ВЛИЯНИЕ «ЗЕЛЕНОЙ ЭКОНОМИКИ» НА ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ РАЗВИТИЕ И ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКУЮ БЕЗОПАСНОСТЬ КАЗАХСТАНА

Purpose. The aim of the study is to characterization the state of water management enterprises of oil and gas industry. Study of water resources is appropriate and justified due to the existence of environmental stress associated with an active usage of surface and groundwater as well as an inadequate supply of water resources within the Kharkiv region. Methodology. The main research methods are the methods of statistical data processing and systems analysis methods that allow you to develop optimal schemes of water management. A comprehensive analysis of the interrelation of regional eographical features, the mineral resource base of groundwater and surface water and the intensity of water use was performed in order to start activities for rational use and renewal of water resources by the oil and gas industry made. Study includes a comprehensive statistical analysis of the water usage for production and domestic requirements by oil and gas companies and refineries with an aim to determine the structure of consumption of water resources. Finding. The study found that during 2014 year an oil and gas industry was used 2.04 million m3 of fresh water from natural water bodies for water recycling was sent 41.77 million m3 of water, accounting for nearly 95 % of total water use, and is effective example of rational use of water resources. Production companies are practicing to reuse a processed wastewater after treatment, and this reduces up to 30 % the consumption of fresh natural water for drilling and is also an effective measure of economic use of water resources. Particular attention is given to wastewater treatment technologies discharged into surface reservoirs during the production activities of oil and gas industry. Necessary to apply scientific and analytical methods for the rational use of water resources and to apply activities to protect water resources in order to reduce anthropogenic pressure on the natural environment. Results. The implementation of water management is urgent and binding for all water users, and should be provided at the location, design, construction and commissioning of plants, buildings and other objects of oil and gas as well as the introduction of new technological processes in the oil and gas industry that have an impact on water resources. Oil and gas companies in 2014 was used by only 2.039 million. m3 of fresh water from surface water and groundwater sources, representing 0.65 % of total water use in the Kharkiv region, the use of recycled water data of enterprises amounted to 41.77 million. m3. This water turnover rate was nearly 95 %. The basis of the production water is usually reversible water. Process water consumed to replenish water recycling systems and those technological needs where the use of recycled water is unacceptable or impossible using air cooling apparatuses. Measures to water management are also used in the drilling process, formed when large volumes of return water. Application of this method of water by sewage not only allows reuse water, but also greatly reduce the volume of their formation and reduce fresh water consumption.

Qu, S.; Lv, J., and Liu, J., 2020. Visualization analysis for global water resources based on digital earth. In: Hu, C. and Cai, M. (eds.), Geo-informatics and Oceanography. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 105, pp. 47–50. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.The rapid growth of population has placed continuous increasing pressure on water resources. It is of great significance for the sustainable development of water resources to make rational use of limited water resources and to give full play to the maximum use efficiency of water resources. To make rational use of water resources and to protect them, effective monitoring and management of water resources must be performed. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a new method of global water resources monitoring and management, that is, the visual analysis method of global water resources based on digital earth. Through the three-dimensional digital modeling of global water resources, the visual analysis of global water resources is realized, including the distribution of water resources, water area, water resources depth, pollution degree, and other visual analysis, which provides effective means and decision-making basis for water resources monitoring and management.

In this article, the concept of offenses related to violation of the requirements of legal documents on the use of water resources of farms and the content of their types are studied. In this article, the author explained the requirements and rules for the state implementation of environmental control of violations of the requirements of legal documents on the use of water resources by farms. This article examines the content and legal significance of environmental control of state and public environmental control in the field of rational use of water resources by farms. In this article, the author has shown that the decisions and decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan play an important role in improving environmental control. In this sense, environmental control is thought about ensuring the rational use of nature and harmful effects on the environment. State control over the use and protection of water and water resources of farms is proposed to be carried out by local state authorities, the State Committee for Ecology and Environmental Protection, the Inspection of Control over the Agro-Industrial Complex under the Cabinet of Ministers, and the Ministry of Water Management in accordance with the law.

