Public-private Partnership Projects Research Articles

Assessing Critical Success Factors of Public-Private Partnership Projects in Afghanistan

Since governments around the globe are established to facilitate and provide a comfortable living standards to its citizens, they are working in various fields and their responsibilities are increasing day by day. In some areas, the governments cannot provide proper services to their citizens/people due to the lack of skills and sufficient budget. For this reason, it shares some of its activities with the private sector for a long period. This action is called Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). This structure was first introduced to Afghanistan with the help of Dr. Ashraf Ghani in 2016 by announcing the PPPs Policy. Currently, in Afghanistan, there is very little or even no information available about the Effectiveness of the PPPs Project and programs. Hence, this research was conducted in order to explore the topic and investigate the critical success factors of PPPs Projects that were implemented in Afghanistan. The study is analytical and data are collected through a self-administered questionnaire and analyzed through SPSS and statistical tools. the sample size was determined by using Krejci and Morgan's (1970) table. The findings of this research show that (6) success factors (Political support, Appropriate risk allocation, Good Governance, Availability of Financial Market and Transparency in the procurement process) out of (16) have a significant impact on PPPs project Implementation in Afghanistan.

ANALYSIS OF MODERN PRACTICE IN IMPLEMENTING PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP PROJECTS

Attracting private investment to solve social and economic problems is an important task for any state. Implementation of infrastructure projects, coupled with social and economic programs, allows the state to pursue a compact, efficient and flexible policy. The mechanism of partnership relations between the state and private business that has developed in world practice in the implementation of socially significant investment projects represents a new stage in state regulation of the economy. The use of the investment mechanism in Russian conditions is possible, especially in those areas of activity where private investment is able to ensure sustainable economic growth, while maintaining the control functions of the state. Today, the economic situation of the subjects of the Russian Federation requires the use of new tools to assess their economic potential, socio-economic development and competitiveness. Such tools are important for an active federal policy aimed at leveling interregional inequality and ensuring the economic integrity of the country. The purpose of the work is to explore the world experience in the implementation of public-private partnership projects as a promising form of interaction between the state and business. The methods of scientific research are synthesis, statistical and comparative analysis, methods of systemic and graphical analysis. The subject of the study is a system of relations between the state and business, focused on the creation and operation of social and industrial infrastructure facilities. Based on the analysis, it was noted that public-private partnership is a more popular and attractive form of relationship between the state and business in modern conditions and abroad.

Mechanisms to stimulate public-private partnership projects in the Principal-Agent model in China

Subject. The article addresses mechanisms to stimulate public-private partnership projects (PPP projects) in the principal-agent model in China. Objectives. Using the principal-agent model, we consider areas of incentives for PPP projects in China, on the basis of the behavior of private capital. Methods. Drawing on the perspective of public incentives for private capital, we developed a "principal-agent" matrix incentive model. It rests on four types of effort behavior that exist for private capital. Results. The results of the matrix show that when the cost functions of the behavioral capital models in public-private partnership projects are independent of each other, the public-party incentives should be formulated separately, according to changes in the marginal rate of return and marginal costs of various behavioral models. When the behavioral models of private capital are in unobservable state, the targeted incentives of the public side should coincide with the rate of change in the value of the behavioral models themselves. Conclusions. We examined four levels of presence of public-private partnership projects in the Chinese economy and explained five incentives that the Chinese government implemented for PPP projects. Combined with the findings of the matrix model, the promotion of scientific incentives for government behavior regarding private capital participation in public-private partnership projects ultimately contributes to PPP project implementation.

Effect of public–private partnership features on contractual complexity: evidence from China

PurposeA public–private partnership (PPP) is an agreement between the government and private investors to deliver long-term public services. The efficiency of PPP projects depends on PPP contracts stipulating contractual parties' corresponding responsibilities and rights to deal with relational and performance risks. Although more complex contracts provide more remedies for mitigating ex-post transaction costs, they also result in the increased ex ante transaction costs associated with contract writing. Thus, contractual complexity is a design choice that can reduce the overall contract transaction costs.Design/methodology/approachUsing 365 transportation PPP projects in China from 2010 to 2019, this study applies the Poisson regression model to examine the effects of payment mechanisms, ownership by investors and equity structure on contractual complexity.FindingsPPP contracts have control and coordination functions with unique determinants. Parties in the government-pay mechanism are more likely to negotiate coordination provisions, which results in greater contractual complexity. PPP projects with state-owned enterprises (SOEs) have less contractual complexity in terms of both two functions of provisions, whereas the equity structure has no impact on contractual complexity.Originality/valueThese findings provide a nuanced understanding of how various contractual provisions are combined to perform control or coordination functions and make managerial recommendations to parties involved in PPP projects.

