Quality Of Winter Wheat Research Articles

Genetic progress in winter wheat quality and quantity parameters

Wheat production is significant branch of Hungarian crop production (with about 1 million hectares of sowing area). Weather anomalies resulted by climate change have increased the importance of biological basis in wheat production. Yield quality and quantity parameters of three wheat genotypes sown on chernozem soil type after maize pre-crop were studied in a long-term field experiment. Yield amount of the studied genotypes varied between 2894 and 8074 kg ha-1 in 2017 and between 5795 and 9547 kg ha-1 in 2018 depending on the applied treatments. Based on our results it can be stated that in both studied crop years the highest yield increment was realized by the application of the nutrient supply level of N30+PK. As the result of the application of the optimum mineral fertilizer level – in contrast to the control – resulted in significant yield increment in both crop years. The results of the long-term field experiment prove that water utilization of the studied wheat varieties / hybrids was improved by the application of the optimal nutrient supply. Furthermore, the water utilization of the latest genotypes was more favorable by both the control and the optimum nutrient supply level treatments. Analyzing the quality parameters of winter wheat using the NIR method it has been stated that the quality results of the well-known genotype (GK Öthalom) were better than those of the new genotypes. A negative correlation between winter wheat quality and quantity parameters has also been confirmed. As the result of the mineral fertilizer application protein and gluten content of winter wheat increased to a significant extent.

Biostimulant Effects of Glutacetine® and Its Derived Formulations Mixed With N Fertilizer on Post-heading N Uptake and Remobilization, Seed Yield, and Grain Quality in Winter Wheat.

Biostimulants could play an important role in agriculture particularly for increasing N fertilizer use efficiency that is essential for maintaining both yield and grain quality in bread wheat, which is a major global crop. In the present study, we examined the effects of mixing urea–ammonium–nitrate fertilizer (UAN) or urea with five new biostimulants containing Glutacetine® or its derivative formulations (VNT1, 2, 3, and 4) on the physiological responses, agronomic traits, and grain quality of winter wheat. A first experiment under greenhouse conditions showed that VNT1, VNT3, and VNT4 significantly increased the seed yield and grain numbers per ear. VNT4 also enhanced total plant nitrogen (N) and total grain N, which induced a higher N Harvest Index (NHI). The higher post-heading N uptake (for VNT1 and VNT4) and the acceleration of senescence speed with all formulations enabled better nutrient remobilization efficiency, especially in terms of N mobilization from roots and straw toward the grain with VNT4. The grain ionome was changed by the formulations with the bioavailability of iron improved with the addition of VNT4, and the phytate concentrations in flour were reduced by VNT1 and VNT4. A second experiment in three contrasting field trials confirmed that VNT4 increased seed yield and N use efficiency. Our investigation reveals the important role of these new formulations in achieving significant increases in seed yield and grain quality.

Genetic improvement of grain yield and bread-making quality of winter wheat over the past 90 years under the Pannonian Plain conditions

Studies on genetic gains in a historical set of wheat cultivars mostly refer to grain yield and the associated agronomical and physiological traits, while less attention is paid to the improvement of wheat quality. In order to analyze the breeding progress in grain yield and with an emphasis on the main grain and flour properties, twenty-five winter wheat cultivars released in the Southern Pannonian Plain between 1930 and 2015 were grown in three consecutive seasons in Novi Sad (Serbia). The results from this study showed that grain yield increased linearly with an average rate of 45.5 kg ha−1 yr−1, implying that grain yield progress under conditions of the Southern Pannonian Plain have not reached the plateau. Protein and wet gluten content decreased significantly with year of cultivar release, with a bi-linear trend. On the other hand, sedimentation value and gluten index increased in modern wheat cultivars, indicating improved protein quality. Also, the main flour traits related to stronger gluten and high sedimentation value, such as extensograph energy, farinograph resistance and alveograph deformation work, showed improvement with year of cultivar release. Although there were no significant changes in Gluten score, subunits N, 7 + 9 and 5 + 10 at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1, respectively, were the most prevalent in modern cultivars. Improvement of the main grain and flour traits could be related with increased frequency of 7 + 9 and 5 + 10 subunits in modern wheat cultivars.

