Quotative Marker Research Articles

Marcadores del discurso de cita directa en corpus españoles del PRESEEA: estratificación social y distribución diatópica

The aim of this paper is to carry out a study on the social behavior and diatopic distribution of direct quotation markers considering data from PRESEEA-Spain oral corpus. On the one hand, from a sociolinguistic perspective, we will focus on the relation of the use of these discursive units with criteria such as sex, age, and educational level; and, on the other hand, we will consider their productivity in the samples of each city studied. As general results, the presence of different discourse markers (pues, o sea, en plan, etc.) that introduce direct quotation has been observed, a function linked to the initial position they occupy in the utterance. Furthermore, the geolectal difference is evidenced not only in quotation markers that are of exclusive use in some urban areas of Spain, but also in the stratification patterns according to social criteria.

A Variationist Study of Quotative System in the Non-native Speech of French

Abstract: Based on sociolinguistic data collected with 40 Chinese L1 learners of French in Paris, this article examines the quotative markers used by nonnative speakers of French in their direct speech reporting. Our results confirm previous findings in other ethnic groups that both linguistic and extralinguistic factors influence the use of some socio-pragmatic variables in non-native speech. On the one hand, it provides new data on the acquisition of socio-pragmatic competence by a less studied learner group; on the other hand, it offers a further reflection on the influence of linguistic taboo on learners’ L1 and the impact of the critical period in the immigration process on their language acquisition.

“She’s Like Why You Speak English While Dreaming?”: A Corpus-Based Study of Quotative Markers Used by Chinese Speakers of L2 English

Based on sociolinguistic data collected from 29 Chinese L1 speakers of English in the US, this article investigated the quotative markers used by non-native speakers in their direct speech reporting. By conducting regression analysis, both linguistic factors (the tense of the verb, the subject pronouns, the mimetic status of the quotation, the content of the quotation, and the presence of discourse markers) and extralinguistic factors (gender, extracurricular contact with native speakers, and length of stay in the target country) were examined and further discussed. Our results revealed that factors such as the content of the quotation, the tense of the verb, and the presence of other discourse markers significantly influence the choice of quotative markers in non-native speech. We demonstrated that non-native speakers use a variety of quotative verbs in their direct speech reporting. Nonetheless, because of L1 impact, they rely primarily on the dominant form say. We also noticed that while non-native speakers might not be accurate in their words when reporting direct speech, they use prosodic cues to make their storytelling more convincing and authentic.

Borrowed Swahili discourse-pragmatic features in Kenyan and Tanzanian Englishes

Abstract This study explores five Swahili discourse-pragmatic features – ati/eti, yaani, pole, sasa and sawa – which are borrowed from Swahili into Kenyan and Tanzanian Englishes, with a view to investigating their meanings, frequencies, positioning, collocational patterns, syntactic distribution and discourse-pragmatic functions. The data, which are extracted from the International Corpus of English-East Africa and the Kenyan and Tanzanian components of the corpus of Global Web-based English, are analysed quantitatively and qualitatively, from a variational and postcolonial corpus pragmatic framework. The study reveals that the Swahili discourse-pragmatic features occur more frequently in the Kenyan corpora than in the Tanzanian corpora, except in the case of sasa, which occurred with the same frequency in the online corpus. The paper identifies ati/eti as an attention marker, a quotative marker, a hearsay marker, an inferential marker, and an emotive interjection, yaani as an emphasis and elaborative marker, while pole is an attitudinal marker that expresses sympathy and sarcasm. While sasa is only an attention marker, sawa is an agreement and attention marker. The paper shows that these borrowed discourse-pragmatic features contribute to the distinctive nature of East African Englishes.

한일 인용구문에 관한 대조연구 - 인용동사와 인용절의 의미관계를 중심으로 -

This paper examines the semantic relation between quoted clauses and quotative verbs in terms of the ‘saying verb level’ and the role of quotation markers in modern Japanese and Korean quotation structure. It classifies types of quotative verbs into high, medium, and low ‘saying verb levels’, and analyzes the semantic relationship between each verb type and the quoted clause. As a result, for general verbs with a high ‘saying verb level’, the quoted clause suggests specific contents of the verb, and emotional verbs with a medium ‘saying verb level’ conveys a cause of the emotion in the main clause. The low level saying verb shows a situation in which the utterance of the quoted clause coincides with the action of the verb, and unlike in the previous two types, there is no semantic relationship at all in the low level saying verb type. In addition, the marker to is not acting as a quotation marker but as a marker to indicate the ‘equivalent relation’ when it appears in the “-o -to V” clause.

