Ratio Of Ethanol Research Articles

A study on the effect of hydrogen enriched intake air on the characteristics of a diesel engine fueled with ethanol blended diesel

This work aims to replace conventional diesel fuel with low and no carbon fuels like ethanol and hydrogen to reduce the harmful emission that causes environmental degradation. Pursuant to this objective, this study investigated the performance, combustion, and emission characteristics of the diesel engine operated on dual fuel mode by ethanol-diesel blends with H2 enriched intake air at different engine loads with a constant engine speed of 1500 rpm. The results were compared to sole diesel operation with and without H2 enrichment. The ethanol/diesel was blended in v/v ratios of 5, 10, and 15% and tested in a diesel engine along with a 9 lpm H2 flow rate at the intake manifold. The results revealed that 10% ethanol with 9 lpm H2 combination gives the maximum brake thermal efficiency, which is 1% and 4.8% higher than diesel with and without H2 enrichment, respectively. The brake specific fuel consumption of the diesel-ethanol blends with H2 flow increased with increasing ethanol ratio in the blend. When the ethanol ratio increased from 5 to 10%, in-cylinder pressure and heat release rate were increased, whereas HC, CO, and NOx emissions were decreased. At maximum load, the CO and HC emission of 10% ethanol blend with 9 lpm H2 case decreased by about 50% and 28.7% compared to sole diesel. However, NOx emission of the same blend was 11.4% higher than diesel. From the results, the study concludes that 10% ethanol blended diesel with a 9 lpm H2 flow rate at the intake port is the best dual-fuel mode combination that gives the best engine characteristics with maximum diesel replacement.

Synthesis, characterization, antioxidant activity of Quercetin, Rutin and Quercetin-Rutin incorporated β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes and determination of their activity in NIH-3T3, MDA-MB-231 and A549 cell lines

Quercetin (Q) and rutin (R) are plant-originated polyphenolic flavonoids with considerably strong antioxidant and anticancer activity. Despite their potentials, low water solubility, stability problems and oral bioavailability limit their therapeutic use. The specific purpose of our study was to formulate inclusion complexes of Q and R with β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) to improve the solubility and also antioxidant activity of the flavonoids. Therefore 12 different complexes were prepared by both evaporation and lyophilization methods with 1:1 molar ratio in ethanol:water (1:1, v/v) solvent system. The characteristics of the complexes were also evaluated by yield%, zeta potential (ZP), entrapment efficiency (EE), 1H NMR, XRD, FT-IR, DSC analyses. In vitro dissolution studies were performed in comparison with pure substances. Antioxidant activity studies were carried out with DPPH tests. Cytotoxic evaluations of complexes were conducted with MTT tests on NIH 3T3, MDA-MB-231 and A549 cell lines. 1H- NMR analyses revealed the complex formation considering the shifts of the protons of the APIs as well as β-CD. ZP values were ranged between -21.20±0.56 mV and -7.10±0.62 mV. The aqueous solubility of Q and R were increased ∼29 fold and ∼35 fold, respectively. According to the MTT analyses results it has been shown that the flavonoids loaded complexes were particularly effective in MDA-MB-231 cells and 50% cell inhibition was observed even at 5 µM. The results of the analyses have demonstrated that the formation of inclusion complexes resulted in enhanced water solubility and cytotoxicity which will enhance their potential use in pharmaceutical applications.

Quercetin extraction from small onion skin (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum Don.) and its antioxidant activity

In the present study, the maximum yield of quercetin was optimized for the ethanol extraction of small onions (Allium cepa L. var. aggregatum Don.), and the antioxidant activity was investigated in vitro. The extraction of quercetin from the small onion skin was carried out through ethanol solvent extraction with different ratios of ethanol and water. Ethanol: water ratio produced the highest quercetin from the onion skin. RP-HPLC analysis of the extracted material showed 2, 122 mg/g of quercetin and 0.34 mg/g of isorhamnetin. A total of 301.03 mg GAE/g dry weight and 156 mg/g quercetin equivalents were found in the onion skin extract. DPPH and ABTS free radical scavenging potentials of the tested extract (90:10 v/v) were dose-dependent, with IC50 values of 62.27 μg/mL and 53.65 μg/mL, respectively. Therefore, the present study reports that small onion skin extract rich in quercetin may serve as a promising antioxidant and anticancer agent.

