Quality Of Grain Research Articles

Grains production in high climate change impacted regions and its potential for the supply of critical nutrients for humans nutritional well being

Climate change affects most remarkably Savannah regions in ways that alter agricultural productivity. In addition, these regions are marked by high prevalence of malnutrition and mortality related to undernourishment in children under 5 years old. One of the most promising solutions to sustainably fight malnutrition is to design programs that will consider locally produced foods and production approaches that protect the soil. The present study was designed to evaluate the nutritional quality of grains produced in the Savannah in order to provide data that will be used to make recommendations for nutrition and sustainable farming. Farmers in the Savannah region in Togo were interviewed about their productions and their produced grains were sampled for biochemical characterization. All producers exploit family lands and mainly produce grains. More than 98% of producers breed poultry by only at the family level. Biochemical characterization of the sampled foods shows that pulses present a relative high level of sand, fatty matters and proteins. Results show that both cereals and pulses contain sufficient energy, fatty matters, vitamins and minerals that are necessary for human wellbeing. Foods formulations could be made especially for children under food substitution. In addition, pulses production is encouraged for sustainable soil preservation.Graphical abstract

Application of mineral fertilizers and herbicides on winter wheat crops in the steppe zone of RSO-Alania

The article studies the effect of mineral fertilizers and herbicides on winter wheat crops. The purpose of our research was to study the harmfulness of weeds and to develop techniques for increasing yields through the use of herbicides. For the first time the studies aimed at developing methods to increase the yield and quality of grain were conducted in the conditions of the steppe zone on chestnut-carbonate soils. [1] The use of mineral fertilizers and herbicides is an urgent task of agricultural production. Weeds reduce the yield and quality of winter wheat due to the removal of nutrients from the soil. In 2019-2021 we conducted experiments in the bogharic conditions of the steppe zone of the Mozdoksky district of the RNO-Alania, in the Oktyabrsky scientific and production department. In the course of research, it was found that the use of the herbicide Gran Star (25g/ha) with the use of mineral fertilizers and without fertilizers ensured the death of weeds by 72.5-82.7%, when applying the herbicide Dialen Super (0.7 l/ha), the death of weeds was 60%, when applying mineral fertilizers N 90 P 90 K 90 – 62.7%. The dry mass of weed vegetation decreased by 61.4 – 86.6%, the increasing of yield, in the winter wheat variety Alekseich – 4.4 t/ha, the increase was 2.4 t/ha when applying the herbicide Gran Star (25g/ha) against the background with the introduction of mineral N 60 P 60 K 60, with an increase of N 90 P 90 K 90 the increase was 2.9 t/ha, with a yield of 4.8 t/ha. With an increase in the doses of mineral fertilizers N 90 P 90 K 90, a harvest of winter wheat grain was obtained – 4.7 t/ha for the Yumpa variety, and the increase was 2.8 t. When applying mineral fertilizers together with herbicides, the quality indicators of grain also increase.

The influence of hydrothermal conditions of the Kirov region on the productivity and quality of grain of spring soft wheat varieties of different ripeness groups

Meteorological conditions were monitored for the period "May-August" in the Kirov region (Volga-Vyatka region) from 2008 to 2022. An increasing trend of the sum of precipitation and hydrothermal coefficient (НTC) values and a descending trend of the sum of effective temperatures was established. By the example of early-ripening (Iren, Bazhenka) and middleripening (Priokskaya, Simbirtsit, Margarita, Kamenka) varieties of spring wheat, the level and direction of variability of the main agronomic traits by changing the values of the НTC have been determined. In early-maturing varieties with an increase in the НTC of the growing season the content of protein and gluten in the grain significantly decreased, and the following increased: yield, duration of vegetation, plant height, ear density, mass of 1000 grains, density of the productive stem, the nature of the grain and the indicator of the gluten index. The elements of ear productivity were maximally expressed in the years optimal in terms of moisture. The reaction of medium-ripened varieties was similar according to the greater number of traits, except for the number of grains per ear, the weight of the grain per ear and the plant, the nature of the grain. By means of the correlation analysis, the influence of meteorological factors on the development of traits of spring wheat both for the entire growing season and for individual months has been studied. A high dependence of the duration of the growing season and the protein content in the grain on the sum of effective temperatures for May-August (r = 0.64...0.77) was revealed. The amount of precipitation made a significant contribution to the formation of traits only in critical phases of plant development. The analysis of regression equations obtained using 11 variables (weather factors by months) with a time sample size of 15 years showed that an increase in the amount of precipitation in June by 10 mm led to an increase in yield by an average of 0.13...0.14 t/ha, and a decrease in the average daily temperature of August by 1 °C provided an increase in yield by 0.23...0.26 t/ha. The duration of the growing season decreased in June by 2.2...2.4 days with 1 °C increase in the average temperature; in July – by 2.3...3.0 days; in August – by 1.3 days. The protein content in the grain most of all depended on the average daily temperature in June, with of 1 °C increase the amount of protein raised by 0.85...0.87 %.