QUOTATIVES IN INFORMAL JAPANESE DISCOURSE: GRAMMAR AND PRAGMATICS

Based on the data from Japanese personal blogs the paper addresses grammar and pragmatics of the Japanese constructions with the quotative marker to. The aim is twofold: (a) to describe the actual use of quotatives in informal electronic discourse; and (b) to put the Japanese data in the context of the current discussion about the nature of the direct/indirect speech opposition. Japanese is shown to be an intriguing case when it comes to distinguishing direct and indirect reports. First, it lacks standard indexicals typical for languages known as “standard average European”, e.g. there is no personal agreement, first and second personal pronouns are extremely rare, hence, one can rely only on optional indexicals, like benefactives, honorifics or the so called final pragmatic particles. Furthermore, even these optional indexicals may operate controversially within one and the same utterance — some being oriented towards the external narrator (which is typical for pragmatically indirect reports) and other being oriented towards the internal speaker (which is typical for pragmatically direct reports). Second, whatever type of indexicals is used, if at all, the report is marked by the quotative marker (complementizer) to. This also distinguishes Japanese from standard average European languages where complementizers normally introduce only pragmatically indirect reports which constitute an embedded clause. Third, the quotation marks (kagi) are optional for pragmatically direct reports, especially in informal electronic discourse. The kind of data we present supports the approach to reported speech that doesn’t favor either/or decisions, but rather is based on multifactorial analysis that considers the whole range of possible parameters and isolates their observed language-specific clusters.

Error Analysis of Japanese Toritatejoshi Nanka, Nante, Nado, and Kurai

Hyouka no toritatejoshi or known as an evaluation of toritate particle is very important in Japanese language. But there are many toritate particles with similar function and meaning, which cause some difficulties for learners to differentiate. This study aimed to analyse the error of four Japanese toritate particles namely nanka, nante, nado, and kurai, evaluating the percentage of errors, type of errors, and identify the factors that caused error in using four toritate particles. The participants of this research were 45 Japanese language students. The instruments used in this study including interview, questionnaire, and a test. The results of this study showed that the error of toritatejoshi nado which shows quotation markers in sentences was the most common type of error. While the error of toritatejoshi kurai mostly when kurai particles combined with the other toritate particles (such as ~kurainara) was the least type of error. The factors that caused errors in using those toritatejoshi were mainly overgeneralization, followed by incomplete application of rules, false concept hypothesized, and the other special factors, respectively.

Introducción del discurso directo en el latín tardío

Summary:This paper examines verbs of speech used for introducing direct speech in Late Latin and changes which occurred from Classical to Late Latin. It focuses on four verbal forms which were previously identified as the most frequent in selected Late Latin texts, namely inquit, ait, dicens, and dixit. Their properties and patterns of use are examined and their development into quotative markers are considered. It is shown that while in Classical Latin inquit prevails, in Late Latin the range of verbal forms is wider and includes verbal forms that in Classical texts almost never appeared or had different functions than introducing direct speech. It is argued that despite some signs of grammaticalization, none of the examined forms has become a fully developed quotative marker. Thus, concerning the means for introducing direct speech, variability and heterogeneity are the basic characteristics of Late Latin texts.

Function of Laughter as a Quotative Marker : Laughter with Zero-Marked Quotative Form in Conversation

Function of Laughter as a Quotative Marker : Laughter with Zero-Marked Quotative Form in Conversation

Reportative and Quotative Marker in Atayal: The Problem of Source

Reportative and Quotative Marker in Atayal: The Problem of Source

Las citas directas en el habla de la Ciudad de México

El estudio de las citas directas en el discurso oral es uno de los terrenos más fértiles para el análisis e identificación de la variación y el cambio lingüístico (Romaine y Lange, 1991; Ferrara y Bell, 1995; Tagliamonte y Hudson, 1999). La constante incursión de estrategias innovadoras para introducir citas ha sido documentada en inglés, hebreo, alemán y japonés (Maschler, 2002; Buchstaller y D’Arcy, 2009; Buchstaller, 2013). Desafortunadamente, los estudios sobre las citas directas en el español son escasos y se limitan al español peninsular y al español de Puerto Rico. En este trabajo se presenta un análisis de los usos y distribuciones de las estrategias introductoras de citas directas, o marcos introductores de citas, en el habla de la ciudad de México. Los datos fueron extraídos del Corpus sociolingüístico de la ciudad de México (Martín y Lastra, 2011). El análisis muestra que en esta variedad dialectal predominan los verbos dicendi y los marcadores nulos como estrategias para introducir el discurso directo. Asimismo, revela la incursión de nuevas formas que no habían sido documentadas en este dialecto. Finalmente, el análisis de la distribución social de estas formas muestra que es un sistema socialmente estratificado. Si bien no se cuenta con ningún estudio comparativo que permita establecer parámetros en tiempo real, los datos en tiempo aparente aquí presentados sugieren que el sistema de citas directas en el español de México está en proceso de cambio lingüístico.

