Seawater Quality Research Articles

Tourism Impact on the Environment in Nusa Penida Tourism Area

The growth of tourism in Nusa Penida is causing pressure on the environment, where tourism is causing land use change. Tourism is also causing environmental impacts due to the inclusion of pollutant sources from activities in land and coastal areas which results in a decrease in the quality of ground water, well water, and sea water.The analysis of this study is the calculation of land acquisition in the Nusa Penida Tourism Area by using a google map that has been digitized and a map of the earth from quick bird satellite imagery. With the baseline map used in 2003 with a map of land use in 2019 with overlay techniques. To calculate the quality of ground water, well water, and sea water counted with and as a comparison material using a water quality test based on an analysis study of the Environmental Impact of the Nusa Penida Tourism Area Year 1998.Land use change in Nusa Penida from 2003 to 2019 reached 164.84 ha or the rate of land use change in Nusa Penida of 0.85%. The results of the quality tests for sea water, well water and spring water in 2019 were better than the results of sea water quality testing, ground water and well water in 1998.. Parameters that affect the index of sea water pollution, ground water and well water in Nusa Penida are the parameters turbidity, free ammonia (NH3-N) dissolved residue (TDS) and total coliform.

Microplastic in the Coastal Sea Waters of Russian Far East

Their availability, low cost, applicability in virtually any industrial sector and any household have not only resulted in plastics becoming an everywhere used material, but owing to its specific structure resulting in an issue pertaining to environmental pollution. There are 13 monitoring stations within research area to include recreational and industrial areas differing in hydrodynamic behaviour. The research geography bearing in mind the Russia’s scale is not vast so far, yet it is being expanded yearly. Research was done at seven Vladivostok beaches, two beaches at the head of the Amur Bay and three beaches of the Posyet Bay. All the samples taken at the western side of the bay at the depths of 2-6m contained microplastic particles. Quality analysis of all the samples collected was carried out using mass-spectrometric method and that of infrared microscopy. It has been found that the chemical constitution of the samples studied is represented mostly by polyethene, polypropylene, particles of polystyrene and polyvinylchloride. Coastal samples frequently contain cellulose. A certain amount of methylaniline, formaldehydes, and monocarbozides was detected. All the said gives ground for ascertaining harmful influence of microplastics not only on sea water quality but on the state of marine biota.

Monitoring of mine waste from copper ore flotation

The copper ore flotation conducted by PT XYZ produces copper, and other metal concentrates as tailings. The copper concentrate will then be processed as industrial raw material, while the tailing waste is dumping a waste dump. The copper ore flotation tailings must follow the tailings waste management rules. Monitoring tailings quality testing must be done, which includes physical and chemical parameters. The results of the analysis of copper ore flotation tailings are comparing with the provisions issued by the Ministry of Environment No. 92 of 2011. And 382 in 2016. Furthermore, to monitor the state of seawater around the mining site, water quality testing is divided into three zones, Zone A with into> 120 m, Zone B 0 - 120, and Zone C (tailings free). Seawater quality monitoring is carrying out in zone B. The quality test results tailing flotation Copper ores how physical and chemical parameters are below the threshold set by the Ministry of Environment. Whereas monitoring of seawater quality carried out in zone B, TDS exceeds the intensity at S15B, while dissolved metal concentrations are below the threshold at all stations.

PHC Content of the Sources Affecting the Whole Waterbody

Based on the survey data of Jiaozhou Bay in May, August and October 1992, the current content and horizontal distribution of PHC in the bottom waters of Jiaozhou Bay were studied. The results showed that in May, the content of PHC in the bottom water of Jiaozhou Bay ranged from 0.014 to 0.062mg/l, and the water of Jiaozhou Bay was slightly polluted by PHC. In August, the content of PHC in the bottom water of Jiaozhou Bay was 0.007-0.035mg/l. The foot water of Jiaozhou Cove was not contaminated by PHC. In October, the substance of PHC within the foot water of Jiaozhou Cove was 0.018-0.047mg/l. The foot water of Jiaozhou Inlet was not contaminated by PHC. All in all, in May, the foot waters of Jiaozhou Narrows was contaminated by PHC in May; in Admirable and October, the quality of the foot waters of Jiaozhou Cove come to the course I and course II seawater quality measures in China in terms of the PHC substance, which demonstrated that there was no pollution of PHC within the waters. In the surface waters of central Jiaozhou Bay in May, the central surface waters of the eastern Jiaozhou Bay and northwest Jiaozhou Bay in August and the surface waters of northeast Jiaozhou Bay and the bay mouth in October, the PHC content in the sources was relatively high. And this was also the case in the bottom water, which indicated that the PHC in the surface waters would descend rapidly to the bottom of the sea, and further indicated that there were high PHC content area in both surface waters and bottom waters. Considering these, the authors put forward the law about how the PHC from sources affects bottom water. They believe that high PHC content in surface water means high PHC content in a whole waterbody.

