PubMed Scopus Research Articles

Current ethical considerations of cadaver surgical training for Japanese plastic and reconstructive surgeons

The guidelines for cadaver surgical training (CST) were published in 2012 by the Japan Surgical Society and Japanese Association of Anatomists. 1 Shichinohe T. Kondo T. Date H. Hiramatsu M. et al. Guidelines for cadaver Guidelines for cadaver dissection in education and research of clinical medicine (The Japan Surgical Society and The Japanese Association of Anatomists). Surg Today. 2022 Jul; 52: 989-994 Crossref PubMed Scopus (2) Google Scholar Ethical codes should be considered for donors and their families; however, the spread of CST programs and the development of social networking services are bringing about severe threats to the uncontrolled publication of photographs and videos. 2 De Caro R. Boscolo-Berto R. Artico M. et al. The Italian law on body donation: A position paper of the Italian College of Anatomists. Ann Anat. 2021 Nov; 238151761 Crossref PubMed Scopus (7) Google Scholar We therefore conducted a questionnaire survey to identify the current ethical considerations and problems encountered by university plastic and reconstructive surgery departments performing CST.

Blood transfusion for children in sub-Saharan Africa: 200 years on

In 1818, James Blundell completed the first successful human blood transfusion. This life-saving medical intervention has revolutionised patient care globally in the past two centuries. Nevertheless, many challenges remain in implementing safe blood transfusion procedures, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa 1 Ala F Allain JP Bates I et al. External financial aid to blood transfusion services in sub-Saharan Africa: a need for reflection. PLoS Med. 2012; 9e1001309 Crossref PubMed Scopus (53) Google Scholar where demand predominantly centres on acute paediatric severe anaemia and haemorrhagic complications of pregnancy and trauma. Severe anaemia, when the haemoglobin concentration drops below 6 g/dL, is very common in children admitted to hospital in sub-Saharan Africa. Infectious diseases, nutritional deficiencies, and sickle cell anaemia are the major underlying causes of anaemia. Outcomes remain unsatisfactory, with high mortality and high hospital readmission rates within 6 months of initial admission. 2 Phiri KS Calis JC Faragher B et al. Long term outcome of severe anaemia in Malawian children. PLoS One. 2008; 3e2903 Crossref PubMed Scopus (75) Google Scholar World Blood Donor Day on June 14, 2023, calls for donors to “Give blood, give plasma, share life, share often”. Not only is this a day to celebrate the charitable contributions of blood donors, it is an important opportunity to raise awareness that every pint of blood donated results in critically important life-sustaining therapy, especially for children in sub-Saharan Africa.

Pharmacologic Management of Postoperative Urinary Retention

Postoperative urinary retention (POUR)—the inability to spontaneously urinate after surgery despite a full bladder—is a common and potentially serious condition with a reported incidence of 5% to 70%. 1 Jackson J Davies P Leggett N et al. Systematic review of interventions for the prevention and treatment of postoperative urinary retention. BJS Open. 2019; 3: 11-23https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs5.50114 Crossref Scopus (25) Google Scholar , 2 Baldini G Bagry H Aprikian A Carli F. Postoperative urinary retention: anesthetic and perioperative considerations. Anesthesiology. 2009; 110: 1139-1157https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0b013e31819f7aea Crossref PubMed Scopus (420) Google Scholar , 3 Pomajzl AJ Siref LE. Post-op Urinary Retention. StatPearls, Treasure Island, FL2023 Google Scholar , 38 Baysden M Hein D Castillo S Tamsulosin for prevention of postoperative urinary retention: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 2023; 80: 373-383https://doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/zxac349 Crossref Scopus (0) Google Scholar This extreme variability is due to differences in the patient populations studied, type of surgery performed, anesthesia technique utilized, and POUR definition applied. Although POUR can occur in patients of both genders, among all age groups, and after all surgery types, it is more frequent in patients undergoing total joint arthroplasty, anorectal, hernia repair, lower urinary tract, and gynecologic procedures. 1 Jackson J Davies P Leggett N et al. Systematic review of interventions for the prevention and treatment of postoperative urinary retention. BJS Open. 2019; 3: 11-23https://doi.org/10.1002/bjs5.50114 Crossref Scopus (25) Google Scholar ,3 Pomajzl AJ Siref LE. Post-op Urinary Retention. StatPearls, Treasure Island, FL2023 Google Scholar

