Gas Pumping Research Articles

ВЛИЯНИЕ КОНСТРУКЦИИ СЕГМЕНТНЫХ ПЕРЕГОРОДОК НА ПРОЦЕСС ТЕПЛООБМЕНА В ГАЗОМАСЛЯНОМ ТЕПЛООБМЕННОМ АППАРАТЕ

Shell-and-tube oil coolers are widely used for heat transfer in power systems. However, due to the high viscosity of lubricants, their heat transfer coefficients from the oil side are an order of magnitude lower than those of their analogues, where water is used in the inter-tube space. Therefore, it is important to select internal devices that would contribute to turbolization of the flow in the inter-tube space, but at the same time the hydraulic resistance value would be within acceptable limits in order to introduce a gas-oil heat exchanger (GOHE) into the existing lubrication system of the gas pumping unit (GPU). In this paper, the influence of three types of standard segment partitions (single-segment, two-segment, three-segment) with varying degrees of cutout on the thermal and hydraulic characteristics of the GMT was considered. Numerical simulation was performed using the Aspen EDR V12 software package. The results of the study showed that the highest heat transfer coefficient in a number of single-segment partitions is achieved at a cutout rate of 25% and reaches a value of 309.8 W*m2/K. In a series of two-segment partitions, the maximum value of the heat transfer coefficient is 284.3 W*m2/K with a cutout degree of a two-segment partition of 15%-20%. In a series of three-segment partitions, the maximum value of the heat transfer coefficient is 246.4 W*m2/K with a cutout degree of 5%_10%_15%, the study showed that with an increase in the cutout degree of a single-segment partition, the hydraulic resistance decreases by 1.9 times. In a row of two-segment partitions, the hydraulic resistance is reduced by 2 times. The hydraulic resistance decreases by 1.51 times with an increase in the degree of cutout of the three-segment partition. It was also found out that the highest value of the bypass flow E is achieved for single-segment partitions, and the lowest value for three-segment ones. The main flow in single-segment partitions is 35.81% less than in three-segment partitions.

The influence of reality gas calculation methods on the gasdynamic characteristics of a gas pumping unit centrifugal compressor

The influence of reality gas calculation methods on the gasdynamic characteristics of a gas pumping unit centrifugal compressor

APPLICATION OF AN EXACT SOLUTION OF SPECIAL TYPE OF THERMOSOLUTAL CONVECTION EQUATIONS FOR THE INVESTIGATION OF EVAPORATIVE THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOWS

The characteristics of gas-liquid flows with evaporation at the thermocapillary interface in an infinite rectangular duct, with a linearly distributed thermal load being applied on the upper and lower walls, are studied. The theoretical research of the three-dimensional convective flows is carried out within the framework of a two-sided model of evaporative convection based on the Navier-Stokes equations in the Oberbeck-Boussinesq approximation. A solution of a special type of governing stationary equations is used for describing the heat and mass transfer in a system of two immiscible fluids. We investigate the influence of the working (equilibrium) temperature of the system and intensity of the external thermal load on the structure of the velocity and temperature fields, as well as on changes in the evaporation mass flow rate and vapor content in the gas phase. The simulations are performed for the ethanol-air system. Based on the comparison of the calculated and experimental data, an effective way of nondimensionalization is proposed that allows one to consistently take into account the impact of the gas pumping velocity being a controlled parameter in experiments. It provides correct matching of the mathematical model to the experiment conditions, as well as a better qualitative and quantitative agreement between theoretical and measured values of evaporative mass flow rate. The results of the present study can aid in developing a theoretical basis for experimental research methods of evaporative convection and also in designing equipment for thermal coating or drying.

МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ РАБОТЫ КОМПРЕССОРА ВБЛИЗИ ГРАНИЦ ПОМПАЖА И ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ПАРАМЕТРОВ АНТИПОМПАЖНОГО РЕГУЛЯТОРА

The article describes methodology for the study compressor’s gas pumping unit in the Aspen HYSYS software.

Control Software Design for a Multisensing Multicellular Microscale Gas Chromatography System.