Kajian Kualitas Perairan Laut Sekitar Muara Sungai Jelitik Kecamatan Sungailiat – Kabupaten Bangka

Jelitik River is the main river and economic artery of Sungailiat District, Bangka Regency. Currently around the Jelitik River there is a Jelitik Fishing Port and is developed as an industrial area. In addition to the problems of sedimentation problems with the development of industrial estates and the presence of sand mining rich in tin ore on land and on the high seas it is feared that it will reduce the quality of the environment, especially the surrounding sea water. Therefore, this study is needed in order to find out the quality of waters in this estuary which can be used as a basis or baseline for the initial environment of this region if later this area will be developed as a port or industrial area. The method used in this study is field observation, water sampling, and laboratory analysis. Therefore, as an initial step, it is necessary to identify the quality of the waters in this estuary which can be used as the basis or initial environmental baseline of this area if later this area will be developed as a port or industrial area. Based on observations in the field of laboratory analysis of water samples, generally the quality of seawater around the estuary of Jelitik River still meets seawater quality standards both for port activities, marine tourism and for biota. Some parameters that exceed the quality standard include total suspended solid (TSS) which reaches 250 mg/l, total dissolved solids (TDS) which reaches 24,700 mg/l and nitrate content which reaches 0.38 mg/l. BOD value is 4.7 mg / l and COD is 46.4 mg / l, these parameters are still below the existing sea water quality standard.

Ecological risk assessment of heavy metal pollution in the water of China's coastal shellfish culture areas.

In order to learn about the status of heavy metals and ecological risks in the water of thirteen China's costal shellfish culture areas, principal component analysis was applied to analyze the distributions of five kinds of heavy metal, while the safety threshold method was employed to evaluate the ecological risks. The results showed that among the 13 shellfish culture areas, the average metal concentrations were in the order of Zn > Cu > Pb > Hg > Cd, and all heavy metals were below the second standards for sea water quality of China. The distribution of heavy metals in 13 shellfish culture areas was reflected by two principal components with the contribution rates of F1(Cu) and F2(Zn, Pb) were 36.14% and 23.40%,respectively,which was less affected by economic and geographical differences. The ecological risks assessment of five kinds of heavy metals showed that MOS10 was more than one; the probabilities of five heavy metals affecting more than 10% of aquatic organisms were 49.52%, 24.11%, 17.49%, 22.05%, and 5.66%, respectively, the ecological risk of five main heavy metals was in order Cu > Zn > Cd > Pb > Hg. In the selected thirteen shellfish culture areas, the value of msPAF of seven culture areas was higher than 20%, indicating these areas are highly ecologically contaminated by heavy metals, and the other four shellfish culture areas with value of 0, indicating that these areas have no ecological risk of heavy metals pollution.

Assessment of Sea Water Quality in some Limestone Island and Archipelagos areas, Viet Nam

Abstract: With nearly 3,000 large and small islands, the islands and archipelagos of Vietnam have outstanding features in terms biodiversity and geology. The islands are mainly formed from carbonate (limestone), intrusive igneous rock, sedimentary and volcanic rocks, in which limestone islands predominate, distributed mainly in the Gulf of Tonkin. This paper presents the results of researches and assessments on sea water quality of Vietnam's typical limestone islands and archipelagoes through the 2017-2018 surveys. The research results show that although the water quality around of limestone and archipelago area of Viet Nam is safety for the development of aquatic life, an increase in pollutants concentration in water has been recorded when compared to previous research results. The research results supplement the data set of sea water quality in limestone areas that defining the characteristics of marine biodiversity.
 Keywords: limestone island, water quality, pollutants.