The main mechanisms of environmentalization of the agricultural production

Solving the issues of environmentalization of agricultural production is an extremely important task in a scientific and applied sense, namely: providing the population with food, preventing crop losses from harmful objects, and protecting the environment from excessive chemical loading. Accordingly, an alternative solution in overcoming the negative consequences of chemicalization of agricultural production and improving the quality of seed products is the use of environmentally safe plant protection measures. An important component of technologies for growing various crops is their protection against phytopathogenic microorganisms. After all, in the agrocenoses of agricultural crops, there is an accumulation of an infectious background of phytopathogenic micromycetes, among which species of the genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, Alternaria, and Fusarium predominate, which can cause outbreaks of many plant diseases (root rot, Alternaria, Fusarium, Phytophthora, Anthracnose, Cercosporosis). Phytotoxic metabolites of necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungi, which are able to accumulate in soil, seeds and plant residues, deserve special attention. Mycotoxins lead to a decrease in the yield and quality of grain, as well as the quality of food products, which negatively affects their ecological safety, and can cause poisoning of humans and animals.

Evaluation of the application effectiveness mineral and microbiological fertilizers to improve the grain quality of spring durum wheat

The work studied the effect of mineral and microbiological fertilizers with various methods of basic tillage on the quality of grain and the yield of spring durum wheat. It has been established that, regardless of the method of the main tillage, the pre-sowing application of ammophos enhances the effect of mineral and microbiological fertilizers used as foliar feeding of spring wheat plants in the tillering and heading phases, providing an increase in grain quality to the 1st class, yield up to 40 % relative to control.

Variation in quality of grains used in malting and brewing.

Cereal grains have been domesticated largely from food grains to feed and malting grains. Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) remains unparalleled in its success as a primary brewing grain. However, there is renewed interest in "alternative" grains for brewing (and distilling) due to attention being placed on flavor, quality, and health (i.e., gluten issues) aspects that they may offer. This review covers basic and general information on "alternative grains" for malting and brewing, as well as an in-depth look at several major biochemical aspects of these grains including starch, protein, polyphenols, and lipids. These traits are described in terms of their effects on processing and flavor, as well as the prospects for improvement through breeding. These aspects have been studied extensively in barley, but little is known about the functional properties in other crops for malting and brewing. In addition, the complex nature of malting and brewing produces a large number of brewing targets but requires extensive processing, laboratory analysis, and accompanying sensory analysis. However, if a better understanding of the potential of alternative crops that can be used in malting and brewing is needed, then significantly more research is required.