Appeal from the European tuberculosis reference laboratory network (ERLTB-Net) for improving the diagnosis of infections due to nontuberculous mycobacteria

The European Reference Laboratory Network for tuberculosis (TB) (ERLTB-Net), comprising TB reference laboratories from 30 European Union/European Economic Area (EU/EEA) countries, was created in 2010 to support ECDC and countries in TB diagnostic services, alerts, and response to outbreaks. One of the core activities is to build capacity on standardised methods for mycobacterial diagnosis and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) (https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/about-us/partnerships-and-networks/disease-and-laboratory-networks/erltb-net). ERLTB-Net recently identified weaknesses in capacity building of diagnosis and AST for non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) [ [1] Nikolayevskyy V. Maurer F.P. Holicka Y. Taylor L. Liddy H. Kranzer K. Novel external quality assurance scheme for drug susceptibility testing of non-tuberculous mycobacteria: a multicentre pilot study. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2019; 74: 1288-1294 Crossref PubMed Scopus (6) Google Scholar ] and decided to draft guidance on best practices as well as to seek for research areas.

G8 screening and health-care use in patients with cancer

G8 screening and health-care use in patients with cancer

Ganaplacide plus lumefantrine solid dispersion formulation: considerations for development and rollout

Due to reliance on antimalarials for clinical case management, drug resistance is a recurrent challenge for malaria control and elimination that requires relentless discovery and development of novel medicines with new modes of action. 1 Feachem RGA Chen I Akbari O et al. Malaria eradication within a generation: ambitious, achievable, and necessary. Lancet. 2019; 394: 1056-1112 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (167) Google Scholar Since the widespread use of chloroquine in the 1950s, resistance has compromised the efficacy of all major classes of antimalarial drugs that are widely used to treat Plasmodium falciparum. These drugs include sulfadoxine–pyrimethamine and since 2007, 2 Fairhurst RM Dondorp AM Artemisinin-resistant Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Microbiol Spectr. 2016; 4 (10.1128/microbiolspec.EI10-0013-2016.) Crossref PubMed Scopus (174) Google Scholar artemisinin-class medicines and partner drugs, which have been crucial for preventing deaths from malaria in the past two decades. 1 Feachem RGA Chen I Akbari O et al. Malaria eradication within a generation: ambitious, achievable, and necessary. Lancet. 2019; 394: 1056-1112 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (167) Google Scholar , 3 Ishengoma DS Saidi Q Sibley CH Roper C Alifrangis M Deployment and utilization of next-generation sequencing of Plasmodium falciparum to guide anti-malarial drug policy decisions in sub-Saharan Africa: opportunities and challenges. Malar J. 2019; 18: 267 Crossref PubMed Scopus (15) Google Scholar Partial resistance to artemisinin-based combinations threatens their efficacy throughout southeast Asia, and is now emerging rapidly in sub-Saharan Africa. 4 Rosenthal PJ Has artemisinin resistance emerged in Africa?. Lancet Infect Dis. 2021; 21: 1056-1057 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar Although complete resistance has not yet been documented, this risk would be disastrous, necessitating urgent development of new antimalarial drugs that are effective against artemisinin-resistant parasites. Ganaplacide (KAF156) plus lumefantrine solid dispersion formulation combination for uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria: an open-label, multicentre, parallel-group, randomised, controlled, phase 2 trialGanaplacide plus lumefantrine-SDF was effective and well tolerated in patients, especially adults and adolescents, with uncomplicated P falciparum malaria. Ganaplacide 400 mg plus lumefantrine-SDF 960 mg once daily for 3 days was identified as the optimal treatment regimen for adults, adolescents, and children. This combination is being evaluated further in a phase 2 trial ( NCT04546633 ). Full-Text PDF