The influence of microbiological fertilisers on the productivity and quality of winter wheat

The study was aimed at assessing the yield and quality of winter wheat grains inoculated with Beijerinckia fluminensis (Azotovit) and Paenibacillus mucilaginosus (Phosphatovit) in a three-year experiment on leached Chernozem in the forest-steppe zone of the Middle Volga region. The seeds of the plants were treated before sowing with microbiological fertilisers, both individually and together at a dose of 2 L/t. Bacteria Beijerinckia fluminensis and Paenibacillus mucilaginosus contained in fertilisers increased the resistance of plants to adverse conditions: seedling completeness increased by 5.4%, winter hardiness by 17.4%, and harvestability by 15.0%. The use of fertilisers led to an increase in the productivity of winter wheat grain to 32.4%. The technological parameters characterising the baking properties were improved: the content of crude gluten in the grain of winter wheat has increased to 29.1% at 75 GDI (gluten deformation index) units (I group (good) of gluten quality).

Impact of nitrogen topdressing on the quality parameters of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yield

Scope of the study was to find more effective N fertilisation doses and applications to reach not only higher quantity but better quality grains as well as to be able to help preserving the continuity of feed and food quality improvement, since wheat is one of the most consumed crops all over the world.Samples of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties harvested from the experimental field of the Szent István University in two consecutive crop seasons had been examined in the laboratory of the Crop Production Institute. Effects of nitrogen (N) application on the performance of grain protein were tested. Five high quality winter wheat varieties were studied regarding grain quality traits affected by applying undivided and split doses of N. The evaluated samples show that increasing doses of N topdressing and increasing time of application have beneficial effects on the yield and the value of protein content. Wheat grain protein value ranged between 9.9% of the untreated Mv Karéj and Alföld, where the 120+40 kg ha-1 N was applied resulting in the highest value of 16.0%. Similarly, the gluten values among untreated and N applied plots were in a wide range. Mv Karéj had the lowest wheat gluten value on untreated plot with 18.4% and Alfold had the highest value with 36.8% on the plot where the 120+40 kg ha-1 N was applied. There were no significant changes recorded on test weight and thousand kernel weight. In the case of baking quality, there were significant differences between varieties. The best records were obtained in the case of Mv Toborzö followed by Mv Karéj.

Effect of UV-C radiation on basic indices of growth process of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds in pre-sowing treatment

An investigation of the effects of UV-C radiation from source having the power of 20 W on improvement of seed quality of Ukrainian winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) six cultivars: ‘Gratsіia Myronivska’, ‘Trudivnytsia Myronivska’, ‘Vezha Myronivska’, ‘Mudrist Odeska’, ‘Nyva Odeska’ and ‘Lira Odeska’, has been done. In the performed experiment the UV-C irradiation in the range of 50-1000 J m-2 was applied. Based on the experimental results it is concluded that irradiation of UV-C on wheat seeds stimulated the seed vigour and germination. It has been established the optimal irradiation dose of UV-C radiation - 250 J m-2 for ‘Trudіvnitsia Myronіvska’, ‘Mudrіst Odeska’, ‘Nyva Odeska’, ‘Lіra Odeska’ cultivars and 500 J m-2 for ‘Hratsіia Myronіvska’ and ‘Vezha Myronіvska’ cultivars, which leads to maximum effect. The highest biometric indices of seedling structural elements were obtained from the seeds of all wheat cultivars, for which the values of seed vigour and germination were also maximum ones, i.e. at the same irradiation dose.