This article examines the content and legal significance of state and public environmental control in the field of rational use of water resources by farms. The author emphasizes the importance of decrees and resolutions of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan in improving environmental control. In this sense, environmental control has focused on ensuring the rational use of nature and the harmful effects on the environment. State control over the use and protection of water and water resources of farms should be carried out by local authorities, the State Committee for Ecology and Environmental Protection, the Inspectorate for Control over the Agro-Industrial Complex under the Cabinet of Ministers, the Ministry of Water Resources. It describes the types of state and public environmental control in the field of water use by farms. Scientists from the CIS countries also presented proposals and recommendations for environmental control in the field of water use by farms. In this article, the author defines the role of environmental and public control in the use of water resources by farms in the laws “On environmental control” and “On public control”.

This article considers and discusses the issue of ecological use of water resources of the Republic of Tajikistan. The main attention is paid to the study of the patterns and advantages of the concept of sustainable development in the field of water resources, the analysis and assessment of the availability of water resources in the republic and its individual regions, especially in the southeastern region of the republic, the analysis and determination of the total number of factors affecting the rational use of water resources, processing a set of recommendations aimed at developing the concept of sustainable development in the water sector, developing and implementing modern water management mechanisms and other important issues in this area, which all point to the features of this study. An analysis of the current state of the use of water resources was also carried out, existing problems of the industry were identified and solutions were proposed. It is noted that the Republic of Tajikistan has many competitive advantages in the water sector among the countries of the region, and the need to plan and design the strategic use of large water resources is considered one of the factors to protect and strengthen the competitive position.

Rational use of water resources is of current importance in the integrated use and regulation of flow. Therefore, a water management calculation is needed that will allow water resources to be distributed efficiently and unacceptably, without allowing them to be overused. The article discusses issues of assessing the water resources of the Aral-Syrdarya water basin. To analyze the hydrological characteristics of the basin under study, series of annual water runoff were reconstructed and chronological graphs of annual runoff were constructed. At calculating the parameters of the annual runoff, total and difference integral curves were constructed, the values of the annual runoff were determined using all sets of data from hydrological posts of the studied Syrdarya River basin. The main statistical parameters of the annual river runoff, random errors in the mathematical expectation and the coefficient of variation were assessed.
 For water management calculations, data from the report of the Aral-Syr Darya Basin Inspectorate on regulation of the use and protection of water resources for 2016, as well as the Scheme for the integrated use and protection of water resources in the river basin, were used. Syrdarya for 2018.
 Analysis of the water balance for the periods 2010-2018. takes into account that the incoming part of the water balance of the Aral-Syrdarya river basin was 81,690.69 million m3, the outgoing part was 82,446.35 million m3. Based on the data, a water balance was compiled and an analysis was made that the flow decreased by 755.66 million m3, which naturally affected the decrease in the level of the Aral Sea. Also, according to the water balance of the Shardara, Badamskoye, Bugunskoye and Kapshagai reservoirs, accumulation was positive. But in the Koshkurgan reservoir, accumulation was negative.

В статье анализируется система отечественного водопользования. Выявляются проблемы не эффективного использования водных ресурсов. Рассмотрен комплекс мер по рационализации использования водных ресурсов и основные цели, достигаемые этими мерами. Предложены мероприятия по рационализации водопользования. Раскрывается связь рационального использования водных ресурсов и их охраны. Сделаны выводы, позволяющие рационализировать отечественное водопользование, повысить его эффективность, снизить водоёмкость экономики. The article analyzes the system of domestic water use. The problems of inefficient use of water resources are identified. A set of measures to rationalize the use of water resources and the main goals achieved by these measures are considered. Measures to rationalize water use are proposed. The connection between the rational use of water resources and their protection is revealed. Conclusions are made that allow rationalizing domestic water use, increasing its efficiency, and reducing the water consumption of the economy.