A 5-point framework for students evaluating plastic surgery research fellowship opportunities

An increasing number of medical students pursue research fellowships to enhance their odds of matching into an integrated plastic surgery residency program. 1 Keane C.A. Akhter M.F. Sarac B.A. Janis J.E. Characteristics of Successful Integrated Plastic Surgery Applicants from US Allopathic Medical Schools without a Home Integrated Program. J Surg Educ. 2022; 79: 551-557https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsurg.2021.11.002 Crossref Scopus (11) Google Scholar , 2 Pathipati A.S. Taleghani N. Research in Medical School: A Survey Evaluating Why Medical Students Take Research Years. Cureus. 2016; 8e741https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.741 Crossref Google Scholar , 3 Mehta K. Sinno S. Thanik V. Weichman K. Janis J.E. Patel A. Matching into Integrated Plastic Surgery: The Value of Research Fellowships. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2019; 143: 640-645https://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000005212 Crossref PubMed Scopus (56) Google Scholar The American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons (ACAPS) Job Board lists research fellowship positions for the following academic year from November to March annually. 4 American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons . Job Board. Available at 〈https://acaplasticsurgeons.org/jobs/〉. Accessed January 16, 2023 Google Scholar Zimmerman et al. also developed a database of plastic surgery research fellowships and their requirements. 5 Zimmerman C.E. Humphries L.S. Taylor J.A. Equitable Access to Research Opportunities in Plastic Surgery: Development of a Research Fellowship Database. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2021; 148: 1087e-1088ehttps://doi.org/10.1097/PRS.0000000000008535 Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar As students select amongst these positions it may be difficult to identify one that matches their goals and interests. The following viewpoint describes a five-part framework of important concerns research year candidates should consider when seeking placement to ensure a high-yielding experience (Figure 1). This framework includes expressing interest to a specific program, attaining funding, maximizing research productivity, creating meaningful mentorship connections and improving skills as a future resident through clinical opportunities.

Digitizing protocols into single reactors for the one-pot synthesis of nanomaterials

Digitizing protocols into single reactors for the one-pot synthesis of nanomaterials

IL-34 Exerts Anti-Inflammatory Activities on Keratinocytes and Is Downregulated in Psoriatic-Inflamed Skin

Interleukin-34 (IL-34) is expressed by keratinocytes in the skin and plays a role in Langerhans cell (LC) homeostasis through its binding to the colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF-1R) ( Greter et al., 2012 Greter M. Lelios I. Pelczar P. Hoeffel G. Price J. Leboeuf M. et al. Stroma-derived interleukin-34 controls the development and maintenance of langerhans cells and the maintenance of microglia. Immunity. 2012; 37: 1050-1060 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (280) Google Scholar ; Wang et al., 2012 Wang Y. Szretter K.J. Vermi W. Gilfillan S. Rossini C. Cella M. et al. IL-34 is a tissue-restricted ligand of CSF1R required for the development of Langerhans cells and microglia. Nat Immunol. 2012; 13: 753-760 Crossref PubMed Scopus (652) Google Scholar ). In recent years, a growing body of literature has reported its overexpression during inflammation in tissues and/or in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, inflammatory bowel diseases or Sjogren’s syndrome, in association with disease severity ( Munoz-Garcia et al., 2021 Munoz-Garcia J. Cochonneau D. Teletchea S. Moranton E. Lanoe D. Brion R. et al. The twin cytokines interleukin-34 and CSF-1: masterful conductors of macrophage homeostasis. Theranostics. 2021; 11: 1568-1593 Crossref PubMed Scopus (31) Google Scholar ). By contrast, some immunoregulatory properties of IL-34 have also been described in other physiopathological contexts, either by controlling the expression of proinflammatory cytokines or by promoting M2 macrophage differentiation and Treg cell functions ( Guillonneau et al., 2017 Guillonneau C. Bézie S. Anegon I. Immunoregulatory properties of the cytokine IL-34. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2017; 74: 2569-2586 Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar ). Although IL-34 is mainly produced in the skin, very few studies have investigated its expression, regulation and role during skin inflammation and it is still unclear whether IL-34 has a beneficial or a deleterious role. Li et al. reported low serum concentrations of IL-34 in psoriasis patients similar to those of healthy controls ( Li et al., 2017 Li J. Liu L. Rui W. Li X. Xuan D. Zheng S. et al. New Interleukins in Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Patients: The Possible Roles of Interleukin-33 to Interleukin-38 in Disease Activities and Bone Erosions. Dermatology. 2017; 233: 37-46 Crossref PubMed Scopus (67) Google Scholar ), without investigating IL-34 tissue expression. By contrast, Esaki et al. reported a reduced IL-34 expression in skin lesions of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients, suggesting that IL-34 could have immunoregulatory properties in the skin ( Esaki et al., 2015 Esaki H. Ewald D.A. Ungar B. Rozenblit M. Zheng X. Xu H. et al. Identification of novel immune and barrier genes in atopic dermatitis by means of laser capture microdissection. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015; 135: 153-163 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Google Scholar ).