Вплив екологізованих систем удобрення на формування продуктивності та якості зерна пшениці озимої

Goal. To study the formation of productivity and grain quality of winter wheat in environmental fertilizer systems. Methods. Field, laboratory, and statistical research. Results. The data are given of research in the influence of environmental fertilizer systems on the productivity of winter wheat. Use of environmental fertilizer systems allowed to increase the number of productive stems to 379–462 picks/m2, the productivity of the ear — to 1,26–1,48 g, the mass of 1000 seeds — to 33.5–41 g, and to get the yield of winter wheat at the level of 4,46–5.92 t/ha. The highest content of macronutrients (N, P, K) in the grain of winter wheat was fixed for fertilizer systems based on N60P90K90. The level of potassium and magnesium in the grain was higher than at use in the compositions of fertilizer of straw of peas + N30P45K45. Efficiency and perspectivity were revealed of the use of alternative fertilizers based on by-products with the addition of mineral fertilizers N30P45K45 + organic component (humus or microbiological fertilizer) and treatment of plants with a biostimulator. Due to that grain was yielded with optimal gluten content — 25.6–27.6%, protein — 11–11.9%, a slight amount of nitrates — 55.8–56 mg/kg, and the maximum allowable concentration of micro-elements. Conclusions. It was found that the use of the straw of peas as a by-product at entering N30P45K45 with humus or microbial fertilizer and plant treatment with biostimulant increased winter wheat yield by 52.3–59.4%, compared to the variants without fertilization. At the use of mineral (N60P90K90) and organo-mineral fertilizer systems, such an increase made 77.7–87.8%, which slightly increased the nitrate content in the grain. Application of natural fertilizer systems revealed a complex positive impact on the field od safe production of winter wheat according to ecological quality indicators.

АГРОТЕХНИЧЕСКИЕ ПРИЕМЫ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ПРОДУКТИВНОСТИ ПЕРСПЕКТИВНЫХ СОРТОВ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ

The authors present the results of many years research on the study of the growth regulators “ХЭФ ВР” and Stabilan BP influence on the yield and quality of winter wheat of new varieties – Alekseich and Adel, selected by the National Center of Grain named after P. P. Lukyanenko in the steppe zone of the Mozdok region, Republic of North Ossetia – Alania. The aim of our research was to improve the tech nology of winter wheat cultivation using the new generation plant growth regulators “ХЭФК”, which stimulates the growth and volume of the root system, strengthens the stem by reducing the length of internodes and increasing the diameter of the stem, prevents lodging of crops, and has a positive effect on yield and quality. Stabilan slows down the growth of stem cells in length, which leads to a decrease in plant height and thickening of the spike, providing an increase in yield and grain quality. To achieve this goal, the research tasks included studying the effect of plant growth regulators on the growth processes of winter wheat at the initial stages of ontogenesis, on the yield and quality indicators of winter wheat grains of the Alekseich and Adel varieties in the steppe zone of the Mozdok region of the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania. Our studies have shown that growth regulators had a positive effect on the processing of seed material and sowing of winter wheat varieties Alekseich and Adel. The grain yield is increasing; the increase in relation to control was up to – 1.36 t/ha. The growth regulators “ХЭФК” and Stabilan were studied; they had a positive effect on the quality indicators of winter wheat grain, on the protein content, and the weight of 1000 grains. The highest yield was obtained on the variant with the use of the growth regulator “ХЭФК” – 4.63 t/ha.

The effect of mineral fertilisers and farmyard manure on grain and straw yield, quality and economical parameters of winter wheat

In the years 2011–2014, winter wheat grain yield, qualitative and economic parameters were evaluated according to different fertiliser treatments: (1) control: unfertilised treatment; (2) farmyard manure (FYM) and (3) FYM + NPK (farmyard manure applied together with mineral NPK). The highest yields (8.10 t/ha) were recorded in the FYM + NPK treatment, while significantly lower yields (6.20 t/ha and 5.73 t/ha) were recorded in FYM and control treatments, respectively. Similarly, statistically significantly higher values of the quality parameters were found in the FYM + NPK treatment (13.55% of crude protein content and 43.56 mL of Zeleny’s sedimentation test), compared to control (10% and 22.44 mL, respectively). The modelling expert system (AGROTEKIS-Crop Technology and Economy) was used for the evaluation of economy. This software is based on technological methods of cultivation and norms of material input costs and costs of individual mechanised works. The economic benefits and profitability were evaluated for three different levels of grain market price. The highest gross profit per ha was recorded in the FYM + NPK treatment. According to the gross profit, the control treatment provided better results than the FYM treatment.