This article presents Israel's experience of effective use of water resources. During the research, the following was investigated: - Israeli government policies aimed at the rational use of water resources; - the essence of Israeli policy on the rational use of water resources in agriculture; - Use Israel's strategy to grow its water use and price; - Long-term forecasting system for water use. The study concluded that: Prudent water management, reuse of wastewater and desalination of sea water, as well as the construction of the AllIsrael Water Pipeline, a consistent economic policy in the water sector against the background of effective integrated management of limited water resources, aimed at combating their scarcity, allowed to solve the problem of water shortage on a national scale and take the country out of the water crisis, reduce climate dependence and preserve the Lake of Kineret.

This article discusses the formation of legal regulatory stages for the rational use of water resources by farms. In this article, the author has shown that the legal nature of the rational use of water resources of farms and the importance of decisions and decrees of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan in its improvement. In this sense, significant reforms in the legal regulation of the use of water resources of farms, based on the introduction of new institutions, described the specific features of the historical stages of its development. During the historical stages, it is shown that on May 6, 1993, the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Water and Water Use" No. 837-XII was adopted. It should be noted that the institution of "water consumption" was introduced in these historical stages. In this article, the author states that comprehensive measures to implement modern information and communication and innovative technologies in the water management system have been approved.

The article identifies the main directions of the rational use of water resources in the Republic of Kazakhstan, specifically, the South Kazakhstan region. Rational water use is the process of efficient use of water resources, which guarantees the preservation and protection of water bodies from negative and excessive anthropogenic impact and at the same time provides the population and sectors of the national economy with water resources of adequate quality and in the amount that can guarantee not only satisfaction of needs, but also development of industry, energy, water transport and agriculture at the rates that are necessary for sustainable socio-economic development of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a whole. The analysis of the foundations of rational water use was carried out; the main economic instruments affecting the process of water use in Kazakhstan are considered, an overview of the structure of water resources management in the South Kazakhstan region is made. Currently, it is necessary to ensure the rational use of natural resources, their protection from pollution and degradation, as well as skillfully restore, multiply and control them for the benefit of human society. Water resources as an object of management are a complex phenomenon and require a special approach for the formation of governing bodies with a clear division of their sphere of influence and responsibility.

This article is devoted to the issues of sustainable development in the Central Asia region. The authors have performed an analysis of the state of rational use of water resources. Ensuring climate resilience in water management in Central Asia is a critical challenge in today's world. This problem is of interest in connection with its possible impact on the sustainable development of the region. The purpose of this work is to analyze the current state of the rational use of water resources in Central Asia to identify ways to optimize their management. The study used a qualitative and quantitative analysis of data on water use collected from various sources, as well as a comparison method to assess the effectiveness of existing water management practices in the region. The authors revealed that the unbalanced distribution and inefficient use of water resources in Central Asia led to environmental and socio-economic problems. It has also been found that the existing mechanisms for managing water resources are not effective enough.