PHYTOMORPHOLOGY OF WHEAT AND ITS GRAIN QUALITY RESPONSE TO DIVERSE APPROACHES OF IRON APPLICATION

Agriculture soils of Pakistan are already deficient of macronutrients, and now inadequacy for micronutrients has also been reported causing adverse effects on crop productivity. The study was carried out to investigate the effect of soil and foliar applied iron (Fe) on wheat. The treatments included: T1=Control (without Fe), T2=Soil applied Fe 3 kg ha‑1, T3=Soil applied Fe 6 kg ha‑1, T4=Foliar applied Fe 0.2%, T5=Foliar applied Fe 0.4%, T6=Soil applied Fe 1.5 kg ha-1+foliar applied Fe 0.1%, T7=Soil applied Fe 1.5 kg ha-1+foliar applied Fe 0.2%, T8=Soil applied Fe 3 kg ha-1+foliar applied Fe 0.1% and T9=Soil applied Fe 3 kg ha-1+foliar applied Fe 0.2%. All the treatments as alone or in combination, affected growth, yield and quality of wheat significantly (P<0.05). The results showed that T9 and T3 were most promising for almost all studied traits. Under T9 and T3, variety “TD-1” produced plants of 59.44 and 59.09 cm, while “Sindhu” showed 92.9 and 75.98 cm height, respectively. Higher grain yield (4799.7 and 4760.5 kg ha-1), grain protein (17.22 and 17.13%) were also recorded in T9 and T3, respectively; while T1 remained the least. In varieties, “TD-1” produced higher grain yield (4788.9 kg) than “Sindhu” (4341.8 kg ha-1). Inversely, grain protein was higher in variety “Sindhu” (17.10%) than “ TD-1” (16.72%). It was concluded that soil applied Fe 3 kg ha-1+foliar Fe 0.2% concentration or in absence of foliar application, soil applied Fe at 6 kg ha-1 remained most appropriate dose for wheat growers in addition to recommended NPK

Effect of a native bacterial consortium on growth, yield, and grain quality of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum) under different nitrogen rates in the Yaqui Valley, Mexico

ABSTRACT A field experiment was carried out to quantify the effect of a native bacterial inoculant on the growth, yield, and quality of the wheat crop, under different nitrogen (N) fertilizer rates in two agricultural seasons. Wheat was sown under field conditions at the Experimental Technology Transfer Center (CETT-910), as a representative wheat crop area from the Yaqui Valley, Sonora México. The experiment was conducted using different doses of nitrogen (0, 130, and 250 kg N ha−1) and a bacterial consortium (BC) (Bacillus subtilis TSO9, B. cabrialesii subsp. tritici TSO2T, B. subtilis TSO22, B. paralicheniformis TRQ65, and Priestia megaterium TRQ8). Results showed that the agricultural season affected chlorophyll content, spike size, grains per spike, protein content, and whole meal yellowness. The highest chlorophyll and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) values, as well as lower canopy temperature values, were observed in treatments under the application of 130 and 250 kg N ha−1 (the conventional Nitrogen dose). Wheat quality parameters such as yellow berry, protein content, Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-Sedimentation, and whole meal yellowness were affected by the N dose. Moreover, the application of the native bacterial consortium, under 130 kg N ha−1, resulted in a higher spike length and grain number per spike, which led to a higher yield (+1.0 ton ha−1 vs. un-inoculated treatment), without compromising the quality of grains. In conclusion, the use of this bacterial consortium has the potential to significantly enhance wheat growth, yield, and quality while reducing the nitrogen fertilizer application, thereby offering a promising agro-biotechnological alternative for improving wheat production.

Ways to increase the yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Kamyshanka 5 in the conditions of the Lower Volga Region

In recent years, the catalog of applied chemicalization agents has been replenished with a new generation of preparations, which are a complex of compounds containing various bioactive substances, macro- and micro compounds. After treatment of seeds with these biopreparations the time between sowing and sprouting is accelerated, plants build up a strong vegetative mass, the yield and quality of grain as well as resistance to diseases and pests is increased. The aim of our research was to study the effect of complex preparations on the yield and quality of winter wheat. This study conducted in the arid zone of the Lower Volga region in the experimental field of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology RAN from 2018 to 2020 (Russia, Volgograd) the results of the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with chemical, biological protectants and physiologically active substances and foliar fungicide treatments on winter wheat crops were presented. The objects of research in field experiments were chemical seed dresser (Inshur Perform) and fungicide (Azorro), biological fungicide (BSКa-3), growth regulators (Extrasol and Bio-Don) and organic fertilizer (Рotassium Нumate). During the research, soil samples of light chestnut heavy loam soil and plant samples of winter wheat by phase of development were taken. The results showed that the use of biologically active compounds contributed to the strengthening of growth and development of winter wheat. The maximum number of productive stems–345 pcs/m2, 35.7 grains per ear, weight of a grain per ear 1.10 g, weight of 1000 grains–31.38 g formed plants at plots where only new generation biological preparations were used. Compared with the yield on the variants without treatment (control), the yield at plots with the use of biological preparations was 1.14 t/ha higher.

