Principles Of Rational Choice Research Articles

Analisis Pengambilan Keputusan Rasionalitas Pada Kebijakan Presiden Dibawah Umur 40 Tahun Yang diTetapkan Oleh Mahkamah Konstitusi (MK)

A thorough examination of the temporal dynamics of politics is undertaken in this study. Just days before the last deadline for presidential and vice presidential candidates to register, the public was stunned by the contentious judgement of the Constitutional Court (MK). This research seeks to utilise a rational decision-making framework to understand the rationale behind the Constitutional Court's (MK) ruling on the eligibility of presidential and vice presidential candidates under the age of 40, as outlined in article 90/PUU-XXI/2023. This ruling is a continuation of the previous article, specifically Article 169 letter q of Law Number 7 of 2017 concerning Elections, which established this age limit. In addition to original data collected from applicable statutes, journals, and other sources, this study employs a literature review methodology. this study delves into the relationship between the determination process and article 90/PUU-XXI/2023. The participants in this research demonstrated a comprehension of rational choice principles and the process of choosing presidential and vice presidential candidates, according to the findings. As well as showing that the decisions decided are subjective and irrational because they focus on actors because actors are considered as humans with goals, which means they perform certain actions and goals to achieve their goals.

Lives, Limbs, and Liver Spots: The Threshold Approach to Limited Aggregation

AbstractLimited Aggregation is the view that when there are competing moral claims that demand our attention, we should sometimes satisfy the largest aggregate of claims, depending on the strength of the claims in question. In recent years, philosophers such as Patrick Tomlin and Alastair Norcross have argued that Limited Aggregation violates a number of rational choice principles such as Transitivity, Separability, and Contraction Consistency. Current versions of Limited Aggregation are what may be called Comparative Approaches because they involve assessing the relative strengths of various claims. In this paper, we offer a non-comparative version of Limited Aggregation, what we call the Threshold Approach. It states that there is a non-relative threshold that separates various claims. We demonstrate that the Threshold Approach does not violate rational choice principles such as Transitivity, Separability, and Contraction Consistency, and we show that potential concerns regarding such a view are surmountable.

If it is bad, why don’t I quit? Algorithmic recommendation use strategy from folk theories

Users persist in utilizing algorithmic recommendations despite perceiving their adverse consequences, such as privacy invasion and filter bubbles. This behavior appears contradictory to the innate human inclination to seek benefits and avert disadvantages. Employing folk theories, this study conducted in-depth interviews with 24 users who acknowledged the detrimental effects of algorithms and maintained a non-positive attitude toward them but continued their usage. The findings revealed that users adhere to the principle of rational choice: they engage in positive risk aversion (confining their usage to entertainment domain and affirming their own abilities) and negative self-avoidance (acknowledging the inevitability of privacy invasion, imagining the additional costs of turning off algorithmic recommendations, and believing that everyone relies on algorithms, rendering the costs relatively inconspicuous). Throughout this process of self-adaptation, users assumed diverse roles (the inactive, active, resister, swayer) to achieve a harmonious state and sustain their reliance on algorithmic recommendations.

Problems in the Motivational Basis of Rawls’ Principles of Justice

The paper explores the logical structure of Rawlsian justice principles in order to see whether their justificatory or explanatory conditions are unproblematic. To facilitate this purpose, drawing on readers of Rawls, the author shows that the Aristotelian principle is used to explain the principles of rational choice, particularly the principle of inclusiveness. Then, on the basis of the Aristotelian principle, Rawls justifies his conclusion, via the principles of rational choice and the theory of primary goods. After figuring out the logical structure of justice as fairness, the author deals with the central objective of the paper, where he exposes some problems suffered by the motivational basis of the principles of justice. The foundation on which Rawls grounds his principles of justice is problematic, and consequently, they remain as matters of contention as of today. Philosophy and Progress, Vol#71-72; No#1-2; Jan-Dec 2022 P 45-60