Amygdala Response to Fear in Boys With Conduct Problems Following Parent Training: Considering Heterogeneity

Conduct problems (CPs) in childhood, such as conduct disorder and oppositional defiant disorder, are among the most prevalent mental health disorders in childhood and a leading cause for referral to child and adolescent mental health services ( 1 Fairchild G. Hawes D.J. Frick P.J. Copeland W.E. Odgers C.L. Franke B. et al. Conduct disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019; 5: 43 Crossref PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar ). The 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study found that for the 0- to 14-year-old age category, CPs have now become the leading cause of burden among mental disorders, in terms of both disability-adjusted life years and years lived with disability ( 2 GBD 2019 Mental Disorders CollaboratorsGlobal, regional, and national burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry. 2022; 9: 137-150 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (502) Google Scholar ). Crucially, various prospective longitudinal studies have shown that the negative outcomes observed in youth persist into adulthood and cover a similar range of domains. Importantly, the worst outcomes in adulthood are experienced by those whose CP symptoms persist ( 1 Fairchild G. Hawes D.J. Frick P.J. Copeland W.E. Odgers C.L. Franke B. et al. Conduct disorder. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019; 5: 43 Crossref PubMed Scopus (152) Google Scholar ). SEE CORRESPONDING ARTICLE ON PAGE 50 SEE CORRESPONDING ARTICLE ON PAGE 50 Selective Amygdala Hypoactivity to Fear in Boys With Persistent Conduct Problems After Parent TrainingBiological PsychiatryVol. 94Issue 1PreviewParenting interventions reduce antisocial behavior (ASB) in some children with conduct problems (CPs), but not others. Understanding the neural basis for this disparity is important because persistent ASB is associated with lifelong morbidity and places a huge burden on our health and criminal justice systems. One of the most highly replicated neural correlates of ASB is amygdala hypoactivity to another person’s fear. We aimed to assess whether amygdala hypoactivity to fear in children with CPs is remediated following reduction in ASB after successful treatment and/or if it is a marker for persistent ASB. Full-Text PDF Open Access

What Is Rejection? Lexical, Experimental, and Analytical Specificity Is Needed to Drive Developmental Psychopathology Research Forward