Ways to increase the yield of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Kamyshanka 5 in the conditions of the Lower Volga Region

In recent years, the catalog of applied chemicalization agents has been replenished with a new generation of preparations, which are a complex of compounds containing various bioactive substances, macro- and micro compounds. After treatment of seeds with these biopreparations the time between sowing and sprouting is accelerated, plants build up a strong vegetative mass, the yield and quality of grain as well as resistance to diseases and pests is increased. The aim of our research was to study the effect of complex preparations on the yield and quality of winter wheat. This study conducted in the arid zone of the Lower Volga region in the experimental field of the Federal Research Center of Agroecology RAN from 2018 to 2020 (Russia, Volgograd) the results of the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with chemical, biological protectants and physiologically active substances and foliar fungicide treatments on winter wheat crops were presented. The objects of research in field experiments were chemical seed dresser (Inshur Perform) and fungicide (Azorro), biological fungicide (BSКa-3), growth regulators (Extrasol and Bio-Don) and organic fertilizer (Рotassium Нumate). During the research, soil samples of light chestnut heavy loam soil and plant samples of winter wheat by phase of development were taken. The results showed that the use of biologically active compounds contributed to the strengthening of growth and development of winter wheat. The maximum number of productive stems–345 pcs/m2, 35.7 grains per ear, weight of a grain per ear 1.10 g, weight of 1000 grains–31.38 g formed plants at plots where only new generation biological preparations were used. Compared with the yield on the variants without treatment (control), the yield at plots with the use of biological preparations was 1.14 t/ha higher.

Withdrawal: Productivity and nutritional qualities of grain of new F1 winter rye hybrids in the Southern Ural

Withdrawal: Productivity and nutritional qualities of grain of new F1 winter rye hybrids in the Southern Ural

Evaluation of the application effectiveness mineral and microbiological fertilizers to improve the grain quality of spring durum wheat

The work studied the effect of mineral and microbiological fertilizers with various methods of basic tillage on the quality of grain and the yield of spring durum wheat. It has been established that, regardless of the method of the main tillage, the pre-sowing application of ammophos enhances the effect of mineral and microbiological fertilizers used as foliar feeding of spring wheat plants in the tillering and heading phases, providing an increase in grain quality to the 1st class, yield up to 40 % relative to control.

Effects of drying conditions on grain quality: a review

Post-harvest grain drying reduces water activity, which reduces the rates of chemical reactions responsible for grain deterioration and which are essential for maintaining their quality. Most studies on grain drying are performed on the laboratory scale to study the factors that determine the quality of grains on a large scale. Such factors include air temperature and flow, grain layer thickness, raw material composition, and drying system employed. This review describes the effects of drying systems and their variations on grain quality, focusing on the physicochemical properties, mycotoxin levels, and bioactive compounds and components of grains.

Agro-morphological and biochemical responses of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd. var: ICBA-Q5) to organic amendments under various salinity conditions.

In the Sahara Desert, due to drought and salinity and poor soil fertility, very limited crop choice is available for the farmers to grow crops. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has shown promising under such conditions in the South of Morocco, a true representative site of Sahara Desert. Soil organic amendments have the potential to minimize negative effects of soil salinity and improve crop production. Thus, this study aimed to elucidate the impact of nine organic amendments on quinoa (var. ICBA-Q5) growth, productivity, and biochemical parameters under saline irrigation water application (4, 12, and 20 dS·m-1). Results of the experiment indicate a significant effect of organic amendments on major agro-morphological and productivity parameters. Biomass and seed yield tends to decrease with the rise of salinity level, and organic amendments have improved productivity compared to the non-treated control. However, salinity stress alleviation was assessed by determining pigments concentration, proline content, phenolic compounds, and antioxidant activity. Therefore, the action of organic amendments varies from one level of salinity to another. Furthermore, a remarkably significant decrease in total saponin content was reached due to the application of amendments even at high saline conditions (20 dS·m-1). The results demonstrate the possibility of enhancing the productivity of quinoa as an alternative food crop under salinity conditions by using organic amendments and improving the quality of grains (saponin reduction) during the pre-industrialization process.