Unspecific Evidence and Normative Theories of Decision

Abstract The nature of evidence is a problem for epistemology, but I argue that this problem intersects with normative decision theory in a way that I think is underappreciated. Among some decision theorists, there is a presumption that one can always ignore the nature of evidence while theorizing about principles of rational choice. In slogan form: decision theory only cares about the credences agents actually have, not the credences they should have. I argue against this presumption. In particular, I argue that if evidence can be unspecific, then an alleged counterexample to causal decision theory fails. This implies that what theory of decision we think is true may depend on our opinions regarding the nature of evidence. Even when we are theorizing about subjective theories of rationality, we cannot set aside questions about the objective nature of evidence.

Value Change, Energy Systems, and Rational Choice: The Expected Center of Gravity Principle.

The values that will govern choices among future energy systems are unlikely to be the same as the values we embrace today. This paper discusses principles of rational choice for agents expecting future value shifts. How do we ought to reason if we believe that some values are likely to change in the future? Are future values more, equally, or less important than present ones? To answer this question, I propose and discuss the Expected Center of Gravity Principle, which articulates what I believe to be a reasonable compromise between present and future values.

Is collective nest site selection in ants influenced by the anchoring effect?

Evolutionary theory predicts that animals make decisions that maximize fitness. If so, they are expected to adhere to principles of rational choice, which a decision-maker must follow to reliably maximize net benefit. For example, evaluation of an option should not be influenced by the quality of other unchosen options. However, humans and other animals are known to evaluate a mediocre option more favorably after encountering poor options than after encountering no options, a phenomenon known as the ‘anchoring effect’. Rationality is also expected in the consensus decisions of animal societies, but the anchoring effect has not previously been tested in that context. Here we show that colonies of the rock ant, Temnothorax rugatulus, demonstrate the anchoring effect during nest site selection — colonies moved more readily from a mediocre nest to a good nest when exposed to poor nests than when exposed to mediocre nests. This effect depended on both current conditions and past experience; movement probability was affected only when colonies were exposed to surrounding nests before and during the emigration. The effect was small, reaching statistical significance in only one of two experimental replicates. We discuss possible mechanisms and ultimate explanations for why colonies show this seemingly suboptimal behavior.

Financial literacy and consumer culture in behavioral economics as a condition for sustainable development

The purpose of the work is to study the possibilities of improving financial literacy and economic culture, behavioral economics in conjunction with solving the problems of sustainable development in the economic, environmental and social spheres. The apparatus of "behavioral economics" is applied as a theoretical paradigm that takes into account "psychology" to analyze the behavior of subjects of industrial relations. In the work, the author links financial literacy, behavioral economics, economic culture with the problems of sustainable development, and also reveals the conditionality of this development by the need to increase: the culture of thinking, comprehension of moral values, the level of rational consumption. According to the research hypothesis, the solution of these problems is largely due to the quality of the content of the education and enlightenment system. Financial literacy is considered as a condition for increasing the culture of consumption. The research methodology is based on a dialectical approach, an inductive-deductive method, a descriptive analysis of the fundamentals of the behavior of economic agents: theoretical principles of rational choice (maximizing utility) and observed deviations from rational behavior (limited rationality, behavioral effects and systematic errors associated with them); consumer culture, etc. Projects to improve financial literacy in the higher education system are considered as an educational environment that should be used to form predicative thinking, increase economic culture, culture of thinking, financial literacy, consumer culture, as important components in achieving sustainable development. The author concludes that increasing the financial literacy of the population contributes to an increase in the culture of consumption, which consists in satisfying the natural needs of a person as opposed to irrational behavior and degradation-parasitic consumption, which not only lead to losses in the personal budget, but also increase the destruction of natural resources and the destruction of the biosphere. As a result, it is proposed to supplement the program of improving economic culture conducted by national institutions with the topic of improving consumer culture, to expand the content of the general cultural competencies of the Federal State Educational Institution with a more complete knowledge of dialectics, moral value orientations, and the ability of predicative thinking

Transformative Experience, Awareness Growth, and the Limits of Rational Planning

AbstractLaurie Paul argues that, when it comes to many of your most significant life-changing decisions, the principles of rational choice are silent. That is because, in these cases, you anticipate that one of your choice options would yield a transformative experience. We argue that such decisions are best seen as ones in which you anticipate awareness growth. You do not merely lack knowledge about which possible outcome will arise from a transformative option; you lack knowledge about what are the possible outcomes. We show how principles of rational choice can be extended to cases of anticipated awareness growth.