δ13C-Ethanol as a Potential Exclusionary Criterium for the Authentication of Scotch Whiskies in Taiwan: Normal vs. 3-Parameter Lognormal Distributions of δ13C-Ethanol Found in Single Malt and Blended Scotch Whiskies

With the difference in the photosynthesis process between C3- and C4-plants, the 13C/12C stable isotope ratio of ethanol, i.e., δ13C-ethanol, can potentially be a basis for the discrimination of Scotch whiskies derived from different raw materials. This study analyzed 51 authentic single malt Scotch whiskies and 34 authentic blended Scotch whiskies by gas chromatography–combustion–isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) and examined the resulting data by a series of fitting distribution processes. The evaluation result demonstrated that δ13C-ethanol distribution of single malt Scotch whiskies fitted both normal and 3-parameter lognormal distribution. For blended Scotch whiskies, however, the data distribution of δ13C-ethanol conformed with a 3-parameter lognormal distribution rather than a normal one. Moreover, 99.7% of the confidence intervals (CI) of δ13C-ethanol for single malt Scotch whiskies would define between −23.21‰ to −30.07‰ for 3-parameter lognormal distribution, while from −11.19‰ to −28.93‰ for blended Scotch whiskies on the basis of the statistical properties. The simulative adulterated Scotch whiskies using more than 30% C4-derived edible distilled spirits can be effectively discriminated by means of CI of δ13C-ethanol. Since the addition of rectified spirits produced from the C4 plant has been found in some cases of seized Scotch whiskies in Taiwan, establishing a CI of δ13C-ethanol would be valuable for the purpose of Scotch whisky authentication.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction for Antioxidant Activity in Relation to Rhoifolin Content of Fortunella polyandra using Response Surface Methodology (RSM)

Fortunella polyandra (Ridl) Tanaka or Malayan kumquat, is a family of Rutaceae from Malaysia known for its various active compounds, especially flavonoids. This study aims to verify the optimum condition and correlation of leaves extract in Fortunella polyandra by ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for antioxidant activities and apigenin 7-O-neohesperidoside (rhoifolin) contents using the response surface methodology (RSM). Central composite rotatable design (CCD) was performed to investigate the influence of the extraction parameters on maximum antioxidant activity, namely temperatures (X1), times (X2), and solvent ratios of ethanol:water (X3). The optimal extraction conditions for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging activity were obtained at extraction time of 5 min, temperature of 30 °C and solvent ratio of 70:30, ethanol:water with IC50 value of 0.126±0.004 mg/mL. Rhoifolin content and ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP) assay share the same optimum condition at extraction time of 5 min, temperature of 30 °C, and solvent ratio of 30:70, ethanol:water. Under these conditions, rhoifolin content was measured at 67.83±0.37 ppm, whereas FRAP equivalent value was recorded at 0.22±0.01 mg/mL. All three responses from the model achieved 95% confidence level. Correlation study showed that there is no relationship between the rhoifolin content and the antioxidant activities of Fortunella polyandra extract.

