsk are presented. There is a close relationship between environmental safety, environmental status and environmental issues. The main factors of formation of ecological situation in the town are analyzed: emissions of pollutants, discharges of sewage, formation of waste and their influence on pollution of atmospheric air, surface and ground waters, soils. Quantified their value. The main sources have been identified. Ranked them by the degree of danger. The coverage of the territory of the town by the network of ecological monitoring is considered. Institutional affiliation of monitoring programs has been established.The coverage of economic entities by permits for emissions, discharges and waste generation is analyzed. Estimated total effluents water discharge to surface water bodies, discharge of normatively treated effluents water, insufficiently treated effluents water, and cases of high water pollution. The level of atmospheric air pollution, its dynamics, the structure of pollutant emissions in the context of stationary and mobile sources were also evaluated individual enterprises. The results of observations of radioactive air pollution have also been analyzed. The current state of waste management in the town is estimated. The structure of the outputs and the dynamics of their formation are determined.The most acute environmental problems of Lutsk are highlighted. Among them, the most important are the need for overhaul and reconstruction of obsolete effluents treatment plants, worn out and emergency water and sewerage networks, and the need for the construction of new drainage networks. Also important is the development of a new solid waste management scheme with maximum implementation of separate waste collection and the introduction of a new, more powerful waste sorting line at the landfill for solid waste in the Bryshe village. It is also necessary to combat the mudding and clogging of streams and ponds within the town to prevent degradation of natural systems and the loss of recreational attractions by water bodies. Traditionally important for the Lutsk town is the prevention of reduction of the amount of green space due to the active development of the town, the mass destruction of diseases and pests of the main types of green space in the town, the spread of adventitious, invasive plants. In recent years, a new problem has emerged that has significantly worsened the living conditions of the town's population: odor. It extends to the southwest and south of the town. The town government and the public are making great efforts to identify its sources and address the problem of stink in the city.The urban ecological programs, their effectiveness and resource provision are analyzed. The town has a comprehensive Program of environmental protection of the town of Lutsk for 2018-2020. It is approved by the decision of the town council. The program provides for the allocation of funding (state, regional, city budgets, own funds of enterprises, institutions, organizations, credit funds) for environmental protection activities. The town also carried out an investment project with the administration of the Lippe region (Germany) "Environmental Friendship over the Borders".Measures to increase the level of environmental safety of the town in the context of protection and rational use of water resources, protection of atmospheric air, waste management of production and life, protection and conservation of flora and fauna, nature reserve fund are considered.

Estimating the Increase in Regional Evaporative Water Consumption as a Result of Vegetation Restoration Over the Loess Plateau, China

AbstractOne of the world's largest revegetation programs, the Grain for Green Project (GfGP), has been taking place on the Loess Plateau of China since 1999. Such massive revegetation causes changes in the region's hydrological cycle, water availability, and ecological sustainability through enhanced evapotranspiration (ET). Here we quantify effects of the GfGP's revegetation on ET over this water‐stressed region. Our approach involves use of a modified Priestley‐Taylor Jet Propulsion Laboratory (PT‐JPL) model, incorporating vegetation dynamics as a new component. The original PT‐JPL model has been expanded from site scale to regional scale, thereby allowing its application to the Loess Plateau. The modified PT‐JPL model was calibrated and validated against flux tower‐measured and water balance‐based ET observations. The model performed well at a regional scale with the incorporation of vegetation dynamics. To quantify the net effect of revegetation on evaporative water consumption after the GfGP, we compared scenarios with and without revegetation. We find the revegetation has led to a significant increase in ET across the Loess Plateau, of 4.39 mm/yr averaged over the past 15 years (mean annual precipitation was 464 mm). Compared with the no revegetation scenario, the GfGP revegetation appreciably enhanced evaporative water consumption across the Loess Plateau, by approximately 31 × 108 m3/yr (or 4.90 mm/yr). Our findings suggest that to maintain ecologically sustainable restoration and rational use of water resources, factors including the strength of revegetation and the relationship between evaporative water consumption and revegetation type should be considered.