There is increasing urgency in the quest to identify prospective risk factors for nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI), driven by a growing teen mental health crisis. NSSI, which involves deliberately harming one’s physical body without suicidal intent, increases rapidly in early to middle adolescence and is a risk factor for suicidality and other mental illness ( 1 Nock M.K. Joiner Jr., T.E. Gordon K.H. Lloyd-Richardson E. Prinstein M.J. Non-suicidal self-injury among adolescents: Diagnostic correlates and relation to suicide attempts. Psychiatry Res. 2006; 144: 65-72 Crossref PubMed Scopus (1014) Google Scholar ). Accumulating research highlights social (e.g., rejection, poor relationships, low support) and affective (e.g., reactivity, lability, dysregulation) risk mechanisms, among others ( 2 Cipriano A. Cella S. Cotrufo P. Nonsuicidal self-injury: A systematic review. Front Psychol. 2017; 8: 1946 Crossref PubMed Scopus (224) Google Scholar ). However, social and affective risk mechanisms can be linked and may interact to confer risk for NSSI as well as mental illness more broadly ( 3 Hsu D.T. Jarcho J.M. Next up for psychiatry: Rejection sensitivity and the social brain. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2021; 46: 239-240 Crossref Scopus (8) Google Scholar ). This is particularly relevant in adolescence, a time of rapid brain development and increases in both mental health struggles and reliance on peer affiliation ( 4 Guyer A.E. Adolescent psychopathology: The role of brain-based diatheses, sensitivities, and susceptibilities. Child Dev Perspect. 2020; 14: 104-109 Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar ). Despite the recognition that social difficulties are a common correlate of mental illness, few studies integrate robust measures of real-world peer experience within a neuroscience framework to prospectively predict the emergence of adolescent mental health struggles. Understanding whether neural diatheses confer increased vulnerability to specific stressful peer experiences in adolescence is a critical open question—interventions designed to target neural diatheses or to promote specific types of peer experiences may be critical for prevention efforts in the future ( 4 Guyer A.E. Adolescent psychopathology: The role of brain-based diatheses, sensitivities, and susceptibilities. Child Dev Perspect. 2020; 14: 104-109 Crossref PubMed Scopus (19) Google Scholar ). SEE CORRESPONDING ARTICLE ON PAGE 40 SEE CORRESPONDING ARTICLE ON PAGE 40 Neural Reactivity to Social Punishment Predicts Future Engagement in Nonsuicidal Self-injury Among Peer-Rejected AdolescentsBiological PsychiatryVol. 94Issue 1PreviewRates of nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) increase dramatically in adolescence. Affective reactivity and adverse social experiences have been linked to NSSI, but less is known about whether these factors may separately or interactively predict NSSI, especially longitudinally. This study combined functional magnetic resonance imaging and a sociometric measure to test whether a combination of neural (e.g., amygdala) reactivity to social punishment and peer-nominated peer acceptance/rejection predicts NSSI longitudinally in adolescence. Full-Text PDF

Protein Accumulation and Impaired Autophagy Underlie Cognitive Dysfunction in Angelman Syndrome

Angelman syndrome (AS) is a genetic neurodevelopmental disorder that is accompanied by several neurological impairments including cognitive and intellectual disabilities, seizures, developmental delay, and others ( 1 Bird L.M. Angelman syndrome: Review of clinical and molecular aspects. Appl Clin Genet. 2014; 7: 93-104 Crossref PubMed Scopus (147) Google Scholar ). How the genetic abnormalities that cause AS result in these brain-related impairments remains unknown. Emerging work has revealed that AS is associated with elevated levels of activity-regulated cytoskeletal protein (ARC), which is an immediate-early gene (IEG) product that plays a critical role in driving learning-related synaptic plasticity ( 2 Pastuzyn E.D. Shepherd J.D. Activity-dependent arc expression and homeostatic synaptic plasticity are altered in neurons from a mouse model of Angelman syndrome. Front Mol Neurosci. 2017; 10: 234 Crossref PubMed Scopus (35) Google Scholar ). These elevated levels have been linked to deficits in various protein degradation pathways, one of which may involve the autophagy system. Importantly, autophagy is induced by learning and is required for long-term memory formation, which highlights it as a potential player in neurological impairments in AS. SEE CORRESPONDING ARTICLE ON PAGE 68 SEE CORRESPONDING ARTICLE ON PAGE 68 Excessive Protein Accumulation and Impaired Autophagy in the Hippocampus of Angelman Syndrome Modeled in MiceBiological PsychiatryVol. 94Issue 1PreviewAngelman syndrome (AS), a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by abnormalities of the 15q11.2-q13.1 chromosome region, is characterized by impairment of cognitive and motor functions, sleep problems, and seizures. How the genetic defects of AS produce these neurological symptoms is unclear. Mice modeling AS (AS mice) accumulate activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (ARC/ARG3.1), a neuronal immediate early gene (IEG) critical for synaptic plasticity. This accumulation suggests an altered protein metabolism. Full-Text PDF