‘-단다’형 어미의 형성 : 인용표지 ‘-고’의 생성과 관련하여

‘-단다’형 어미의 형성 : 인용표지 ‘-고’의 생성과 관련하여

Quotations in Tangut texts

The aim of the present paper is to discuss the differentiation between direct and indirect quotations in Tangut texts. Based on the analysis of Buddhist texts and translations from Chinese classics in the Khara-khoto collection preserved in the Institute of Oriental Manuscripts, RUS, the quotations in Tangut may be divided into two categories. Direct speeches are not marked or attached by a quotative marker jɨ2妒. Indirect speeches are composed by using jɨ2妒 or a compound marker jɨ2 djij2妒纓 at the end of the quote. Tangut quotation structure is closely related to the verb jɨ2妒. It is illustrated in the study of cross-linguistic typology that the semantic verb ‘say’ may usually evolve to quotative markers. The semantic and grammatical functions of the verb he semantic and grammatical functions of the verb jɨ2妒 which the quotation structure used reflected the grammaticalization from an independent verb to a grammatical marker. This phenomenon can provide a new perspective for the grammatical study of Tibetan-Burman languages.

From ad hoc category to ad hoc categorization: The proceduralization of Argentinian Spanishtipo

AbstractTaxonomic nouns such as Spanishtipoappear in constructions that create ad hoc categories, typically in scientific and academic contexts. Some of them develop further uses, notably an adverbial use as an approximator or hedge, as a result of a reduction of the original construction. The aim of this contribution is to trace the origins of constructions that establish ad hoc categories in the case of Spanishtipo, and in particular the role of genitival constructions and apposition in technological, scientific and generally academic texts in the nineteenth century on the basis of corpora. I will further study the subsequent rise of the adverbial approximating functions used for ad hoc categorization and related pragmatic functions such as the use oftipoas a quotative marker in Argentinian youth language. On this basis, two broader issues will be discussed: (i) the relation between ad hoc categories and ad hoc categorization and a possibly different status of ad hoc categories and ad hoc categorization due to proceduralization; and (ii) the striking parallels with cognates from certain Romance languages (Portuguese and Italian) and from Russian and Swedish, as well as the question of whether there has been a parallel, independent development—and if so, why—or whether contact phenomena explain these similarities.

A typology of lexical and grammaticalized uses of Russian tip, tipa, po tipu

This study proposes a comprehensive typology of constructions with lexical and grammaticalized tip, tipa and po tipu, coupling a full grammatical description to the range of meanings expressed. The main construction types we distinguish between are: (i) binominal constructions, in which tip is either the head complemented by a supertype noun, or in which the supertype noun is a head modified by genitival tipa / tipov; (ii) prepositional phrase constructions with the simple preposition tipa or the complex preposition po tipu, which can express comparison, hedging and exemplification; (iii) particle uses of tipa and po tipu, which can function as hedging or quotative markers, while tipa / tipo / tip can also be used as a mere filler. As recognition criteria for the different construction types, we identify the different elements of structure within which tipa and po tipu function, and the different types of dependency relations, modification or complementation, that obtain between them.

The ‘new’ Russian quotative tipa: Pragmatic scope and functions

The study proposes a typology of the main pragmati≿ functions of the new Russian quotative marker tipa in discourse of young speakers. Based on the analysis of material from an Internet student forum, I present the communicative situations tipa is involved in as an algorithm which can unfold in several directions, depending on the parameters of (i) discursive embedding of the reported information, (ii) its source and (iii) reliability according to the actual speaker. The various quotative and related subuses are presented as a field structure with multiple cores and peripheries which flow continuously into one another.Special attention is given to the fact that tipa represents two crosslinguistic tendencies of language change: the rise of new quotatives and the grammaticalization of type nouns. Though this article's interest lies primarily in the description of the synchronic interrelation of the subuses, the analysis demonstrates that in Russian tipa has undergone a seemingly paradoxical shift from conveying similarity to indicating meanings close to ‘quasi, pseudo’, not attested so far in other languages researched in regard to the grammaticalization of type nouns. Another tendency revealed by the data is towards the ‘explanation marker’ use, which currently seems to be specific to the younger generation.