The certainty–offending relationship as a function of a nation's free market cultural ethos

The current study sought to integrate aspects of classic strain and institutional anomie theories with concepts from deterrence and rational choice theories for application in a large sample of European respondents. Participants were 52,458 individuals (55% female, average age = 48 years) from the fifth round of the 27-country European Social Survey. Each participant rated their involvement in three relatively minor offenses (false insurance claims, buying stolen property, and traffic offenses) over the past five years along with their perceived certainty of getting caught and punished should they commit one or more of these prohibited acts. Each country's total 2010 Index of Economic Freedom score was also included in the study as a level 2 variable in a two-level multilevel modeling analysis. Consistent with predictions, participants from countries with higher Index of Economic Freedom scores displayed a significantly stronger connection between certainty of punishment and involvement in minor offending than participants from lower Index of Economic Freedom countries. An additional individual-level variable, the marketized mentality, was also included in the analysis and while it correlated with minor offending, it failed to interact with the Index of Economic Freedom or alter free market cultural ethos moderation of the certainty-offending relationship. These findings suggest that individuals living in a country with a strong free market cultural ethos are more apt to incorporate rational choice principles like certainty into their crime-related decisions than individuals residing in a country with a weaker free market cultural ethos.

ASSESSMENT OF CRISIS-FORMING FACTORS AS A MEANS OF MONITORING THREATS TO EFFECTIVE BODY SUPPORT OF NATIONAL GUARD OF UKRAINE MILITARY UNITS

This article presents the development of theoretical and methodological provisions for methods of monitoring and assessing the level of impact of crisis-generating threats to the effective logistics of military units of the National Guard of Ukraine. The scientific novelty of the obtained results is the development of theoretical and methodological provisions for assessing the level of influence of crisis-forming factors of threats to the effective logistics of military units of the National Guard of Ukraine. The proposed classification of various factors may cause a crisis in the logistics of military units. An objective relationship between the threat of a crisis and the factors that give rise to it is presented in the form of a linear regression equation of functional relationships. The study proposes a formalized presentation of the system of objectives for assessing the level of impact of crisis-generating threats to the effective logistics of military units of the National Guard of Ukraine. In this article the economic-mathematical modeling of influence of crisis-forming factors of threats to effective logistics of military divisions of National guard of Ukraine in the form of game with opposite interests is carried out. In this regard, the paper proposes to use a certain principle of rational choice of player strategy. In the context of assessing the level of influence of crisis-forming factors of threats to effective logistics, the article considers and formally presents the principle of the most guaranteed result, which is used in case of insufficient awareness of the influence of factors. Similarly, the paper considers the principle of indicator behavior and performs its economic and mathematical representation. A mathematical representation of the optimization problem is proposed, in the arcs of which the volume of agreements of military units with stakeholders and the cost of implemented innovations are determined. The article focuses on the fact that local management of individual factors and groups does not give the maximum possible result due to the high importance of synergistic relationships. The possibility of obtaining a positive result in this work is largely determined by the integrated management of factors in order to effectively adapt to variations and influences of the environment. The practical significance of the obtained results is the formation of appropriate recommendations to the command of military units regarding the formation of a system of anti-crisis monitoring of the impact of crisis-forming factors of threats to effective logistics.