Microscale gas chromatography (μGC) systems are miniaturized instruments that typically incorporate one or several microfabricated fluidic elements; such systems are generally well suited for the automated sampling and analysis of gas-phase chemicals. Advanced μGC systems may incorporate more than 15 elements and operate these elements in different coordinated sequences to execute complex operations. In particular, the control software must manage the sampling and analysis operations of the μGC system in a time-sensitive manner; while operating multiple control loops, it must also manage error conditions, data acquisition, and user interactions when necessary. To address these challenges, this work describes the investigation of multithreaded control software and its evaluation with a representative μGC system. The μGC system is based on a progressive cellular architecture that uses multiple μGC cells to efficiently broaden the range of chemical analytes, with each cell incorporating multiple detectors. Implemented in Python language version 3.7.3 and executed by an embedded single-board computer, the control software enables the concurrent control of heaters, pumps, and valves while also gathering data from thermistors, pressure sensors, capacitive detectors, and photoionization detectors. A graphical user interface (UI) that operates on a laptop provides visualization of control parameters in real time. In experimental evaluations, the control software provided successful operation and readout for all the components, including eight sets of thermistors and heaters that form temperature feedback loops, two sets of pressure sensors and tunable gas pumps that form pressure head feedback loops, six capacitive detectors, three photoionization detectors, six valves, and an additional fixed-flow gas pump. A typical run analyzing 18 chemicals is presented. Although the operating system does not guarantee real-time operation, the relative standard deviations of the control loop timings were <0.5%. The control software successfully supported >1000 μGC runs that analyzed various chemical mixtures.

Design and Validation of a Three-Dimensional Printer-Based System Enabling Rapid, Low-Cost Construction of the Biosensing Areas of Lateral Flow Devices for Immunoassays and Nucleic Acid Assays.

The COVID-19 pandemic proved the great usefulness of lateral flow tests as self- and rapid tests. The rapid expansion of this field requires the design and validation of novel, affordable, and versatile technologies for the easy fabrication of a variety of lateral flow devices. In the present work, we have developed a new, simple, and cost-effective system for the dispensing of reagents on the membranes of lateral flow devices to be used for research purposes. The 3D printing technology is integrated, for the first time, with simple and inexpensive tools such as a technical pen and disposable pipet tips for the construction of the test and the control areas of the devices. We also used this system for the automated fabrication of spots on the membrane for multiplex analysis. The devices were applied for the detection of proteins/antibodies and single- and double-stranded DNA targets. Also, devices with multiple biosensing areas on the membrane were constructed for the simultaneous detection of different analytes. The proposed system is very simple, automated, and inexpensive and has provided rapid and reproducible construction of lateral flow devices. Compared to a commercially available automated dispenser, the devices showed similar detection capabilities and reproducibility in various real samples. Moreover, contrary to the existing dispensers, the proposed system does not require any gas or costly precision pumps and syringes for the deposition. In conclusion, the developed 3D printer-based system could be an extremely useful alternative for research laboratories for the construction of lateral flow devices of various assay configurations.

Ensuring Safety of Gas Field Infrastructure Using ALARP and a Systematic Approach