Assessment of the Microbiological Quality of Caspian Seawater and the Role of Physicochemical Factors on Microbial Load

Introduction: Analyzing the health risk associated with the microbial contamination of seawater is necessary to ensure that there is not any threat to human or environment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbiological quality of Caspian sea water using indicator bacteria. Some Physicochemical parameters were studied to assed their association with the contamination level of Caspian sea water due to the important role in the growth organisms in the seawater. Materials and Methods: In this study, 100 samples were collected from the northeastern zone of the Caspian sea, Iran, from November 2017 to December 2018. Total coliform, Fecal coliform, E.coli, Fecal Streptococcus and Clostridium perfringens were the indicator bacteria and temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, chloride and turbidity were water physicochemical factors according to standard methods. Results: The finding showed that the mean of Total coliform, Fecal coliform, E.coli, Fecal Streptococcus, and Clostridium perfringens were 614.72 ± 516.13, 62.11 ± 235.30, 49.69 ± 188.24, 348.02 ± 490.01 and 3.04 ± 5.76 MPN/100 ml, respectively. Furthermore, the mean and SD of temperature, pH, electrical conductivity, chloride, and turbidity were 13.84 oC ± 5.62, 8.27 ± 0.45, 17.96 ± 6.56 µs/cm, 5776.95 ± 1996.38 mg/l and 27.48 ± 15.82 NTU, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that microbial qualities were affected significantly by physicochemical factors, but the roles of water temperature were more than others. Conclusion: The microbiological results revealed that there was a remarkable level of contamination in some areas of Caspian sea. The results suggested that Clostridium perfringens provide better health risk prediction than other analyzed indicator bacteria, particularly in the warm season.

The distributions of 134Cs, 137Cs and 90Sr in the northwest Pacific seawater in the winter of 2012

To understand the status of the radionuclides released during the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident, the 134Cs, 137Cs and 90Sr in the seawater in the public area of the northwest Pacific Ocean were analyzed in November–December 2012. The radioactivity of 134Cs, 137Cs and 90Sr decreased sharply from June 2011 to November–December 2012. The highest average values of 134Cs and 137Cs were found at a depth of 500 m, suggesting that 134Cs and 137Cs had been transported to a depth of 500 m or deeper by the end of 2012. Total inventories of 0.80 ± 0.20 pBq for 137Cs from the surface to a depth of 500 m and 0.07 ± 0.02 pBq for 90Sr from the surface to a depth of 100 m were obtained in the waters southeast of Fukushima. 134Cs was detectable in the Chinese exclusive economic zone, and the seawater quality was much lower than the target level for China.

The impact of marine sand mining on sea water quality in Pantai Labu, Deli Serdang Regency, Indonesia

Marine sand mining in Pantai Labu in 2008-2009 and 2017-2018 have drawn protests from the local community because they are detrimented. The impact of this marine sand mining results in environmental damage (degradation) of the coast such as abrasion and decreased productivity of marine fisheries due to declining water quality. This study aims to determine the current condition of sea water quality after sand mining in the area. From the results of research carried out it is known that the current condition of seawater quality decreases from before the presence of marine sand mining activities. This is known by looking at the results of water quality measurements that have been carried out by sand mining companies before sand mining activities are carried out. In this research, it is known that TSS contributes to the sea water pollution because the amount contained ranges from 169-186 mg/l and exceeds the quality standard stipulated in Minister of Environment Decree No. 51/2004 concerning Sea Water Quality Standards for Marine Biota, which is 80 mg/l. Seawaters quality parameter test results with the Storet Method concluded that the seawaters of Pantai Labu are now classified as good (lightly polluted). With the Shannon-Weaner analysis, the plankton diversity index in seawaters of Pantai Labu classified in medium diversity, the spread of the numbers of individuals of each type is medium.

Sperm Motility Impairment in Free Spawning Invertebrates Under Near-Future Level of Ocean Acidification: Uncovering the Mechanism

Ocean acidification (OA) refers to the decrease in ocean water pH resulting from the increasing absorption of atmospheric CO2. This will cause changes in the ocean’s carbonate chemistry system with a resulting impact on reproduction of marine organisms. Reproduction is the fundamental process that allows the conservation of the species; in free-spawning marine invertebrates, this process is highly sensitive to changes in seawater quality and chemistry. To date, the majority of the studies concerned OA effects on reproduction has been focused on embryo and larval development. Despite several evidence for the impairment of reproductive success by environmental perturbations through altering gamete quality, sperm physiological responses to OA are poorly investigated. In this study, we evaluated the effects of exposure to acidified seawater (pH 7.8), which approximate the predicted global averages for oceanic surface waters at the end of this century, on sperm quality of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis and the ascidian Ciona robusta by evaluating several endpoints, such as motility, vitality, mitochondrial activity, oxidative state, and intracellular pH (pHi). Following sperm exposure to acidified seawater, the percentage of motile spermatozoa, mitochondrial activity and pHi decreased in comparison to the current seawater pH of 8.1, whereas vitality and oxidative state were unaffected by the low external pH in both the species. In broadcast spawners, a relationship between sperm intracellular pH and the initiation of motility are well known. Spermatozoa are immotile in the testes and motility is induced after the spermatozoa are released into seawater; the alkaline pH of seawater, in fact, increases the pHi activating motility and mitochondrial respiration. The results of this study suggest that the lowering of seawater pH as predicted to occur for 2100, through the inhibition of pHi increase, prevent sperm motility activation. Sperm motility is a key determinant of fertilization success; consequently, a corresponding drop in fertilization success would be expected with important implications for the fitness and the survival of marine invertebrates.