Performance and mechanisms of PropS-SH/Ce(dbp)3 coatings in the inhibition of pyrite oxidationtion for acid mine drainage control

Inhibition of tailings oxidation could availably control the generation of acid mine wastewater from its source. Organosilanes serving as a high-efficiency inhibitor of the oxidation of pyrite, bring some problems including safety hazards caused by large amounts of organic solvents, difficult high-temperature curing, poor long-term properties, and so on. In our work, the PropS-SH/Ce (dbp)3 (PS/Ce (dbp)3) passivator with excellent passivation performance and self-healing properties was prepared by choosing 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (PropS-SH) and dibutyl phosphate (Ce (dbp)3) as the main passivating agent and the repair agent, respectively. We reduced the ratio of ethanol to water by adjusting the pH of the organosilane condensation and also achieved room-temperature curing by extending the curing time. Electrochemical and chemical leaching experiments results showed that the most appropriate addition of Ce (dbp)3 was 0.2 wt% for enhancing the passivation performance of the passivated coating. In a 6-month chemical leaching experiment, the PS/Ce (dbp)3-0.2 passivation coating cured at room temperature showed a better passivation effect and maintained 90.55% and 78.54% of total Fe and SO42− passivation efficiencies. The passivation and self-healing mechanisms were investigated by FT-IR, XPS, 29Si NMR, and other characterization methods, which were as follows: silane formed a cross-linked mesh structure by Si–O–Si bonding, in which Ce (dbp)3 was physically filled. And the Si–OH on the surface of the passivation film formed Fe–O–Si bonds with the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the pyrite, thus attaching to the surface of the pyrite and isolating the oxidation medium. When the passivation coating was locally damaged, the oxidation reaction caused a change in pH, which accelerated the dissolution of Ce (dbp)3 in the passivation layer. Ce3+ underwent a valence change and formed a CeO2 precipitate, while dbp− could form a complex with Fe2+ on the pyrite surface, both of which worked together to repair the broken passivation coating and prevent the oxidation reaction.

Total Polyphenol Content of Bromelia Leaves (Neoregelia marmorata) Etanol Extract

This study aims to determine total polyphenol content of Bromelia (Neoregelia marmorata) leaves extract with ethanol and water solvent ratio. There are three kinds of comparisons, ethanol 96%, ethanol 50 % and aquadest. The third variation of the extract is then determined the total polyphenol content. Determination of total polyphenol content was performed using visible light spectrophotometry at wavelength 758 nm with Folin-ciocalteu reagent and standard used was gallic acid. The highest average polyphenol content was obtained ethanol extract 96% then ethanol 50%, aquadest that is 0,4710 mgGAE / g; 0.3677 mgGAE / g; 0.1847 mgGAE / g. The more part of ethanol 96%, the total polyphenol content is higher. Furthermore, one way anova test is used to know the difference in the three extracts and followed by Post Hoc test. The results of the analysis showed significant differences between the three variants extract with probability value (p≤0,05).

Biodiesel production from date seed oil via CaO-derived catalyst from waste eggshell

The catalyst typically employed to produce biodiesel was replaced with the CaO catalyst of eggshell derivation as this shows great potential as a substitute catalyst. The synthesised catalysts were assessed in terms of their physical and chemical qualities via BET, TGA and XRD analysis. This revealed that, besides displaying exceptional transesterification activity, the catalyst synthesised at 950 °C also offered the greatest biodiesel yield. The present work involved subjecting the inedible date seed oil-producing feedstock to the process of generating biodiesel. CaO nanoparticles of waste eggshell derivation resulting from calcination at various temperatures provided mediation for the process of transesterification. The maximum of 85% yield of biodiesel was attained based on a 1:12 oil–ethanol ratio, 4 wt.% catalyst loading and 75 °C temperature. The catalyst evaluation showed that the CaO nanoparticles were pure and of nanoscale. Furthermore, many distinct ethyl ester peaks were identified when biodiesel was analysed through gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. There was also confirmation that ethyl ester exhibited fuel-associated characteristics, which were consistent with the specifications of the international standards ASTM D-6571 and EN 14214.