Introduction. A significant part of the global and state economy is the production and supply of hydrocarbon raw materials. The issues of safety in this area will remain important in the coming decades. The problem is actively discussed in the professional and scientific community. Theoretical and applied works are published. Local, point-based methods are calculated and implemented, which allow predicting and preventing emergencies in certain units of the considered objects. At the same time, there are no sufficiently justified and reproducible system solutions that can take into account the state of, for example, oil or gas field as a single complex and act as indicators not only of ordinary local accidents, but also of systemic accidents — catastrophes. Such a scientifically and experimentally based solution is described in this article. The approach is proposed as part of the formation of a comprehensive scientific and technical program (CSTP) to ensure the safety of natural and technogenic objects (NTO). The aim of this work was to describe the practice of its application in the conditions of specific gas fields and to justify the refusal to focus on solutions that took into account only the minimum practically acceptable risk, that is, built on the ALARP principle (as low as reasonably practicable). Materials and Methods. The article was based on the results of field tests of natural and technogenic objects (NTO) of the oil and gas complex — the Yuzhno-Russkoye field of OJSC Severneftegazprom (SNGP), LLC Gazprom Dobycha Yamburg (GDYA) and the gas pumping station (GPS) Orlovka-2 (Ukraine), conducted with the authors’ participation. Significant results were obtained and evidence-based physically interpreted during acceptance tests of an explosion-proof certified, created under the guidance of the authors of a prototype of a disaster response system (DRS) at the integrated gas treatment plant (IGTP) in LLC GDYA in 2006. At the same time, for the first time in the world practice, the fact of early detection and parrying without consequences by means of DRS on the UKPG-2 of the development of a large-scale general industrial disaster was confirmed. In the form of graphs, the revealed patterns of NTO have been visualized, which made it possible to form harbingers of the development of accidents and catastrophes at the NTO of LLC "GDYA", SNGP and GPS "Orlovka-2". Information on the high experimental reproducibility of the obtained results was presented. The technology has been developed of early detection and parrying of all types of potentially dangerous self-exciting systemic phenomena on real NTO infrastructure — self-oscillations. Three cases of their excitation in real gas fields were presented. Results. The paper shows the fragmentary nature and locality of emergency protection systems based on the ALARP principle. The consequence of this was its complete unsuitability for early detection and counteraction to the most large-scale and costly system accidents — catastrophes that were multifactorial processes, in which none of the factors was decisive. The alternative complex solution of the problem proposed by the authors and brought to working condition was based on a system approach adapted to the NTO of the oil and gas complex. The measured parameters of various NTO infrastructure — fields of LLC "GDYA" and SNGP were processed and analyzed at the moments of development of self-oscillating modes on them, due to self-sustaining nonlinear mechanisms of interaction of NTO elements with constant (non-oscillatory) sources of energy replenishment. Three such modes of self-excitation were illustrated. The most informative in this case were the transient modes of operation of the equipment. According to the technologies experimentally developed by the authors, the areas of critical operating modes of equipment with pronounced potentially dangerous bifurcation points were analyzed. The result of superimposing treatments of the measured parameters of eight full-scale tests of NTO — graphs of dimensionless amplitude-frequency characteristics of the interconnections of a real dynamic system was presented: "input — gas cooling housing" → "output — pipe casing" at the frequency of self-oscillations. Discussion and Conclusion. The capabilities of ALARP did not meet the tasks of system monitoring of the occurrence and development of dangerous incidents in gas fields. This conclusion can be attributed to all standard sizes of NTO infrastructure in Russia. Fundamentally different solutions should be used to ensure comprehensive observability, controllability, and safety of NTO. A comprehensive scientific and technical program is recommended: "Innovative hardware and software tools and technologies to ensure the observability, controllability, and safety of the NTO infrastructure of Russia".

Low-pressure performance of a Fabry–Pérot cavity based optical pressure standard working at the zero-thermal-expansion temperature

Fabry–Pérot cavity (FPC) refractometer based optical pressure standard (OPS) is very promising for a new realization of the pascal in the range 1 Pa–100 kPa. Although FPCs are made using ultra-low-expansion glass, cavity baseline (frequency) shifts due to temperature changes caused by gas pumping and filling are still a crucial factor limiting the accuracy of the OPS developed at the National Institute of Metrology (NIM) of China at the low-pressure end. In this study, the baseline shift in the NIM-OPS is eliminated by setting the working temperature at the zero-thermal-expansion (ZTE) point, which is determined by measuring the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of the FPC in the temperature range 23–40 °C. CTE measurements are obtained under a background vacuum, and also under the condition of remaining gas in order to minimize the temperature gradient. The performance of the OPS for low-pressure measurements is investigated at two different working temperatures, i.e. 30.1 °C used previously and the determined ZTE temperature of 36.8 °C. An indirect comparison between the OPS and a static expansion system is performed at 1 Pa using a capacitance diaphragm gauge as the transfer standard. The disagreement of ∼ 254 mPa at 30.1 °C is reduced to within 10 mPa at the ZTE temperature.