Multivariate Seawater Quality Prediction Based on PCA-RVM Supported by Edge Computing Towards Smart Ocean

Seawater quality prediction has a tremendous potential of enabling future smart ocean. However, this time-sensitive application puts forward a strict delay requirement, thus easily leading to overwhelmed networks. Edge computing is emerging as an effective means of solving network overload, due to its edge-based distributed processing. Therefore, we develop a hybrid multivariate prediction model for seawater quality assessment in an edge computing environment, considering the combination of principal component analysis (PCA) and relevance vector machine (RVM). The PCA method is employed for dimension reduction of ten seawater quality factors in advance. Six principal components are extracted from multiple features, used as input variables of the subsequent predictor. Finally, a RVM is developed to predict the future trends of dissolved oxygen and pH, measuring seawater quality. Experimental results on the real-world ocean sensor data show that our PCA-RVM based multivariate prediction model outperforms single RVM, SVM and its extended version in prediction accuracy and efficiency, meanwhile statistical testings confirm this finding.

The influence of the Pb Content of Source Transport on its Distribution in the Bottom Layer

Based on the survey data of Jiaozhou Bay in 1992, the vertical distribution and seasonal variation of Pb in the surface and bottom waters from the bay center to the south of the bay mouth were studied, and the seasonal distribution, range and horizontal distribution trend of Pb content in the surface and bottom waters were determined. The results show that in May, August and October, Pb content in the waters from the south of the bay mouth to the center of the bay, and in the whole water body from the surface to the bottom, ranged from 4.20 to 24.39 μg/L, which met the national sea water quality standard of class II, class III and class IV. In other words, water quality was mildly, moderately and severely polluted by Pb. In the surface and bottom water, the Pb content was from low to high in May, October and August; In addition, the seasonal change of Pb content in the water body from low to high was as follows: spring, autumn and summer. In May, August and October, when the content of Pb in the surface layer was high, the corresponding bottom layer was high. And when the content of Pb in the surface layer was relatively high, and the corresponding bottom layer was relatively high. It shows that in May, August and October, the loss of Pb content from the surface layer to the bottom layer was relatively large. Further, in the waters from the southeast to the center, in May and August, the horizontal distribution trend of Pb in the surface layer was opposite to that in the bottom layer. But in October, the horizontal distribution trend of Pb in the surface layer was consistent with that in the bottom layer. What’s more, from May to October, the seasonal variation of Pb content in the bottom layer of the water body in the southeastern Jiaozhou Bay was mainly decided by that of Pb content transported by the open ocean current. In the water body in the center of Jiaozhou Bay, the seasonal change of Pb content in the bottom layer was different from that in the surface layer and from that in the ocean current. In terms of time scale, in the waters from the southern bay mouth to the center of the bay, in May, August and October, the Pb content in the surface and the bottom layer changed in the same range, maintaining the consistency. Furthermore, in terms of spatial scale, in May and August, according to the high content and increasing trend of Pb transported by the open sea current, the horizontal distribution trend of Pb in the surface layer was opposite to that in the bottom layer. Nonetheless, in October, the Pb content transported by the open sea current was relatively low and showed a trend of decrease. And the horizontal distribution of Pb in the surface layer was consistent with that in the bottom layer.

Analysis of the impact of reclamation project on the health of Marine ecosystem in Cangzhou coastal area

For a comprehensive understanding of Cangzhou nearshore reclamation project construction effect on Marine ecosystem health, the evaluation scope is divided into six areas. According to the spring monitoring data in 2017, the regional ecosystem health evaluation method is used to evaluate the health index, and five evaluation indexes including seawater environment, sediment environment, biological habitat, biological forms and organisms are selected. Studies have shown that: the seawater environment, sediment environment and biological forms in the Cangzhou coastal area were all healthy; biological habitats, organisms and marine ecosystems were Unhealthy or sub-healthy; Reclamation activities are associated with the deterioration of seawater quality and the reduction of benthic and plankton biomass. The destruction of biological habitats is the main reason for the low ecosystem health index. destruction of biological habitats is the main reason for the low ecosystem health index.