Enhanced bleachability of chemi-thermomechanical pulp by hydrogen peroxide bleaching in ethanol-water media

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) bleaching in ethanol-water media was used to improve the bleaching efficiency of the chemi-thermomechanical pulp (CTMP). The brightness of CTMP increased and the yellowness decreased when the ethanol ratio was increased to 50%. However, when more than 50% ethanol was added, the brightness decreased, and the yellowness increased. In general, H2O2 bleaching in ethanol-water media, except for 100% ethanol, improved the optical properties of CTMP compared to conventional H2O2 bleaching. Moreover, the chemical composition of CTMP did not alter significantly. The best bleaching condition for CTMP was observed in 50% ethanol at a bleaching temperature and time of 80 °C and 120 min, respectively. The brightness of CTMP under this condition increased by approximately 22% compared with conventional H2O2 bleached CTMP. Principal component analysis (PCA) revealed that the optical properties of bleached CTMP were affected by the structural changes of the aromatic ring and carbonyl group in lignin and carbonyl group in hemicellulose. Consequently, the specific optimal ratio of ethanol that could improve the optical properties of CTMP was determined. The results can serve as a reference for fabricating improved CTMP for its practical application in high-grade papermaking.

Asymmetrical electrohydrogenation of CO2 to ethanol with copper–gold heterojunctions

Copper is distinctive in electrocatalyzing reduction of CO2 into various energy-dense forms, but it often suffers from limited product selectivity including ethanol in competition with ethylene. Here, we describe systematically designed, bimetallic electrocatalysts based on copper/gold heterojunctions with a faradaic efficiency toward ethanol of 60% at currents in excess of 500 mA cm-2. In the modified catalyst, the ratio of ethanol to ethylene is enhanced by a factor of 200 compared to copper catalysts. Analysis by ATR-IR measurements under operating conditions, and by computational simulations, suggests that reduction of CO2 at the copper/gold heterojunction is dominated by generation of the intermediate OCCOH*. The latter is a key contributor in the overall, asymmetrical electrohydrogenation of CO2 giving ethanol rather than ethylene.

Formulation and in-vitro Evaluation of Ethosomes using Anastrozole as a Modeling Drug

Anastrozole (ANZ) is a potent non-steroidal aromatase II inhibitor (AI) used to decrease or delay the progression of breast tumor growth in some women. Since ANZ could be delivered transdermally due to its physicochemical characteristics as (log p of 3.5, aqueous solubility of 0.5 mg /mL, low dosage and half-life of 46.8 hr.) so, it could be used as a modelling drug evaluation of ethosomes, the current study aimed to formulate ANZ loaded ethosomes and evaluate the formulated ethosomes for particle size and PDI, entrapment efficiency and in vitro release profile. Film hydration method was used to prepare ANZ-loaded ethosoms. using different ratios of phospholipid (Soy phosphatidyl choline) and ethanol at variables probe sonication energy and time ratios.
 polydispersity index and particle size were used to evaluate the prepared ANZ-loaded ethosoms. The optimized formula of ethosomes which contain (1% Soy phosphatidyl choline,20% ethanol subjected to 300watt sonication energy with 1/3 sonication on /off ratio) was studied for in vitro drug release. It had 127.75±0.36 nm particle diameter and 74.7136 ± 3.457 % entrapment efficiency, the release kinetics obey Korsmeyer-Peppas and non-Fickian release as R2=0.9779 and n=0.737.
 The ratios of Soy phosphatidyl choline, ethanol, sonication energy and duration had a significant impact on the particle size of ethosomes at (p0.05). The preformulating analysis of Powder X-ray diffraction (P-XRD) indicate amorphous ethosomes. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) showed the inertness among components.