Investigation of Gas-liquid Separation Experiment of Electric Pump Drainage and Gas Extraction Unit in High Gas-liquid Ratio Gas Wells

Given the prominent problem of water in the Tarim basin of China with high formation temperature and large water production, a preferred scheme of electric pump drainage and gas extraction unit for gas fields with a high gas-liquid ratio is proposed by the mechanical principle and structural design method. Then, the corresponding electric pumps were developed, and the drainage and gas extraction scheme of a permanent magnet electric pump unit with gas-liquid separation in the way of an inverted deflector is designed. Through indoor experiments simulating the downhole gas-liquid ratio environment, the gas-liquid separation ability and adaptability of the design scheme under different good conditions are verified. The results obtained demonstrate that the cable connection process can meet the requirements of high-pressure resistance (≥25 MPa), and the gas-liquid separation effect is very good in vertical wells by adopting the inverted deflector scheme. The separation effect exceeded 90% under different working conditions (production from 30 to 150 m3/day and inhalation gas-liquid ratio from 50% to 95% and even higher) in the experiment with high gas content. The results will promote the gas recovery rate of high gas-liquid ratio gas fields and improve extraction efficiency.

Array Formation Testing with Multiple Azimuthal and Axial Pressure Transducers

An early formation tester operating a “sink probe” that extracts fluids from the borehole, also measures pressures at its location; pressures are additionally collected at two passive sensors, one situated 180 deg away and the second about meter axially. These positions are not conducive to accurate permeability predictions, since pressure transient signals used for inverse analysis attenuate very rapidly. Closer probe spacings offer formation evaluation advantages at low mobilities because Darcy pressure dissipation is reduced. Logging applications for such testing tools include heterogeneity, anisotropy and layer characterization. Multiprobe tools with smaller transducer separations are ideal, but at present, analytically based hardware design and software interpretation methods are not available. Two design approaches are described in this paper, namely, testers with multiple probes that are displaced azimuthally, and those with axially displaced probes. For the former, we describe a new triple-probe array tester and related software models that support pressure transient analysis in transversely isotropic media. The numerical approach supports independently operable probes with different nozzle shapes, flow rates and start and stop times. This flexibility supports anisotropy and heterogeneity mapping ‘’circumferentially about the borehole. The latter class of tools, those formed by axial pressure arrays, extend conventional “dual probe tools” by including additional pressure probes axially along the same azimuth. These support improved pressure gradient analysis and detection of isolated zones in vertical wireline applications. Taken together, both array methods and their computational models support more effective job planning and inverse properties analysis. Comments are also offered on “hybrid multiprobe tools” consisting of both azimuthal and axial arrays. These math formulations and computing methods for both tool classes not only support pressure analysis, but also, for more effective hardware design. For example, what pump flow rates are required to provide a given depth of investigation? Analogous questions can be answered “on paper” prior to prototype building. Representative computed examples are presented demonstrating the versatility and capabilities of the new models. This article introduces techniques focusing on single-phase flow fundamentals. Applications to other multiprobe tools, together with multiphase extensions, dealing with coupled pressure and contamination models, nonlinear gas pumping, convergence acceleration, and in addition, inverse approaches and “big data” support, will be presented in a forthcoming 2024 book.