Models for Estimating Reference Evapotranspiration in Different Periods in Rio Verde, Goiás, Brazil

The water management in irrigated agriculture begins determining the need of water for the culture. Therefore, it was intended to evaluate the performance of the models of estimation reference of evapotranspiration (ETo) with regard to the method Penman-Monteith (PM), standard method, for Brazilian Cerrado Region (tropical grassland/savannah). The climate elements were obtained from the conventional weather station of Rio Verde from January/1972 to December/2016. It was compared the performance of the daily average ETo, during the dry, rainy and annual periods, by the PM method with regard to another 26 methods. Through the coefficient of determination, it was verified the methods of Turc (T) and Radiation-Temperature (RT) approached more to the PM, at any time of the year, being able to replace the standard method. The ETo average in the annual period was 3.8 mm day-1, for the dry period due to the smallest amount of solar radiation, the period submitted lower levels of ETo. The other models in which were used fewer amounts of climate data, they overestimated or underestimated the PM model by up to 57.9% and 60.7% respectively. With the management of water in agriculture, water availability can be increased in the hydric bodies, characterizing it as a tool for water management with the rational use of water resources.

Foreign Experience of Financial Mechanism in Water Use

This article presents Israel's experience of effective use of water resources. During the research, the following was investigated: - Israeli government policies aimed at the rational use of water resources; - the essence of Israeli policy on the rational use of water resources in agriculture; - Use Israel's strategy to grow its water use and price; - Long-term forecasting system for water use. The study concluded that: Prudent water management, reuse of wastewater and desalination of sea water, as well as the construction of the AllIsrael Water Pipeline, a consistent economic policy in the water sector against the background of effective integrated management of limited water resources, aimed at combating their scarcity, allowed to solve the problem of water shortage on a national scale and take the country out of the water crisis, reduce climate dependence and preserve the Lake of Kineret.

An improved whale optimization algorithm for forecasting water resources demand

Water demand forecasting can promote the rational use of water resources and alleviate the pressure on water demand. By analyzing the use of water resources, this paper establishes three models of water demand forecasting, logarithmic model, linear and exponential combination model and linear, exponential and logarithmic hybrid models. In order to accurately estimate the demand for water resources, an improved whale optimization algorithm based on social learning and wavelet mutation strategy is proposed. The new algorithm designs a new linear incremental probability, which increases the possibility of global search of the algorithm. Based on the social learning principle, the social ranking and social influence are used to construct the social network for the individual, and the adaptive neighborhood learning strategy based on the network relationship is established to achieve the exchange and sharing of information between groups. The Morlet wavelet mutation mechanism is integrated to realize the dynamic adjustment of the mutation space, which enhances the ability of the algorithm to escape from local optimization. The latest CEC2017 benchmark functions confirms the superiority of the proposed algorithm. The water consumption from 2004 to 2016 in Shaanxi Province of China is used for the experiment. The results show that the performance of the proposed algorithm for solving the three water resources forecasting model is better in comparison to other algorithms. The prediction accuracy is as high as 99.68%, which verified the validity of the model and the practicality of the proposed algorithm.

Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Process on Energy Costs at Truck and Tractor Washing Posts

The paper considers a process pertaining to purification of oily effluents while using electrocoagulation, electro-flotation and an electromagnetic hydro-cyclone, implemented with the help of a laboratory unit (Patent of the Republic of Belarus for the invention No 21229). The investigations have been carried out with the purpose to optimize specific energy consumption for the process of cleaning fuel and lubricants effluents. The following investigation methods have been applied – a literature review, a comparative analysis, an experiment execution, a mathematical modeling. Content of oil products in wastewater before and after treatment has been evaluated in the analytical laboratory of the Belarusian State Agrarian Technical University in accordance with standard methods. Purification of the oily effluents has been made with the help of a laboratory unit while using electroflotocoagulation method with removal of floated sludge in an electromagnetic hydrocyclone. This cleaning method makes it possible to increase a degree of water disinfection, provides a closed water supply, rational use of water resources, reduction of harmful effects of pollutants on the environment. An experimental design technique has been worked out and a three-level Box – Behnken design has been implemented in the paper. The problem concerning optimization of the purification process on energy costs has been solved without worsening the required concentration indices of petroleum products in water after treatment . Mathematical models have been obtained and optimal purification modes have been determined at the lowest specific energy costs and with sufficiently high degree of purification. Significance of regression coefficients has been estimated by Student criterion. It has been established that while using the proposed unit it is possible to obtain a degree of wastewater purification at automotive equipment washing stations with its performance G = 0.7 l/s, current density j = 150 A/m2. The degree of purification, determined by ratio of pollutant concentrations before and after purification, is up to 99.9 %. The results can be used in implementation of microprocessor control of cleaning mode while taking an initial concentration of pollution, unit capability, current density of an electroflotocoagulator as control action factors.