Influences of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits and rye translocations on dough-mixing properties and sugar-snap cookie-baking quality of soft winter wheat.

The significance of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GSs) and rye translocations, and their associations with gluten strength for hard wheat used for making bread has been understood well, but remains poorly understood for soft wheat used for making cookies. The influences of HMW-GSs and rye translocations on the dough-mixing properties and cookie-baking quality of soft wheat were investigated using 50 US eastern soft winter (ESW) wheat varieties possessing 14 predominant HMW-GS profiles. Glu-A1 and Glu-B1 loci only influenced dough-mixing properties significantly, whereas the Glu-D1 locus influenced both dough-mixing properties and cookie-baking quality significantly. The subunits 1, 7* + 8 and 5 + 10 at the Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 loci, respectively, were associated with a long midline peak time, whereas only the rare subunits 2 + 121 at the Glu-D1 locus exhibited significant associations with improved cookie-baking quality of ESW wheat. The contributions of rye translocations to dough-mixing properties and cookie-baking quality depended on HMW-GS profiles. Three HMW-GS profiles (2*, 7 + 9, 2 + 121 ), (2*, 7 + 8, 2 + 121 ) and (1, 7 + 8, 2 + 121 ) were identified as being desirable for making large-diameter cookies. Flour protein content, lactic acid (LA), and sodium carbonate (SC) solvent retention capacities and softness equivalence were identified as effective predictors of cookie diameter and accounted for 79% of the variation in cookie diameter. Subunits 2 + 121 have significant associations with the protein characteristics and cookie-baking quality of soft wheat. The determination of HMW-GS composition would be an effective tool in soft-wheat breeding programs for quickly identifying and selecting acceptable breeding lines possessing desirable cookie-baking potential. Published 2020. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.

Effects of agrotechnical factors on the quality and quantity of yield in winter wheat production

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of basic agrotechnical factors on the yield and quality of winter wheat. Two experiments were set in 2017/2018 growing season, where we studied the influence of different forecrops, fertilizing treatments and cultivars. 204 samples were measured with Single Kernel Characterization System and NIR grain analyser to determine protein (NIR-P), wet gluten (NIR-WG), Hardness Index (HI), kernel weight (KW) and kernel diameter (KD). Fertilizing had a significant effect on yield, KW, HI, NIR-P and NIR-WG, except KD. N90PK dosage was enough to realize yield potential for 6 out of 9 cultivars, but considering protein content N150PK dosage was needed. The forecrop had no significant influence on yield, KW, KD or HI, however sweet corn as previous crop had significant improving effect on NIR-P and NIR-WG compared to sunflower as forecrop. According to our data of correlation analysis, no negative relationship was found between yield and NIR-P, however HI was in medium positive correlation with NIR-P. The variety Vyckor had the highest yield, but in quality aspect, the highest NIR-P and NIR-WG values belonged to KG Kunhalom variety.

The Combined Effect of Different Sowing Methods and Seed Rates on the Quality Features and Yield of Winter Wheat

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the main staple foods worldwide. Wide precise sowing (Wps) is a sowing method believed to produce the highest winter wheat grain yields; however, the reasons for its high yields and its effect on quality traits have not been effectively studied. Hence, a two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of three sowing methods, dibbling (Db), drilling (Dr), and Wps and seed rates (112.5 kg ha−1, 150 kg ha−1, 187.5 kg ha−1, and 225 kg ha−1) on grain yield and the quality of winter wheat. Wps, Dr, and Db produced statistically similar results in terms of the grain yield and most of the quality traits measured. The grain yield increased significantly with the increasing rate, the highest being 7488.89 kg ha−1 at a seed rate of 225 kg ha−1. The total protein, albumin, and globulin were not affected by the sowing methods, but prolamin and glutelin were affected by the Dr and Wps, respectively. The total starch in both years, and the amylose and amylopectin in the first year, were affected only by the seed rates, with 60.11%, 23.2%, 38.63%, or higher values. The results indicated that for the wheat yield and quality traits, Wps, Dr and Db can mostly be used interchangeably. For the protein, starch, and grain yield, the suitable seed rates were 112.5 kg ha−1, 150 kg ha−1, and 225 kg ha−1, respectively.