Effect of ethanol on auto-ignition characteristics and laminar burning velocity of gasoline under elevated temperature and pressure

Gasoline and its surrogate fuels have developed rapidly in recent years, and the study of the theory of multi-fuel mixed combustion is vital to the improvement of power machines. On the basis of the important role of ethanol-gasoline mixtures in oxygenated alternative fuels, Cai and Pitsch’ s mechanism was selected for a numerical study to research the important role of ethanol with respect to combustion of gasoline from a chemical kinetic perspective. It is found that the addition of ethanol accelerates the LBV and shortens the IDTs of gasoline, and the LBV of ethanol-gasoline mixtures goes up as both the initial temperature and the ethanol ratio rise, while the LBV of ethanol-gasoline mixtures declines as the initial pressure increases. The IDTs of ethanol-gasoline mixtures tend to decrease as the initial temperature, ethanol ratio and initial pressure increase. The addition of ethanol increases the production of the intermediates CH3, HCO and CH2O, and the reactive radicals in the system increase with the addition of ethanol. In addition, the addition of ethanol can lead to an earlier surge of OH groups. This study is not only helpful for the design of ethanol-gasoline power engines, but also promotes the development of alternative fuels.

Strength Recovery Effect of Bisphenol A Epoxy Resin E44 on Rock Masses with Various Crack Widths

As a desirable bonding and repair material, epoxy resin combined with other materials is widely used in civil engineering, but its application in underground rock engineering is still limited compared with the wide use of cement grout. To explore and optimize the effect of room temperature-cured bisphenol A epoxy resin E44 on the strength recovery of rock samples with cracks of various widths, the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of epoxy resin was studied and the mass ratio of the curing agent to epoxy resin ( k C E ) was adjusted and optimized. On this basis, the UCS of the selected epoxy resin was investigated by adding diverse amounts of ethanol so that the ratio corresponding to the repair material with better mechanical properties could be selected. Artificial cracks of various widths were filled with the optimized materials, and then, a UCS test was conducted on the repaired rock samples to evaluate the effect on strength recovery and compare it with that of ultrafine Portland cement (UPC). The results show that the UCS of epoxy resin stones increases when k C E ≤ 0.25 and decreases when k C E > 0.25, reaching a peak of 92.41 MPa. Furthermore, as the mass ratio of ethanol to curing agent and epoxy resin ( k A ) increases, the UCS increases to 94.65 MPa for k C E = 0.25 and k A = 0.01. The crack width influences the UCS of the repaired rock mass. With increasing crack width, the effect of epoxy resin on recovery continuously improves, whereas that of UPC shows the opposite trend. Compared with UPC, epoxy resin has an overwhelmingly greater effect on strength recovery. For instance, for a 3 mm-wide crack, the recovered UCS for 28 d epoxy resin is 83.48 MPa, with much larger peak strains, and the strength recovery rate ( k r ) is 77.55%; however, the k r of UPC is only 15.12%.

The intra-laboratory study of EIM-IRMS® (Ethanol Isotope Measurement–Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry) method performance with CS-qNMR (Cumulative Screening–quantitative NMR)

In our earlier publications we proposed the possibility of using new EIM–IRMS® instrumental technique and analytical parameter δDn wine ethanol, which represents δ2H value of non-exchangeable hydrogen stable isotope ratio in ethanol, to improve detection of illegal wine production practices such as addition of sugar and/or water to grape must prior to alcoholic fermentation. This article shows a comparative performance study between EIM-IRMS® and CS-qNMR methods in order to evaluate potential and demonstrate the precision of two isotopic concepts and their degree of detection of illegal wine production practices. Three batches of laboratory wine samples were prepared from three different types of grapes (N=24 samples). Sample results obtained from both methods are compared and a statistical data processing was carried out. Based on the results obtained using the EIM-IRMS® method we detected 11 out of 21 of previously adulterated wine samples which represents a success rate of 52.4% detection of illegal practices (beet sugar, water or beet sugar syrup additions). In addition, wines from the Republic of Serbia (90 samples) were examined as well using the EIM-IRMS® method and appropriate equipment to confirm their authenticity.