Принципи раціоналізації вибору товарної спеціалізації виробництва в аграрних підприємствах

The research is devoted to the scientific analysis of the rational choice principles of commodity specialization taking into account the functioning specifics of agricultural enterprises. The main tasks are identified, the solution of which has the potential to improve the internal specialization. There are among them: the maximum production increase in each unit, effi-cient use of production funds and work-force, improving the production efficiency. The adaptation process of commodity specialization of agricultural enterprises to market conditions is structured. Eight stages of it are distinguished: from deter-mining the change volume related to the enterprise adaptation to the external environment, to adjusting the system of opera-tional, tactical and strategic planning. In the factor analysis framework of the internal and external environment of agrarian enterprise, the determinants of its product specialization are systematized. The author's vision of the organizational and economic mechanism of managing the specialization of agricultural enterprises is outlined. The tendency to update the re-search of the risk system in the managing process the specialization of agricultural enterprises has been noted. This system has included the following risks: market, personnel, financial, legal, natural-climatic, logistical, agro-technological, the only mechanism for regulation in many branches of agriculture. The conclusion is made that substantiation of construction con-ceptual bases of organizational and economic mechanism of commodity specialization management of agrarian enterprise allows to realize adaptation development strategies of production and commercial activity. The basis is a comprehensive consideration of the factors of external and internal environment in the components mobilization of production and economic potential, as well as determining the configuration of management systems of commodity specialization in enterprise man-agement. Keywords: agricultural production, specialization, commodity specialization, commodity structure, agrarian enter-prise.

Egalitarianism under Severe Uncertainty

In the spring of 2009, a novel strain of the H1N1 influenza virus, containing a never before witnessed combination of gene segments from human influenza, two forms of swine influenza, and avian influenza, 1 was declared a global pandemic. The UK Government had to decide whether to undertake, at a cost of £1.2 billion (USD 1.9 billion at the time, equivalent to 1 percent of that year’s health budget), an extensive set of preparatory measures, including the purchase of both antiviral medication and a novel vaccine in quantities sufficient to cover the entire UK population, or whether instead to take substantially less costly measures, which would involve having only a limited supply of these medicines and vaccines at hand.2 The possible.

(Ir)rational choices of humans, rhesus macaques, and capuchin monkeys in dynamic stochastic environments

Human and animal decision-making is known to violate rational expectations in a variety of contexts. Previous models suggest that statistical structures of real-world environments can favor such seemingly irrational behavior, but this has not been tested empirically. We tested 16 capuchin monkeys, seven rhesus monkeys, and 30 humans in a computerized experiment that implemented such stochastic environments. Subjects chose from among up to three options of different value that disappeared and became available again with different probabilities. All species overwhelmingly chose transitively (A > B > C) in the control condition, where doing so maximized overall gain. Most subjects also adhered to transitivity in the test condition, where it was suboptimal, but ultimately led to negligible losses compared to the optimal, non-transitive strategy. We used a modelling approach to show that differences in temporal discounting may account for this pattern of choices on a proximate level. Specifically, when short- and long-term goals are valued similarly, near-optimal decision rules can map onto rational choice principles. Such cognitive shortcuts have been argued to have evolved to preserve mental resources without sacrificing good decision-making, and here we provide evidence that these heuristics can provide almost identical outcomes even in situations in which they lead to suboptimal choices.

JUSTIFICATION OF THE CHOICE OF GENERATION III CEPHALOSPORINS IN THE THERAPY OF ACUTE BACTERIAL RHINOSINUSITIS

The article provides modern data on the prevalence and etiology of acute rhinosinusitis. The principles of rational choice of antibacterial drugs are analyzed taking into account the sensitivity of the main causative agents for the treatment of rhinosinusitis. The advantages of applying in this disease cephalosporins, namely, cefixime drug (Panzer®) – oral generation III cephalosporin, combining a broad range of antimicrobial activity, good pharmacokinetic properties, a favorable tolerability profile and ease of application (1 tpd). Data from clinical trials of the drug Panzer® recommended it for its wide use in medicine.