Surface barrier discharge pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds in a three-electrode arrangement with dc bias

In the present work, the experimental results of reaction of morphological indicators (sprout and root length, number of roots, 3-day germination) of seedlings of high quality winter wheat seeds treated by plasma byproducts in the three-electrode system of surface dielectric barrier discharge with dc bias on the third electrode in humid air of atmospheric pressure at different polarity of the bias voltage are shown. The treatment was carried out for 15 min in a strip electrode system (eight 1 mm width strips with 4 mm distance between them, a sinusoidal voltage of 2.7 kV (rms) with a frequency 23 kHz) made on a corundum ceramic barrier (1 mm thickness) with the additional third electrode which is a stainless steel grid distant 10 mm from the surface of the dielectric barrier. Direct-current bias of 8 kV of positive or negative polarity was applied to the third electrode. Seeds were located on the surface of the third electrode. The treatment was also carried out with vibration of the system (the imitation of seeds movement along the third electrode). It is shown that the efficiency of treatment depends on the month of carrying it out. It was succeeded to get a reliable stimulation with weak control. With strong control (potential sowing months) it was not obtained. The imposing of dc bias in any considered case is less efficient than plasma products affection without bias. The vibration of electrode system leads to seeds damage during the treatment and notable germination reduction.

Вплив доз і способів унесення азотних добрив на врожайність і якість зерна пшениці озимої

Goal. To achieve high yield and quality of winter wheat grain of domestic variety Yasochka by optimizing forms, doses, timing, and methods of application of nitrogen fertilizers. Methods. Short-term field and analytical. Results. The data of research in the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizers under winter wheat and their influence on yield and quality of grain of the culture. It is determined that the spring timing of the application of nitrogen fertilizers compared to entering them for plowing (N60P60K60) significantly increased the yield of winter wheat. At the dose of nitrogen N60 entered in frozen-thawed soil (leached chernozem) compared to entering the same dose for tillage, grain yield of winter wheat increased on average on 0.47 t/ha over the 2017 – 2019. The most effective was 3-times application of nitrogen fertilizers in spring in the dose of 90 kg/ha on the background of P60K60 for plowing. The approach of terms of the application of nitrogen fertilizers to the stages of the formation of productive stalks and the accumulation of protein in the grain of winter wheat provided the highest return from fertilizer use. Foliar feeding of crops with micronutrient Maksimus increased the yield and did not affect significantly grain quality of winter wheat. Conclusions. The greatest impact from the application of nitrogen fertilizers in sowings of winter wheat of variety Yasochka was gained at entering N30 in frozen-thawed soil + N30 in the phase of the tube along with micronutrient Maksimus + N30 in the phase of flag leaf: grain yield — 6.85 t/ha, exceeding the control without fertilizer — on 1.77 t/ha. The increase of the dose of nitrogen fertilizer from 90 to 120 kg/ha resulted only in a trend of increasing yield. The highest grain quality of winter wheat was obtained at a nitrogen dose of 90 kg/ha with its 3-times entering in the spring: the protein content in the grain — 12.4–12.5% (exceeds the control without fertilizers on 0.9–1%). The quality of winter wheat grain was dependent on the dose of nitrogen fertilizer and foliar feeding with carbamide in the later stages of organogenesis.