Research on the Impact of Reclamation Project on the Marine Environment in the Dongjiang Area of Tianjin Port

With the development of cities and the continuous expansion of human activities, the impact of humans on nature has gradually become prominent. After the Industrial Revolution, the relationship between humans and nature has undergone a subtle change. Whether human beings actively interfere with nature or unconsciously influence the natural environment through behavioral facts, the progress of many human societies is accompanied by the consumption and damage of natural energy. At the same time, nature is also using facts to remind humans that the environmental degradation caused by excessive intervention will eventually affect humans themselves. This study collected 2003, 2012, 2016, and 2019 survey data of seawater quality and ecological environment near the Tianjin Dongjiang Port area. Through a single factor analysis method, we found that the marine environment changes in this area in recent years. The development of Tianjin’s urban area is closely related to the development of the port. At the same time, the sea reclamation project in Dongjiang may also be one of the reasons for this change. sea reclamation project in Dongjiang may also be one of the reasons for this change.

An Assessment on the Coastal Seawater Quality of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt

The present study focused on water quality assessment of 14 hotspot locations in the Gulf of Suez by measuring the physicochemical parameters seasonally during 2016. The results of investigated area revealed that, the annual mean range of water was: temperature (21.91°C - 29.22°C), pH (7.64 - 7.78), salinity (38.71‰ - 42.74‰), dissolved oxygen (6.09 - 8.78 mgO2/l,) oxidizable organic matter (1.4 - 5.4 mg/l), biological oxygen demand (1.14 - 3.94 mgO2/l), total suspended solids (18.56 - 37.69 mg/l), ammonia (13.51 - 494.41 μg/l), nitrite (1.261 - 151.76 μg/l), nitrate (7.11 - 487.85), dissolved inorganic phosphate (2.22 - 53.26) and silicate (19.83 - 347.61 μg/l). The N:P ratio fluctuated between 4.21 and 1214.61 with the main value of 81.16 indicating that the different sites in the northern part of the Gulf of Suez are P-limited. Based on the Principal Component Analysis Data, the stations locating in the Northern and Southern side of the Gulf of Suez are relatively good water quality; meanwhile, water quality of the other stations locating in the northern side of the Gulf of Suez is found slightly polluted to a different degree co-incided with an increase in the human activities in each of these locations.

Analysis of Environmental Microbiology of the Green Mussels (Perna viridis) Culture in the Waters of Tanjung Kait, Tangerang, Banten

Microbiology parameter is one important factor for the success of green mussels culture. Characteristic of green mussels as the filter feeder might be contaminated easily by the diluted toxin as well as the carrier of pathogens. This research aims to find out the amount of contamination of pathogenic bacteria. Samples of water and the green mussels were taken from the waters of Tanjung Kait, Tangerang, Banten and were then identified in the Laboratory of Fish Diseases Investigation and Environment in Pasauran, Serang. Analysed bacteriological parameters were total Coliform, as well as the species of E coli, Salmonella sp., a total of aerobic bacteria and Vibrio. The result of seawater quality and green mussel showed that the total abundance of Coliform cell was lower than 1600 MPN/g in green mussel, E.coli was < 3 until 43 MPM/ml in water and 0,18 until 130 MPM/g in green mussel, negative result for Salmonella sp. neither in water nor in green mussels. Total aerobic bacteria was found about 34-880 x10 2 CFU/ml in water, 24-980 x10 4 CFU/ml in the sediment and 12-100 x10 7 CFU/ml in green mussel. The result of Vibrio in water was about 50-340 CFU/ml, 4,4-88 x10 2 CFU/g in sediment and 0,082-25 x10 4 CFU/ml in the green mussels. Salmonella was found the negative test results in accordance with predefined standards, both with the seawater quality standard based on biological parameters and SNI 7388-2009 regarding the limit of microbial contamination of foods, while for other pathogenic bacteria parameters still above the predefined standard.