A Review of Research on Emission Characteristics of Ethanol-Diesel Blends in Diesel Engines

This paper reviews research on the emission characteristics of blended ethanol and other fuels. With the rapid development of modern industry, the extensive use of fuel engines has led to increasingly prominent contradictions between energy and the environment. In order to respond to sustainable development and reduce engine emissions in various countries, many scientific research institutions have conducted research on mixed fuels. The research of blended fuel mainly focuses on its sustainability, economy and environmental protection. Compared with gasoline engines, diesel engines have a lower fuel consumption rate and are widely used in heavy industry. But its fuel comes from refining crude oil, which is non-renewable and has poor cleanliness. As an emerging renewable fuel, ethanol is a fuel with good development prospects due to its good cleanliness, wide range of sources and renewable. If ethanol can be used as an alternative fuel for traditional internal combustion engines and diesel engines, it can save some traditional fuels and improve the emission problems of internal combustion engines to a certain extent. This paper introduces the research status of ethanol blended fuels, and the emission characteristics of engines (NOx, HC and CO) under different ethanol ratios and different operating conditions. It can be seen that with the increase of ethanol blending ratio, NOx content will increase, while CO and HC emissions will decrease.

Synthesis of hierarchical Cd-Ni-MOF micro/nanostructures and derived Cd-Ni-MOF/CdS/NiS hybrid photocatalysts for efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.

Hierarchical micro/nanostructures assembled from nanorods and nanosheets have become promising candidates for photocatalysis. In this work, a series of hierarchical Cd-Ni-MOF micro/nanostructures, assembled from nanosheets and nanorods, were fabricated via a two-step solvothermal process involving the partial replacement of Ni2+ with Cd2+ in the Ni-MOF-74 structure. Different morphologies were obtained by considering different volume ratios of DMF and ethanol as the solvent during synthesis. Hierarchical Cd-Ni-MOF-T/CdS/NiS hybrid micro/nanostructures were synthesized by Ni2+ and Cd2+ exchange of Cd-Ni-MOFs with S2-. The as-prepared samples, which were composed of thin nanosheets alone, exhibited the best photocatalytic H2 evolution rate of about 40.08 mmol g-1 h-1. The p-n junction between CdS and NiS was found to be beneficial for the migration of photogenerated electrons from the conduction band (CB) of NiS to the CB of CdS. The heterojunction between CdS and Cd-Ni-MOF-T further promoted the transfer of an electron from the CB of CdS to the CB of Cd-Ni-MOF-T. Thus, this study demonstrated that hierarchical Cd-Ni-MOF-T/CdS/NiS architectures have a large specific surface area, leading to significantly improved photocatalytic activity.

Performance and Emission Characteristics of SI Engine Running With Gasoline, Blends of Ethanol and Blends of Ethiopian Arekie

Petroleum fuels have become a threat to the world because of their toxic emissions. Besides, it is unknown how long they will last. The only known fact is that they are depleting rapidly and will not last long. So the world’s concern about finding environmentally friendly alternative fuels has increased recently. Hence alcohol fuels are found to be the most convenient alternatives to use in internal combustion engines. This research intends to introduce Ethiopian locally produced alcohol as an alternative in the blended form with gasoline to use in spark ignition engines. The traditionally distilled Arekie was purchased from a local producer and purified using fractional distillation. Then five Arekie-gasoline blends were prepared with the proportion of 5,10,15,20, and 25%v/v (A5,A10,A15,A20, and A25, respectively). Also, absolute ethanol was purchased from a local supplier, and ethanol-gasoline blends were prepared with a similar proportion as Arekie-gasoline blends (E5,E10,E15,E20, and E25). Then an experiment was conducted on a single cylinder, 4-stroke, spark-ignition engine running at a constant speed of 2500 rpm and variable loads to investigate the performance and emission characteristics. Results showed that the performance and emission parameters are significantly improved as the ratio of Arekie and ethanol in gasoline increases at all loads. Among all tested fuels, E20 exhibited better performance, and E25 Exhibited better emission. A20 provided a slightly lower performance than E20 but much improved compared to pure gasoline. A25 provided comparable emissions with E25 and was much better than pure gasoline. Generally, adding up to 20%v/v Ethiopian Arekie in gasoline could make a better, renewable alternative to spark ignition engines