Baking grain quality of winter triticale, winter wheat and winter rye

The technological and baking properties of triticale were determined in the laboratory of the technological and analytical service of the Samarsky Research Institute of Agriculture named after N. M. Tulaykov according to standard methods accepted in science. The study has established that protein percentage in the triticale varieties exceeds winter wheat varieties on 0.7-1.2, and rye on 3.0-4.4 absolute percent. On average over 5 years, the WAC content (water-soluble anti-nutritional components of arabinose and xylose) in the triticale varieties was 1.01-1.37 mpS. Over the years, the indicator, due to the weather conditions, varied within the norm, from 0.90-1, 13 mpS in 2016 to 1.01-1.59 mpS in 2018. It was identified that the triticale varieties turned out to be better than rye and wheat varieties according to fiber content on 25.8%, and according to the amount of ash they exceeded the rye varieties on 0.37-0.39% and the wheat varieties on 0.28-0.48%. The “falling number” (FN) of the new triticale varieties “Arktur” (179 c) and “Spika” (241 c) were at the same level as the winter rye varieties (188-239 c). According to the traits “porosity” (3.0-4.2 points), “taste” (4.0-4.5 points) and “bread elasticity” (3-4 points), the triticale varieties were almost at the level of wheat (respectively 4.0; 4.4; 4.0) and at the level of rye (3.9-4.1; 4.5; 3.8-3.9 points). The volume of bread obtained from triticale flour as a whole was lower than that from wheat flour. However, the volume of bread (424-427 cm3) obtained from flour made from the grain of the variety “Arktur” and the line “97-67 T6 P 20” was at the level of the winter rye variety “Antares” (426 cm 3 ). The study has determined that the winter triticale varieties are at the same level as the winter rye varieties (1.76%) in terms of oil amount in kernels (1.60-1.90%) and exceed rye in terms of starch content in kernels on 1.7-2.0 absolute percent. In winter wheat kernels, unlike triticale, there is formed much more starch (62.15%) than oil (1.67%). There has been identified that, on average, raw protein percentage in the winter triticale varieties exceeds the wheat variety “Malakhit” on 0.7-1.2, and the rye varieties on 3.0-4.4%. At the same time, the winter wheat varieties zoned in the Samara Region contain 65-70% of starch, 13-14% of raw protein, and 1.5-1.8% of oil in kernels; the winter rye varieties contain 60-65%, 11-13%, 1.7-2.0% respectively; the winter triticale varieties contain 60-69%, 14-16% and 1.6-2.0% respectively. The new winter triticale varieties are distinguished with higher grain yields (up to 5 t/ha) in comparison with the standard variety “Krokha” (4.0 t/ha).

Nitrogen and sulfur effects on hard winter wheat quality and asparagine concentration

Grain protein concentration and composition are key factors affecting winter wheat quality and are influenced by wheat genotype, available fertility, and growing conditions. These same parameters can affect free asparagine concentration in grain, and elevated asparagine can lead to acrylamide production in baked food products, which can be a health concern. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of genotype, nitrogen (N), and sulfur (S) fertility on protein concentration, protein quality, dough rheology, and asparagine concentration in winter wheat grown on S-deficient soils. Treatments were arranged in a 3 × 2 × 4 factorial design in 2017 and 3 × 2 × 5 factorial design in 2018. There were three levels of N (56, 101 and 146 kg ha−1), two levels of S (0 and 22 kg ha−1), four levels of genotype in 2017, and five levels of genotype in 2018. Protein composition was evaluated as the percent polymeric protein using size exclusion high performance liquid chromatography. In both years, the ratio of polymeric to monomeric protein was increased by sulfur fertilization. Solvent retention capacity (SRC) was evaluated using the whole grain lactic acid-sodium dodecyl sulfate test. In 2018, S application increased the SRC by 217%–308%. However, in 2017, SRC improvement was limited to two genotypes and was modest, likely a consequence of the reduced protein concentration in S-treated plots. Free asparagine concentration averaged 9.8 μmol/g and 20.9 μmol/g in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Asparagine concentration in grain was affected by N, S, genotype, and their interactions. Sulfur application substantially reduced asparagine concentrations in both years. Dough rheology was evaluated in the 2018 trial using the farinograph test. Sulfur application increased average farinograph stability from 9.2 min to 14.6 min. Farinograph stability was effectively predicted by the SRC test (R2 = 0.78). These results demonstrate the importance of ensuring adequate S fertility in winter wheat production.