Relevance of research. In order to ensure energy independence and food security of the state in the context of current climate change trends, the importance of reclaimed territories is increasing. By objectively assessing the agro-resource potential of individual regions and developing a strategy for its rational use, it is possible to significantly improve the productivity, stability, environmental balance and economic efficiency of agro-ecosystems. Objective of research. The objective of the research is to assess the water supply of the territory of Ukraine under changing climate and establish the mechanism of its influence on the bioproductivity of agricultural lands, theoretically substantiate and elaborate perspective options for the development of bioenergy reclaimed agroecosystems and specify the research areas on the reassessment of rational use of water resources in optimal combination with other components of agricultural production in a rapidly changing climate. Research methodology. The estimation and forecasting of the conditions of water supply were carried out on the basis of the climate water balance (CWB). Spatial analysis of climate data and crop yields was performed by IDW interpolation using QGIS3 software. To determine the promising areas for the development of agricultural production systems the results of stationary field experiments were used, which were processed by conventional methods of system analysis. Promising scenarios for the development of reclaimed agroecosystems were created using multivariate computer simulation in the “Agroecosystem” software package. Research results and main conclusions. It was established that, compared to 1961-1990, the area with a water supply shortage increased from 56 to 60%, and the area of sufficient and excessive humidity, on the contrary, decreased from 33 to 24%. Provided that the general trend of increasing temperature in the territory of Ukraine continues, the share of agricultural lands with scarce water balance by 2050 may increase up to 67%, and by 2100 – up to 80% of their total area. It was found that grain production remains at the level of 1990 in the steppe zone due to almost annual lack of moisture while in the forest-steppe and Polissia regions it increased up to 80-90%. It is important that, even in the humid zone, the risks of adverse water and air conditions for soils increased significantly, particularly as regards the soils of light texture. Consequently, sustainable high-yield agriculture without the development and implementation of effective regional measures on improving water supply is becoming problematic in most of Ukraine. Based on computer simulation, it was proved that the transition of domestic agricultural production to the principles of balanced organic food production, industrial raw materials and bioenergy resources will dramatically increase the profitability of agricultural enterprises, improve the ecological state of the environment and create a comfortable living environment for rural population and substantially strengthen the food security and energy independence of the state. Prospects. To achieve high efficiency and competitiveness of the agroindustrial complex of Ukraine, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive study on the reassessment of rational use of water resources in optimal combination with other components of agricultural production under rapidly changing climate. On this scientific basis, it is advisable to create a unified system of water management for the effective use of the state's land fund, in particular the reclaimed areas.

The problem of processing industrial products and waste from various industries containing metallic mercury or its compounds, which is acute in connection with the increasing requirements for environmental protection and, in particular, water resources, is considered. The results of calculation of the formation of mercury-containing waste and the development of a set of measures for the rational use of water resources of the OPS LLC «EVO» are presented. The environmental impact of the environmental impact assessment of OPS LLC «EVO» was assessed. As a result of such an assessment, the main sources of pollution of the water basin were identified. An assessment of the environmental impact of the LLC «EVO» company and analysis of the technology for processing mercury-containing wastes were carried out. The developed comprehensive measures for the protection and rational use of water resources will contribute to improving the level of environmental safety.

Water resources represent a common good of limited availability due to climate change, pollution, and losses. As in various parts of the world, critical elements are also present in Italy. The country holds the European record for drinking water consumption. This waste is encouraged by rather low-water tariffs. Furthermore, the investments necessary to upgrade the water networks are amongst the most contained in Europe since they are financed almost exclusively by tariff revenues. In the Italian panorama, awareness campaigns for the rational use of water resources promoted by the managers of the integrated urban water management (IUWM) have not had the desired effects. It is necessary to identify more effective communication strategies to achieve a reduction in losses. For example, the IUWM managers could sponsor the initiatives of associations and organizations aimed at promoting the optimal management of water resources. In this work, a model was proposed and validated through a case study. It enables IUWM managers to measure the degree of user satisfaction following the sponsorships mentioned above. The model considers the theoretical profits generated by sponsorship as a proxy for the level of the consent of users towards the promoted initiative. The aim was to demonstrate how this type of sponsorship increases the good reputation of IUWM managers amongst stakeholders and leads to a reduction in the risk of users’ insolvency. It is also considered as a reward mechanism for managers who invest in sponsorship represented by the increase in the water tariff.KeywordsIntegrated urban water managementSponsorshipWater scarcityStatic modelWater tariff

1. When examining the problem of the conservation and rational use of water resources it is necessary to study jointly the interrelated processes on the drainage area, shore zone, and within the water body. 2. The wide use in the economy of industrial methods of reproducing water resources with the use of closed water supply cycles and zero-water and zero-waste technologies of the basic types of industries is the basis of the water-conservation policy in the immediate period.