Outcomes After Isolated Aortic Valve Replacements in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a frequently encountered co-morbidity and is 1 of the main culprits for inoperability in cardiac surgeries among patients with aortic stenosis (AS). 1 Mok M Nombela-Franco L Dumont E Urena M DeLarochellière R Doyle D Villeneuve J Côté M Ribeiro HB Allende R Laflamme J DeLarochellière H Laflamme L Amat-Santos I Pibarot P Maltais F Rodés-Cabau J. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve implantation: insights on clinical outcomes, prognostic markers, and functional status changes. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2013; 6: 1072-1084 Crossref PubMed Scopus (82) Google Scholar ,2 Kumbhani DJ Kapadia SR Jneid H. Transcatheter or surgical aortic valve replacement in patients with chronic lung disease? The answer, my friend, is blowin’ in the Wind. J Am Heart Assoc. 2018; 7e008933 Crossref Google Scholar Aortic valve replacement (AVR) through surgical approach (surgical aortic valve replacement [SAVR]) carries a high risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with COPD on home-oxygen (home-O2), 3 Kumar K Morris CC Samhan A Herman T Chau T Lantz G Chadderdon SM Song HK Zahr FE Golwala H. Intermediate-term outcomes following transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with a history of supplemental home oxygen use. Am J Cardiol. 2022; 167: 159-160 Abstract Full Text Full Text PDF Scopus (0) Google Scholar ,4 Dvir D Waksman R Barbash IM Kodali SK Svensson LG Tuzcu EM Xu K Minha S Alu MC Szeto WY Thourani VH Makkar R Kapadia S Satler LF Webb JG Leon MB Pichard AD. Outcomes of patients with chronic lung disease and severe aortic stenosis treated with transcatheter versus surgical aortic valve replacement or standard therapy: insights from the PARTNER trial (placement of AoRTic transcatheter Valve). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014; 63: 269-279 Crossref PubMed Scopus (81) Google Scholar which makes AVR through transcatheter approach (transcatheter aortic valve implantation [TAVI]) an increasingly attractive option in this patient population. 5 Doldi P Steffen J Orban M Theiss H Sadoni S Hagl C Massberg S Hausleiter J Deseive S Braun D. Clinical outcome following transcatheter aortic valve implantation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2022; 15: 1188-1190 Crossref Scopus (1) Google Scholar However, the outcomes of home-O2 users among patients with AS and COPD who undergo different treatment strategies are not well understood. Hence, we compared the outcomes of home-O2 users and nonusers among patients with AS and COPD from a nationwide registry.