Efficient chain elongation synthesis of n-caproate from shunting fermentation of food waste

Food waste was used to produce ethanol by yeast fermentation and volatile fatty acids (VFAs) by hydrolytic acidogenesis for chain elongation. Effectiveness of mole ratio of ethanol in yeast fermentation effluent (YFE) to VFAs in hydrolytic acidification effluent (HAE) on chain elongation was examined. The ideal YFE to HAE ratio for chain elongation was 2:1, the highest n-caproate production was 169.76 mg COD/g vS and the food waste utilization was 65.43 %. Electron transfer and carbon distribution did not completely correspond to n-caproate production, suggesting timely product extraction. The abundance of Romboutsia and Clostridium_sensu_stricto_12 increased as chain elongation progressed, which was critical for the chain elongation to n-caproate. The food waste shunting ratio of yeast fermentation to hydrolytic acidogenesis was 6:5, and 572.6 CNY can be created through chain elongation from shunting fermentation of 1 t food waste. This study proposed a new approach for efficient producing n-caproate from food waste.

Comparison of Maseration and Sonication Method on Flavonoid Extraction from Mango Leaves: Effect of Solvent Ratio

Mango leaf extract has proven to contain flavonoids that serve as antioxidants. In this study, a comparison between traditional maceration and sonication on flavonoid extraction from mango leaf was investigated. The various ratios of ethanol and acetone were utilized as solvents (1:5, 1:10, and 1:15). The sonication process, which uses an ultrasonic cleaning bath set at 40 oC, takes 30 minutes as contrasted to the maceration procedure of 36 hours treatment at room temperature. The flavonoid test using aluminum (III) chloride (AlCl3) colorimetric technique shows that acetone provides greater solvent power than ethanol. According to this study, the optimal ratios for the maceration and sonication procedures are 1:10 and 1:15, respectively. The maceration process resulted in the optimum extract of 0.186 mgQE/g dry leaves. Meanwhile, using a 1:15 acetone solvent ratio and the sonication method, the highest concentration of flavonoid components was discovered, reaching 0.143 mgQE/g dry material with 54 times shorter time.

Development and Characterization of Eudragit Rl100 Nanoparticle Loaded Duloxetine Hydrochloride Gel for Transdermal Drug Delivery

Purpose: The study sought to examine the feasibility of transdermal delivery of duloxetine hydrochloride from a nano-gel and in-vitro assessment of the gel to demonstrate improved solubility and drug absorption from in-vitro permeation studies using rat skin. Materials and Methods: Six formulas of amorphous duloxetine hydrochloride-loaded nanoparticle (NP) using eudragit RL 100 and Tween 80 as a stabilizer in the different ratios of ethanol by the solvent antisolvent technique. The physicochemical critiques of the amorphous duloxetine hydrochloride-loaded NP have completed the best formulation, NPF6, fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), particle size, and surface morphology analysis. The nano gel on produced using NPF6 in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) and carbopol glycol 934 gelling solutions. Investigated the gel’s mechanical and rheological characteristics and in-vitro permeation. Results: The chosen solvent-antisolvent precipitation technique might produce NP with desirable physicochemical characteristics. The particle size of the nanoparticle’s two factors is regulated by solvent: antisolvent surfactant content and ratio. According to the findings of the FTIR investigation, the medication and excipients were compatible. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigation reveals the development of distinct asymmetric NPs. A comparative learning process and statistical analysis discovered that the best thermosensitive nanogel of amorphized duloxetine hydrochloride NPs with higher bioavailability features was carbopol glycol 934 gel. Conclusion: As an outcome, the previously described in-vitro assessment of in-place nano gel put an example of the invention’s latent for increased solubility, patient compliance, and transdermal distribution of duloxetine hydrochloride.