Study on improving liquid carrying performance of annular jet pump gas well with static mixer

AbstractIn the process of natural gas extraction, the phenomenon of liquid loading will affect the efficiency of gas well extraction and reduce the life of the well. Compared with conventional drainage gas extraction technology, the jet pump can not only reduce the bottom back pressure and ensure the stable production of gas reservoirs but also promote the final recovery rate. Since the jet pump relies on the interaction between fluid particles to transfer energy, the energy loss is large and the efficiency is low. To maximize the advantages of the gas‐driven jet pump, this study innovatively combines a static mixer with an annular jet pump. Utilizing the cyclonic effect produced by the static mixer, the original gas‐liquid axial motion is transformed into a stronger vortex motion, and the liquid droplets are changed into a liquid film that is easier to carry, which significantly improves the discharge efficiency of the jet pump. This study uses a combination of numerical simulation and experimental analysis to compare the associated effects of the new annular jet pump (NAJP) and the conventional annular jet pump (CAJP) on the liquid‐carrying performance of gas wells in terms of cyclonic effect, droplet breakage ratio, and pump efficiency. The results show that, compared with CAJP, NAJP increases the mass flow rate of the sucked fluid. The droplet breakage ratio increases by 15.4% year‐on‐year, while the critical liquid‐carrying flow rate is reduced by about 10.7%, resulting in a maximum pumping efficiency of 37%, an increase of about 30.7% year‐on‐year. At the same time, the reduction of the energy coefficient means lower energy consumption. In summary, NAJP is better than CAJP in terms of liquid‐carrying effect and efficiency.

A superradiant two-level laser with intrinsic light force generated gain

The implementation of a superradiant laser as an active frequency standard is predicted to provide better short-term stability and robustness to thermal and mechanical fluctuations when compared to standard passive optical clocks. However, despite significant recent progress, the experimental realization of continuous wave superradiant lasing still remains an open challenge as it requires continuous loading, cooling, and pumping of active atoms within an optical resonator. Here we propose a new scenario for creating continuous gain by using optical forces acting on the states of a two-level atom via bichromatic coherent pumping of a cold atomic gas trapped inside a single-mode cavity. Analogous to atomic maser setups, tailored state-dependent forces are used to gather and concentrate excited-state atoms in regions of strong atom-cavity coupling while ground-state atoms are repelled. To facilitate numerical simulations of a sufficiently large atomic ensemble, we rely on a second-order cumulant expansion and describe the atomic motion in a semi-classical point-particle approximation subject to position-dependent light shifts which induce optical gradient forces along the cavity axis. We study minimal conditions on pump laser intensities and detunings required for collective superradiant emission. Balancing Doppler cooling and gain-induced heating we identify a parameter regime of a continuous narrow-band laser operation close to the bare atomic frequency.

Optical pumping of rubidium isotopes by Cr&lt;sup&gt;3+&lt;/sup&gt;:BeAl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt; laser radiation

We consider the use of a Cr3+:BeAl2O4 laser in free-running operating as a source of emission for optical pumping rubidium alkali metal vapors. The use of dispersive elements in the composition of the laser cavity makes it possible to smoothly tune lasing wavelength and to realize generation at wavelengths corresponding to the D1 and D2 lines of the 85Rb and 87Rb isotopes. Optical pumping of rubidium isotopes by laser emission with wavelengths of 795 and 780 nm, respectively, is experimentally implemented, and their fluorescence is demonstrated. The question of using a wavelength-tunable laser in the method of spin-exchange optical pumping of noble gases is discussed.

Modelling and Analysis of Salient-Pole Rotor Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor for Oil and Gas Pump Applications

This paper presents the design and dynamic simulation of a line-start, three-phase Interior Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (IPMSM) intended for pump applications in the oil and gas industry. The problem addressed in this paper pertains to the replacement of an existing induction motor (IM) in an oil and gas pump station with a more efficient and controllable solution, the IPMSM since IMs are known to be less efficient and IPMSM is easier to control. The chosen motor type employs a traditional salient-pole rotor with cage windings, known for its line-start capability, making it a feasible choice for constant-speed and pump applications. The dynamic simulation of the proposed IPMSM is carried out using MATLAB/Simulink, focusing on fundamental harmonic analysis in direct-phase variables. The results demonstrate rapid startup to synchronous speed with minor deviations effectively dampened by the rotor's damper windings. Torque characteristics exhibit some pulsations caused by magneto-motive force (MMF) harmonics; a phenomenon captured by Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The performance results show that the proposed IPMSM with a salient-pole rotor is viable and a promising replacement for induction motors in oil and gas pump stations.