Grain, Yield and Quality of Transplant Aman Rice and Soil Nutrients Status with Application of Fertilizers and Green Manures

A field experiment was conducted at Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka during 2014 on transplant aman rice var. BR11 (Mukta) under different levels of chemical fertilizers and green manures to evaluate its grain yield, grain quality and soil fertility status with incorporation of green manures. The experiment was carried out in a split- plot design with three replications. The level of fertilizers (0, 100, 75, 50% of recommended dose, RFD) was placed in main -plot and levels of green manures management (0, 5 and 10 t ha-1 each Mimosa invisa (Lajjaboti) and Sesbania spp. (Dhaincha) in sub-plot. Recommended dose of fertilizers of 83N, 21P, 37K, 11S and 1.5 Zn kg ha-1, were applied in the form of urea, triple super phosphate (TSP), muriate of potash (MoP), gypsum and zinc sulfate, respectively. Sixty-day old Mimosa invisa and Sesbania spp. were in - vitro incorporated before aman transplantation. Combined application of 75% RFD along with Mimosa invisa @ 10 t ha-1 was proved to be the best management in producing higher grain yield (7.25 t ha-1) and that was at par with treatment 50% RFD plus Mimosa invisa @ 10 t ha-1. Quality of grain was increased markedly in respect of amylose, carbohydrate, and protein as well. Furthermore, the treatment improved soil nutrient status in respect of organic matter, nitrogen, sulfur and Zn over no incorporations of green manures. So, addition of green manure like Mimosa invisa could cut fertilizer cost by 25-50%.
 Bangladesh Agron. J. 2022, 25(2): 67-72

Grain quality characteristics analysis and application on breeding of Yuenongsimiao, a high-yielding and disease-resistant rice variety

Rice quality is one of the main targets of rice breeding and is a complex trait that involves grain appearance, milling, cooking, eating and nutritional quality. For many years, rice breeding has contended with imbalances in rice yield, quality, and disease and lodging resistance. Here, the milling and appearance quality, cooking quality, starch rapid viscosity analyzer (RVA) profile, and nutritional quality of grains of Yuenongsimiao (YNSM), an indica rice variety with high yield, high quality and disease resistance, were determined. YNSM had excellent appearance and quality, with low amylose contents and high gel consistency, and these characteristics exhibited significant correlations with the RVA profile such as hot paste viscosity, cool paste viscosity, setback viscosity, and consistency. Moreover, 5 genes related to length-to-width ratio (LWR) as well as the Wx gene were used to detect the main quality genotype of YNSM. The results showed that YNSM is a semilong-grain rice with a relatively high brown rice rate, milled rice rate and head rice yield and low chalkiness. The results indicated that the LWR and food quality of YNSM might be related to gs3, gw7 and Wxb. This study also reports the quality characteristics of hybrid rice developed using YNSM as a restorer line. The quality characteristics and the genotype for grain quality determined through gene analysis in YNSM may facilitate the breeding of new rice varieties that achieve a balance of grain yield, resistance and quality.

Comparative transcriptomics identifies the key in planta-expressed genes of Fusarium graminearum during infection of wheat varieties.

Fusarium head blight (FHB), caused mainly by the fungus Fusarium graminearum, is one of the most devastating diseases in wheat, which reduces the yield and quality of grain. Fusarium graminearum infection of wheat cells triggers dynamic changes of gene expression in both F. graminearum and wheat, leading to molecular interactions between pathogen and host. The wheat plant in turn activates immune signaling or host defense pathways against FHB. However, the mechanisms by which F. graminearum infects wheat varieties with different levels of host resistance are largely limited. In this study, we conducted a comparative analysis of the F. graminearum transcriptome in planta during the infection of susceptible and resistant wheat varieties at three timepoints. A total of 6,106F. graminearum genes including those functioning in cell wall degradation, synthesis of secondary metabolites, virulence, and pathogenicity were identified during the infection of different hosts, which were regulated by hosts with different genetic backgrounds. Genes enriched with metabolism of host cell wall components and defense response processes were specifically dynamic during the infection with different hosts. Our study also identified F. graminearum genes that were specifically suppressed by signals derived from the resistant plant host. These genes may represent direct targets of the plant defense against infection by this fungus. Briefly, we generated databases of in planta-expressed genes of F. graminearum during infection of two different FHB resistance level wheat varieties, highlighted their dynamic expression patterns and functions of virulence, invasion, defense response, metabolism, and effector signaling, providing valuable insight into the interactions between F. graminearum and susceptible/resistant wheat varieties.

