Abstract
Goal. To achieve high yield and quality of winter wheat grain of domestic variety Yasochka by optimizing forms, doses, timing, and methods of application of nitrogen fertilizers. Methods. Short-term field and analytical. Results. The data of research in the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizers under winter wheat and their influence on yield and quality of grain of the culture. It is determined that the spring timing of the application of nitrogen fertilizers compared to entering them for plowing (N60P60K60) significantly increased the yield of winter wheat. At the dose of nitrogen N60 entered in frozen-thawed soil (leached chernozem) compared to entering the same dose for tillage, grain yield of winter wheat increased on average on 0.47 t/ha over the 2017 – 2019. The most effective was 3-times application of nitrogen fertilizers in spring in the dose of 90 kg/ha on the background of P60K60 for plowing. The approach of terms of the application of nitrogen fertilizers to the stages of the formation of productive stalks and the accumulation of protein in the grain of winter wheat provided the highest return from fertilizer use. Foliar feeding of crops with micronutrient Maksimus increased the yield and did not affect significantly grain quality of winter wheat. Conclusions. The greatest impact from the application of nitrogen fertilizers in sowings of winter wheat of variety Yasochka was gained at entering N30 in frozen-thawed soil + N30 in the phase of the tube along with micronutrient Maksimus + N30 in the phase of flag leaf: grain yield — 6.85 t/ha, exceeding the control without fertilizer — on 1.77 t/ha. The increase of the dose of nitrogen fertilizer from 90 to 120 kg/ha resulted only in a trend of increasing yield. The highest grain quality of winter wheat was obtained at a nitrogen dose of 90 kg/ha with its 3-times entering in the spring: the protein content in the grain — 12.4–12.5% (exceeds the control without fertilizers on 0.9–1%). The quality of winter wheat grain was dependent on the dose of nitrogen fertilizer and foliar feeding with carbamide in the later stages of organogenesis.
Highlights
Nitrogen nutrition is one of the determinants of improving crop productivity
Winter wheat is acutely responsive to the shortage and excess of nitrogen fertilizers
The yield and quality of winter wheat grain decreases, the excess of nitrogen causes laying down of crops, increases grain loss during harvesting, which leads to a decrease in productivity [7, 8]
Summary
In the period of acute shortage of organic fertilizers, minimization of legumes in crop rotation, the absence of perennial legumes in them, the traditional practice of agricultural production is violated, its sensitivity to the impact of abnormal climatic phenomena is increased, productivity is reduced [1,2,3,4] Under these conditions, a set of technological measures aimed at optimizing nitrogen nutrition becomes one of the key elements of the sustainability and high productivity of agriculture [5, 6]. The aim of our research was to achieve high yields and quality of grain of domestic winter wheat “Yasochka” by optimizing the forms, doses, terms and ways of nitrogen fertilizers application. The placement of variants in experiments is systematic sequential, follows four times repetition
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