Current-voltage characteristics of single-stage semiconductor magnetic pulse generators with a distinctive structure of the conversion link in the input circuit

Introduction. The main feature of the semiconductor magnetic pulse generators (SMPGs) is a slow accumulation of energy in the primary capacitor and its rapid introduction into the load by using a series of sequentially connected magnetic compression stages. Initially, these devices were mainly used for pumping gas lasers, but over the last decade SMPGs have been increasingly used in electric discharge technologies for water purification and air ionization to remove toxic impurities. At the same time, along with the practice of using these devices, development has also been achieved in the principles of their design and methods of mathematical modeling. Problem. The main drawback of the existing theory of SMPG’s stationary oscillations mode is an adoption of the saturable reactor (SR) model in approximation of the static magnetization curve of its core, as well as unidirectional nature of the energy transfer from the generator to the load. In most publication the exchange processes between the power source and SR are still not covered. Goal. Study of electrical and energy characteristics of low-voltage single-stage SMPG devices with series and parallel conversion stages in the charging circuit. Methodology. To achieve the set goal, this work uses comprehensive approach relayed on technical tools of setting up the experiment, numerical methods for processing measurement results, as well as an analytical method for describing electromagnetic processes in single-stage SMPG circuits. Results. The closed current-voltage characteristics of the SR are obtained, according to which the numerical calculations of the integral magnetic and energy characteristics of the proposed models are carried out. The features of the longitudinal capacitance charging process in a SMPG’s circuit with a parallel conversion stage, which occurs simultaneously in two adjacent circuits, are explained. Analytical expressions to describe the dynamics of magnetic flux density in the SR’s core as a time-depended function are derived. Based on the obtained hysteresis curve of the core, the exchange processes of energy transfer between the power source and the SR are explained. Practical value. The results of the research can be applied in the development of low-voltage SMPG circuits with improved energy-dynamic parameters.

Effect of Blade Twist on The Flow Characteristics of Gas-Liquid Two-Phase Flow in a Spiral Axial Flow Pump

The mixing of oil and gas forms the foundation of deep-sea oil and gas extraction and transportation. However, traditional conveying equipment has low efficiency and high failure rates. In this study, a spiral axial flow gas and liquid multiphase pump was used as the base model. The Eulerian multiphase flow model and RNG turbulence model were used for numerical simulations to analyze the internal flow field of the multiphase pump. A modification scheme was proposed to twist the airfoil shape and create a twisted vane. The twisted blade with the center of the hub-side flange chord length as the twisting center was twisted in the counterclockwise direction to help reduce the relative volume of gas in the flow channel. When the twisted vane with the hub-side airfoil type trailing edge point as the twisting center was twisted in the suction side direction, it helped to accelerate the movement of the gas-liquid mixture at the trailing edge of the back of the vane and further reduced the low velocity zone at the back of the vane. When the twist center is located at the hub side wing type trailing edge point of the twist vane, the twist degree is 0.214. This results in the maximum head and efficiency of the pump, improves gas phase aggregation phenomenon, and enhances the performance of the multiphase pump.

Damping of an Oscillatory System with Incomplete Sealing of the Air Cavity by a Magnetic Fluid