Analisa Konsentrasi Logam Cd Pada Rhizophora.Sp Menggunakan Metode AAS Di Kawasan Pelabuhan Gilimanuk Jembrana Bali

In this study, research was conducted on the analysis of Cu concentrations in mangrove plants (Rhizophora.sp) using the Atomic Absorbtion Spectrophotometry (AAS) method in the Gilimanuk Jembrana port area of Bali. The research was conducted on June 23, 2019 until July 28, 2019 in the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Udayana University. The method used is Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS), a principle that is based on the process of absorption of energy by atoms that are at the level of basic energy (groundstate). The sample used is in the form of root stems and leaves of mangroves that are cleaned and destroyed in advance, because AAS can only analyze the material in the form of liquid. The results of the analysis with AAS are the Cd metal content at Gilimanuk port has exceeded the threshold of the quality standard that is in accordance with sea water quality standards according to Environmental Decree Number: KEP-MEN LH No.51 / Men KLH / 2004 Cd threshold for tourism marine is 0,002 ppm and for biota is 0,001 ppm, while mangrove is included in marine tourism with a threshold of 0,002 ppm.

Evaluation of the Physicochemical and Bacteriological Study of the Three Sites in Ain Sebaa-Zenata Region after the Installation of the Anti-pollution Station of the East Coast of Grand Casablanca

The Moroccan coastline has been subjected exceptionally to the growth of urban agglomerations as well as to the negative effect of various industrial activities, together with the contributions of watersheds, wadis and streams that dump their sewage and the waste generated by cities and their periphery.&#x0D; Aim: First of all, we carry out an evaluation of the Physicochemical, bacteriological state of the bathing water sample of the beaches of Ain Sebaâ-Zenata through the search of the bacteriological and chemical contaminants in three sites by reinforcing them to the national norms and standards which govern the quality of the bathing water, on the other hand, we compare these results with those found before the inauguration of the anti-pollution station East of Greater Casablanca.&#x0D; Study Design: Study of the seawater quality of three swimming beaches.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: Seawater was collected on 15/04/2017 from 3 sites in the Ain Sebaa- Zenata (Douar Abdellah Belhaj Beach, El Nahla Beach, Zenata Beach) region of the city of Casablanca after the installation of the anti-pollution station.&#x0D; Methodology: Our job articulates on two axes: On the one hand, the study and the analysis of the physicochemical, bacteriological quality of the seawater after the installation of EST Casablanca anti-pollution station at the level of three sites (Douar Abdellah Belhaj Beach, El Nahla Beach, Zenata Beach). On the other hand, the comparison of these results with others already carried out before the development of this station via the same characteristics: Physico-chemical, bacteriological.&#x0D; Results: In the light of the acquired results, a correlation was pointed out between the Physicochemical and bacteriological examination in comparison with the standards in the three studied sites, which were previously recognized as heavily contaminated bathing areas before the installation of the station. It supports the conclusion that this anti-pollution system has a beneficial and advantageous effect and confirms its cleansing role.&#x0D; Conclusion: The current physico-chemical and bacteriological results of seawater in the Ain Sebaaa - Zenata region after the installation of the anti-pollution station show a significant improvement in the quality of this bathing area as well as the beneficial effect of this plant, which performs a very considerable purification function.

Environmentally relevant bisphenol A concentrations effects on the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa different parts elongation: perceptive assessors of toxicity

Toxicity data on bisphenol A (BPA) effects on aquatic macrophytes remain scarce. Therefore, environmentally relevant BPA concentrations (0.03, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 1, and 3μgL-1) were tested on the seagrass Cymodocea nodosa different parts length increase. All plant parts, at low BPA concentrations (0.03-0.3μgL-1), elongated equally to the control, while their lengthening and elongation rates gradually decreased by increasing BPA concentrations. A gradual increase of "Toxicity index" with increasing BPA concentrations was observed but was lower for juvenile blades and higher for plagiotropic rhizomes and adult leaves. In all parts, the LOECs were 0.3 and the NOECs 0.1μgL-1 at 10th day. Juvenile blades displayed, under acute stress, lengthening inhibition at lower concentrations than the rhizomes and adult blades, but at a lower extent. The EC50 values were lower for the rhizome internodes, followed by the adult blades and higher for the juvenile blades. Using as a biological "endpoint" the elongation, all C. nodosa parts and specifically the rhizomes and adult blades, followed by intermediate blades, adult sheaths, and juvenile blades, seemed to be sensitive BPA toxicity assessors. The evaluation of the relative sensitivity of the different parts to BPA toxicity could help identify the most suitable seagrass part for early diagnosis of the risk posed by BPA to seagrass meadows and could constitute a valuable tool to derive the seawater quality criteria and to be used in BPA monitoring programs for rational management of the coastal environment.