Підвищення врожайності та якості пшениці озимої за осіннього гербіцидного обробітку

The main condition for growing winter wheat is the observance of proper agricultural techniques and the creation of conditions for high agricultural culture. Improving the technology in modern conditions of grain production requires knowledge of phenological and morphological features of plants, selection of adaptive varieties, means of protection of crops from harmful objects, especially weeds and avoidance of negative impact on the environment. The aim of the research was to identify the effectiveness of autumn and spring herbicide treatments on the yield and quality of winter wheat. Wheat varieties Meskal and Palyanytsia were used for these studies. We found that the term of herbicide treatment significantly affects the weediness of crops, crop formation and grain quality. Autumn herbicide treatment of winter wheat crops with Marathon, simultaneous application of 150 kg/ha of diammophos and double fertilization of plants with ammonium nitrate contributes to obtaining in the conditions of sod-podzolic sandy soils grain yields of varieties Meskal and Palyanytsia at level of 4,8–5,0 t/ha. We found that in areas not treated with herbicides, the number of weeds increased from 80 to 130 pcs/m2. The application of the herbicide Marathon (4 l/ha) in autumn ensured a reduction in the number of weeds in winter wheat crops from 86–90 pcs/m2 to 8–10 pcs /m2. Spring application of this herbicide was less effective and weed rates in these areas decreased from 100–110 pcs/m2 to 24-27 pcs/m2. Spring application of Prima herbicide (0.5 l/ha) on wheat crops showed the worst weed numbers (30–32 pcs/m2). During the autumn treatment with the herbicide Marathon, the number of productive stems was the largest: in the variety Mescal – 553 pcs/m2, and in the variety Palyanytsia – 560 pcs/m2. Reducing the weediness of winter wheat crops not only affected the number of productive stems, but also significantly improved grain quality.

Impact of Climate Variability and Its Related Disease Prevalence on the Yield of Winter Wheat (Triticum Aestivum Lam) in South East Ethiopia

Impacts of climate variability and disease prevalence on crop productivity (particularly wheat yield) are becoming major concern on their stable supply that affecting the livelihood of the farmers and consumers in South-East Ethiopia. The study was carried out with general objective to examine the effect of precipitation, temperature variation and disease prevalence on winter wheat (Triticum Aestivum Lam) for the last 20 years in Sinana farm of Oromia Seed Enterprise south east Ethiopia. Temperature and precipitation trends were evaluated using Sen’s slope estimator and Mann-Kendall trend test methods. The Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to measure the strength of the association between crop yield and climatic variability. Predictor models on productivity status comprising disease prevalence associated to climate variability for 20 years were established. A1°C temperature rise in average seasonal maximum temperature above the optimum brought productivity reduction by 1.17% coefficient of determination R²=0.428. Further, in 1°C temperature rise, the regression analysis of the productivity related to stem rust prevalence was subjected to a positive impact under Tmin, Tmax, RH, and seasonal RF with coefficient of determination R²=0.756. On the other hand, yellow rust prevalence was positively correlated with minimum temperature, maximum temperature and average relative humidity, but it was negatively correlated with average seasonal temperature. The study concluded that the variability of climate elements has been exerting a huge impact on the quality and quantity of winter wheat.

Dependence of quality and yield of winter wheat on pre-sowing seed treatment

Dependence of quality and yield of winter wheat on pre-sowing seed treatment

Productivity and grain quality of soft winter wheat with applying micro-fertilizers at different backgrounds of nitrogen nutrition under irrigated conditions in the south of Ukraine

Productivity and grain quality of soft winter wheat with applying micro-fertilizers at different backgrounds of nitrogen nutrition under irrigated conditions in the south of Ukraine