Pragmatic and semantic commitment when using quotative markers, with application to French dire and genre

Utterers make commitments, for example when they produce Direct Discourse reports. Do the words chosen to frame a quotation affect those commitments, as has been argued by several authors (e.g. Romaine and Lange, 1991; Buchstaller, 2014)? In particular, do users of ‘old’ and ‘new’ quotatives (e.g. dire and genre) make different commitments vis-à-vis the object of their report, the degree of faithfulness of that report, the depiction of additional nonverbal aspects? Within a framework rooted in Clark and Gerrig’s (1990) theory of quotations as demonstrations, and on the basis of diverse data sources, this paper shows that the commitments which are inherent in the act of quotation take precedence over those that result from the choice of a quotative expression.

Descriptive and diachronic aspects of the Old Irish quotative marker ol

Abstract The most frequent strategy of direct reported speech in Old Irish (OIr) is characterized by the use of a constituent which is known in this paper as Reported Speaker, which consists of the element ol introducing the noun or the tonic pronoun referring to the person whose words are quoted. This paper offers a formal and pragmatic description of the Old Irish Reported Speaker, paying special attention to its basically nominal character and to its frequent coreferential association with first-person referents in the quote. The OIr quotative marker ol is diachronically explained as a further use of the OIr multifunctional element ol, which is essentially a preposition (‘beyond’) secondarily used as the marker of the NP standard of comparison and as a clausal connective.

Manipulative uses of pragmatic markers in political discourse

Pragmatic markers comprise a functional class of linguistic items that do not typically change the propositional meaning of an utterance but are essential for the organization and structuring of discourse, for marking the speaker’s attitudes to the proposition being expressed as well as for facilitating processes of pragmatic inferences. Pragmatic marker research has been characterised by descriptive approaches: even case studies that take their data from political discourse tend to focus on linguistic patterns of co-occurrence and sequentiality rather than social-institutional norms or broader societal concerns. The novelty of this article is, therefore, in linking pragmatic marker research, a primarily discourse analytical, language-oriented field to the broader field of Discourse Studies with a focus on manipulative social practices and their manifestations in discursive strategies. This article analyses evidential markers, general extenders, quotation markers and markers of (un)certainty1 in political interviews broadcasted by the BBC, CNN and Hungarian ATV. After a short overview of the formal and functional characteristics of pragmatic markers and their relevance to Discourse Studies in general and Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) research in particular, characteristics of the political interview as political discourse, institutional discourse and media(tised) discourse are discussed. In the second part, the results of previous (primarily descriptive and genre analytical) research are reconsidered from the perspective of CDA and particular pragmatic markers are associated with manifestations of manipulative intent, such as suppression, polarization, recontextualising, conversationalisation and intended ambiguity. An important finding of this study is that a single pragmatic marker can serve several manipulative functions, while a given manipulative strategy is potentially realized by a variety of pragmatic items. Potential manipulative uses are exemplified with a view to applying the heuristic to the analysis of representations of particular political events and happenings, which is a direction for further research.

A Study of Quranic Quotations in Iqbal’s Poetry: an Intertextual Approach

The present article studies Quranic quotations in the poetry of Mohammad Iqbal Lahori based on the approach of intertextuality. Iqbal is one of the greatest poets and intellectuals of the Eastern Muslim world. Quran is a source of inspiration both in his life and poetic career. His poetry is interwoven with Quran through intertextual Quotations. These Quranic quotations are central to the production of meaning in Iqbal’s poems. The present research limits itself to Julia Kristeva’s concept of intertextuality. Kristeva (1980) states that meaning is not inherent in the text rather it is produced through the intertextual relations between texts. This research aims to apply Plett’s (1990) set of structural codes of quotations to Iqbal’s poetic text to expose the role of scriptural quotations in his poetry. The findings of this paper show that Quranic quotations mostly follow the rules of general quotations; except that as authoritative words they are open to some transformations at surface structure but not at deep structure. The semantic fixity of Quranic quotations does not prevent their application as means of power for purposes not endorsed by Quranic instructions. Finally, the authoritative nature of Quranic quotations allows Iqbal not to employ quotation markers in his text wherever he makes use of them.