Violations of rational choice principles in pricing decisions

Research on behavioral and psychological aspects of pricing is concerned with violations of rationality. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the current literature by highlighting those studies that have specific relevance for industrial pricing. I hereby examine two different perspectives. First, by taking the customer perspective, I analyze under which circumstances customer purchase decisions violate basic principles of rational choice. Second, by taking the perspective of managers, I examine which biases affect the process of price setting within firms. This overview meaningfully advances industrial pricing theory and practice: It allows both customers and managers to guard themselves against widely diffused traps in decision making. It also enables managers to favorably influence customer perceptions of value and price without actually changing the price. Finally, by pulling together a number of different research areas into a more parsimonious framework and a tighter narrative, this framework offers systematic directions for future research.

Editorial — Behavioral and psychological aspects of b2b pricing

In this paper we define core research questions falling within the domain of behavioral and psychological aspects of B2B pricing. We then present the papers accepted for this special issue. Central research questions are, in our view, all those instances where decisions about price violate basic principles of rational choice. Decisions about price involve two main actors. First is the customer. We are interested in how customers' purchase decisions in B2B exhibit behavioral patterns that are inconsistent with rational choice models. Second is the manager. Managers set prices and in this process are equally susceptible to violating fundamental principles of rational choice. For this special issue we have been able to accept six papers. We welcome the debate that these papers are likely to start.

Why humans are (sometimes) less rational than other animals: Cognitive complexity and the axioms of rational choice

Several formal analyses in decision theory have shown that if people's preferences follow certain logical patterns (the so-called axioms of rational choice) then they are behaving as if they are maximising utility. However, numerous studies in the decision-making literature have indicated that humans often violate the axioms of rational choice. Additionally, studies of nonhuman animals indicate that they are largely rational in an axiomatic sense. It is important to understand why the finding that humans are less rational than other animals is not paradoxical. This paper discusses three reasons why the principles of rational choice are actually easier to follow when the cognitive architecture of the organism is simpler: contextual complexity, symbolic complexity, and the strong evaluator struggle.

CONSEQUENTIALISM AND RATIONAL CHOICE: LESSONS FROM THE ALLAIS PARADOX

Abstract:This paper investigates the relation between consequentialism, as conceived of in moral theory, and standard expected utility theory. I argue that there is a close connection between the two. I show furthermore that consequentialism is not neutral with regard to the values of the agent. Consequentialism, as well as standard expected utility theory, is incompatible with the recognition of considerations that depend on what could have been the case, such as regret and disappointment. I conclude that consequentialism should be rejected as a principle of rational choice and that there are reasons to doubt its plausibility in the realm of moral theory. Moreover, this is a reason to doubt whether standard expected utility theory is a plausible theory of rational choice.

ON THE IDENTIFICATION OF A LOGICAL INCONSISTENCY IN THE GENERAL THEORY OF CRIME

ABSTRACT Gottfredson and Hirschi's general theory of crime is widely tested and commented upon and just as widely misapprehended. Criminologists have paid insufficient attention to the implications of the theory's rootedness in classical criminological and rational choice principles and its steadfast rejection of positivism. As a result, much of the beauty of the theory remains unappreciated. A more serious consequence is that criminologists have overlooked what careful attention to the classical and rational choice underpinnings of the theory discloses: the logical inconsistency of two fundamental claims made by Gottfiredson and Hirschi. This paper shows that on pain of logical inconsistency one cannot simultaneously assert, as Gottfredson and Hirschi wish to do, that rational judgment is the ultimate causal determinant of behavior and that variation in parental management practices explains variation in self-control. The proof consists of a demonstration that parental management practices can explain variation in self-control only if rational judgment is not, contrary to what Gottfredson and Hirschi assert, the ultimate causal determinant of behavior. Subsequent to presentation of the proof, implications are discussed, and the logical form of an alternative account of self-control suggested by the manner of resolution of the contradiction is offered.