Removal of apical dominance in common buckwheat improves grain fill and yield

AbstractPoor grain filling and light grain test weight limit the grain yield potential of crops. The quality of grain filling is closely related to the grains on the position of the plant. This study assesses the positive effect of apical dominance removal treatment (ADR) on poor grain filling and the yield formation of common buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench). Common buckwheat cultivar “Fengtian 1” was used to study the effects of ADR on grain filling, starch synthesis enzyme activities, endogenous hormone content, root morphology and physiology, and yield. Compared to no apical dominance removal (CK), the grain filling rate, abscisic acid (ABA), and indo‐3‐acetic acid (IAA) content of grains of the ADR treatment were increased by 54.9%, 26.2%, and 24.5%, respectively. The ADR treatment had better root growth and stronger antioxidant enzyme activity than the CK treatment. The grains per plant, grain weight per plant, and yield in the ADR treatment were 1.17, 1.34, and 1.12 times higher than the CK treatment, respectively. The findings indicate high starch synthesis activity, and high ABA and IAA contents accounted for the increased grain weight and filling rate of buckwheat grains in the ADR treatment. This research demonstrates potential for improved management in buckwheat production to increase the yield and improve the grain quality.

Study of the quality indicators of modern winter wheat varieties developed by the FSBSI ARC “Donskoy”

The current paper has presented a three-year estimation of 14 new winter bread wheat varieties, recently developed in the laboratory of half-intensive type of the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”, according to such indicators as kernel hardness, grain nature weight, protein and gluten percentage in grain, IDK, SDS-sedimentation, flour strength, volume yield of bread from 100 g of flour and general baking assessment. The main way to improve the quality of winter bread wheat grain and flour is breeding, the development of varieties and samples with optimal values of these indicators. The purpose of the current study was to estimate current winter bread wheat varieties developed by the FSBSI Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” according to the main quality indicators of grain and flour. Breeding for high flour-grinding and baking quality of grain has always been one of the priority areas for winter bread wheat breeding at the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. There has been identified more than 14 % of protein in grain on average for all studied varieties in 2019 (14.14 %) and 2021 (14.10 %). The average value of gluten content in grain was at the level of 27.1 %. More than 28.0 % of gluten was found in such varieties as ‘Volnitsa’ (28.9 %), ‘Podarok Krymu’ (29.5 %) and ‘Zolotoy Kolos’ (28.9 %). According to a set of quality indicators, the studied genotypes belonged to the second and third quality classes according to GOST 9353-2016. According to the study results, there have been determined significant positive correlations between protein percentage and gluten content in grain (r = 0.71±0.19); volume yield of bread and general baking assessment (r = 0.95±0.05); gluten content and flour strength (r = 0.57±0.22); grain nature weight and SDS-sedimentation (r = 0.62±0.21); SDS-sedimentation and flour strength (r = 0.63±0.21).

Study of the influence of the use of an organic microelement complex on the yield and qual-ity of crops in the conditions of the Left Bank of the Saratov region

The article presents the materials of studies of foliar top dressing with organomineral fertilizers on the productivity and quality of grain of agricultural crops in the conditions of dark chestnut soils of the Saratov Left Bank. It is shown that the application of an organic microelement complex (OMEC) contributes to an increase in yield compared to the control at the level of 0.28 t/ha (winter wheat), 0.07 t/ha (chickpeas and sunflower) and 0.23 t/ha (corn). An analysis of the quality of the products showed that after foliar fertilization with an organic microelement complex (OMEK) these values were higher compared to the control and after application of Bionex-Kemi. When calculating the economic efficiency, the highest net income indicators were after foliar top dressing with an organic microelement complex (OMEK).