Purpose. Investigate the damping of an oscillatory system with incomplete sealing of the air cavity with a magnetic fluid.Methods. The study was carried out on an experimental setup developed on the basis of known methods and equipment for magnetic measurements and manufactured independently. A ring neodymium magnet (NdFeB alloy) 60x24x10 mm in size was used as a magnetic field source. The magnetic field strength at the center of the magnet, measured with a TPU-01 milliteslamer, is 220 kA/m. An inductor, a GVT-427B amplifier, and a GwInstek GDS-72072 digital oscilloscope were used to display oscillograms. Samples of magnetic fluid based on Fe3O4 magnetite stabilized with oleic acid were studied. Kerosene was used as the carrier liquid.Results. The results of an experimental study of the elasticity and damping of an oscillatory system with incomplete sealing of the air cavity by a magnetic fluid bridge are presented. The level of sealing of the air cavity varies due to the process of pumping gas through capillaries of various radii. To explain the regularities obtained, a model theory is proposed in the approximation of a viscous gas flow according to the Poiseuille law, and the conclusions of the wellknown theory of sound propagation in molecular acoustics and the theory of sound ducts are also drawn. The relaxation mechanism imposes a restriction on the type of vibrational gas flow through the capillaries, which takes into account the "throughput" capacity of the capillaries. The proposed model explains the presence of a maximum in the dependence of the attenuation coefficient on the capillary radius and its decrease with an increase in the volume (height) of the gas cavity.Conclusion. The proposed relaxation theory of vibrational gas flow through capillaries predicts anomalously large damping coefficients and almost complete damping of an oscillatory system with a magnetic fluid inertial element. The use of the data obtained is advisable in the design of new shock absorbers, since a magnetic fluid damper with capillaries is capable of damping low-frequency oscillations.

STUDY OF INFLUENCE DEGREE OF GAS PUMPING UNIT OUTPUT PARAMETERS ON POLLUTANT EMISSION

Gas turbine plants, as well as all types of gas-using equipment, have a long service life, during which, along with the operational performance deterioration, pollutant emissions are expected to change.&#x0D; To take this factor into account, when developing algorithms for determining pollutant emissions from gas pumping units based on operational parameters, an analysis of changes in NOx and COx emissions (nitrogen oxides and carbon oxides) when the output parameters of the gas pumping unit deviates from the nominal ones has been carried out.&#x0D; The impact of operating time, repairs of the drive motor, flushing of the AL-31ST flow section was investigated.&#x0D; Additional tests to simulate the reduction in the available power of the unit due to a decrease in the efficiency of the axial compressor, which made it possible to quantify the impact of the deterioration in the technical condition of the gas turbine plant on NOx and COx emission were carried out.

A Review of Gas Pumps Fault Behavior and Measurement, Diagnosis and Identification Methods Including Virtual Sensors

Almost half of all electrical pump capacity consume in three-phase induction motors and most of them use in gas pumps and compressor in processes of industries for heating, cooling, pumping, conveyors, etc. The most important role of fault detection and detection (FDD) for manufacturing equipment is an effective indicator that can identify the faulty state of a process and then take appropriate action against future failures or adverse events. The impact of proper maintenance is reflected on an especially costly type of industrial machine. To avoid reducing the efficiency of the gas station, automated fault detection and diagnostics is very important and need to study. This article aims to establish a criterion for selecting which faults can be tested under laboratory conditions or by simulation with a virtual model and to determine the features that identify those faults. This efficiency identify of faults leads to saving of energy, service and operating costs. Virtual sensors applied to gas pumps to reduce the cost associated with FDD implementation are described. Finally, several areas of improvement for the aspects reviewed have been identified: increase the use of performance indicators for FDD, new and updated studies about the health status of field heat pumps, testing methods that take into account the gradual and probabilistic nature of heat pump faults and further research in the use of virtual sensors in FDD systems.

Study of the Effective Torus Exhaust High Vacuum Pumping System Performance in the Inner Tritium Plant Loop of EU-DEMO

The requirement for a reduction of the tritium inventory of the European demonstration fusion reactor (EU-DEMO) has led to the active research and development of a continuously working pumping process termed “KALPUREX.” This process foresees the direct recycling of a large fraction of the unburnt hydrogen isotopologues via superpermeation in metal foil pumps during the burn phase. The remaining exhaust gas mixture is pumped by continuously operating, mercury-driven linear diffusion pumps. Diffusion pumps are kinetic high vacuum pumps whose pumping principle is based on the momentum transfer from a supersonic mercury vapor jet to the pumped gas mixture. Like many high vacuum pumps, they feature species-dependent pumping speeds. In the present work, we develop a simplified hybrid model of the high vacuum pumping train in order to estimate the effective pumping speed of the integrated system. The results of this model and its implications on the further development of the vacuum system are discussed for the burn and dwell phases of EU-DEMO.