Artificial intelligence in cardiology: Exciting but handle with caution

While artificial intelligence is not new, recent advances have caught the attention of people in many fields of study. In fact, Alan Turing, who conceived of the idea of what is now called a computer in 1937, was also an early leader in the field of artificial intelligence. The Turing test was developed to measure a machine's ability to be indistinguishable from human output [ [1] Topol E. Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again. Basic Books, 2015 Google Scholar ]. Only recently, with sufficient computing power, the internet, big data, and large language models, such as ChatGPT4 and has the vision of ‘AI’ begun to be met [ [2] Topol E.J. High-performance medicine: the convergence of human and artificial intelligence. Nat. Med. 2019; 25: 44-56 Crossref PubMed Scopus (1969) Google Scholar ]. In addition to ChatGPT, which as developed by OpenAI, in collaboration with Microsoft, other large language model, possessing large data and computing power have been developed by Google and Facebook, and it is likely that more will follow. ChatGPT4 recently gained a lot attention when, despite no formalized training, was able to pass the United States Medical Licensing examination (USMLE), providing explanations of the medical reasoning [ [3] Nori H. King N. McKinney S. Carignan D. Horvitz E. Capabilities of GPT-4 on medical challenge problems. arXiv. 20 Mar 2023; (2303.13375v1 [cs.CL]) Google Scholar ]. Artificial Intelligence and machine learning systems (AI/ML) are only as good as the dataset that was used to train the system. Bias in the training dataset will be passed onto the system.

Presenting technological workflows

Presenting technological workflows

The therapeutic validation of long COVID

The therapeutic validation of long COVID

Phosphorus fluoride exchange: Multidimensional catalytic click chemistry from phosphorus connective hubs

Phosphorus Fluoride Exchange (PFEx) represents a cutting-edge advancement in catalytic click-reaction technology. Drawing inspiration from Nature's phosphate connectors, PFEx facilitates the reliable coupling of P(V)-F loaded hubs with aryl alcohols, alkyl alcohols, and amines to produce stable, multidimensional P(V)-O and P(V)-N linked products. The rate of P-F exchange is significantly enhanced by Lewis amine base catalysis, such as 1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (TBD). PFEx substrates containing multiple P-F bonds are capable of selective, serial exchange reactions via judicious catalyst selection. In fewer than four synthetic steps, controlled projections can be deliberately incorporated along three of the four tetrahedral axes departing from the P(V) central hub, thus taking full advantage of the potential for generating three-dimensional diversity. Furthermore, late-stage functionalization of drugs and drug fragments can be achieved with the polyvalent PFEx hub, hexafluorocyclotriphosphazene (HFP), as has been demonstrated in prior research.

Fate mapping reveals compartment-specific clonal expansion of mononuclear phagocytes during kidney disease

Fate mapping reveals compartment-specific clonal expansion of mononuclear phagocytes during kidney disease

Lost lives and opportunities for the legacy of harm reduction in Scotland, UK

Lost lives and opportunities for the legacy of harm reduction in Scotland, UK

Human health depends on thriving oceans

Healthy oceans, from coastal waters to remote high seas and deep seabed areas, are integral to human health, wellbeing, and survival. Covering over 71% of the Earth's surface, the oceans serve as an essential carbon sink. 1 Fleming LE Depledge M Bouley T et al. The ocean decade—opportunities for oceans and human health programs to contribute to public health. Am J Public Health. 2021; 111: 808-811 Crossref PubMed Scopus (8) Google Scholar Oceans also regulate climate-associated human health risks between land and sea, ranging from direct injuries and deaths associated with extreme weather events, to negative effects on food and nutrition security, and even chronic diseases (eg, cancer) from ocean pollution. 2 Landrigan PJ Stegeman JJ Fleming LE et al. Human health and ocean pollution. Ann Glob Health. 2020; 86: 151 Crossref PubMed Scopus (148) Google Scholar Furthermore, oceans are a source of joy, recreation, spiritual and mental wellbeing, healing, and entertainment, enriching human lives beyond their basic needs. Although more is known about areas that are near the coast, it is clear that the deep sea (ie, the seabed beyond national jurisdiction) and the high seas (ie, the parts of oceans beyond national jurisdiction), comprising 64% of the surface of the ocean and nearly 95% of its volume, are equally important for human health and are increasingly affected by global environmental changes. 2 Landrigan PJ Stegeman JJ Fleming LE et al. Human health and ocean pollution. Ann Glob Health. 2020; 86: 151 Crossref PubMed Scopus (148) Google Scholar