The Method of Assessing Comparative Advantages as one of the Ways to Improve the Mechanism for Assessing the Socio-Economic Efficiency of Public-Private Partnership Projects in the Republic of Kazakhstan

The article, through the use of the method of assessing comparative advantages, analyzes the current state of project management in the field of public-private partnerships. The authors used the procedure for assessing socio-economic efficiency to identify potentially attractive investment projects that can be implemented through the introduction of public-private partnership mechanisms. The study established the impact of changes made to the regulatory framework on the possibility of considering a larger number of alternative projects. Since the problem of choosing the best options has arisen, an improved model has been proposed for assessing the socio-economic efficiency of public-private partnership projects. For this purpose, the method of comparative analysis of projects was used in planning, examination and assessment of the social and economic aspects of projects. Мақалада салыстырмалы артықшылықтарды бағалау әдісін қолдану арқылы мемлекеттік- жекешелік әріптестік саласындағы жобаларды басқарудың қазіргі жағдайы талданады. Авторлар мемлекеттік-жекешелік әріптестік механизмдерін енгізу арқылы іске асырылуы мүмкін әлеуетті тартымды инвестициялық жобаларды анықтау үшін әлеуметтік-экономикалық тиімділікті бағалау тәртібін пайдаланды. Зерттеу нормативтік базаға енгізілген өзгерістердің баламалы жобалардың көбірек мөлшерін қарастыру мүмкіндігіне әсерін анықтады. Үздік нұсқаларды таңдау мәселесі туындағандықтан, мемлекеттік-жекешелік әріптестік жобаларының әлеуметтік-экономикалық тиімділігін бағалаудың жетілдірілген үлгісі ұсынылды. Осы мақсатта жобалардың әлеуметтік-экономикалық аспектілерін жоспарлауда, сараптауда және бағалауда жобаларды салыстырмалы талдау әдісі қолданылды. В статье посредством использования метода оценки сравнительных преимуществ, осуществлен анализ текущего состояния управления проектами в сфере государственно-частного партнерства. Авторы использовали процедуру оценки социально-экономической эффективности, чтобы определить потенциально привлекательные инвестиционные проекты, которые могут быть реализованы путем внедрения механизмов государственно-частного партнерства. В ходе исследования установлено влияние внесенных в нормативно-правовую базу изменений на возможность рассмотрения большего количества альтернативных проектов. Поскольку возникла проблема выбора наилучших вариантов, то предложена улучшенная модель для оценки социально-экономической эффективности проектов государственно-частного партнерства. Для этого использован метод сравнительного анализа проектов при планировании, экспертизе и оценке социальных и экономических аспектов проектов.

How Can Construction and Demolition Waste Recycling Public–Private Partnership Projects Performance Compensate during the Operation Period? A Two-Stage Perspective of Recycling and Remanufacturing

Research in the field of project management has focused on recycling construction and demolition waste (CDW). However, the problem of how to compensate for the performance of CDW recycling public–private partnership (PPP) projects during the operation period has not been resolved. This paper aims to reveal the compensation mechanism during the operation period of CDW recycling PPP projects considering the two-stage performance of recycling and remanufacturing. This paper takes CDW recycling PPP projects as the research object and uses the Stackelberg game and principal-agent theory to establish and solve the master-slave game decision model of CDW recycling PPP projects. The main conclusions are as follows. When social welfare is maximized, the performance compensation coefficients in the recycling and remanufacturing stages are the same and have homogeneity. In addition, the compensation policy positively promotes the two-stage performance, social capital profit and social welfare of the recycling and remanufacturing of CDW recycling PPP projects. This paper not only broadens the application knowledge system of the relevant knowledge of project management in the field of CDW recycling but also provides new evidence for principal-agent theory from the operation stage of CDW recycling PPP projects.

Development of public-private partnership in the penal system

The subject. The production sector of the Russian penitentiary system requires development and modernization in order to increase the level of convicts’ employment, to ensure the growth of their labor productivity, which is ultimately aimed at increasing the level of correctional impact of socially useful labour. In modern conditions of market economy development, low efficiency of state production organizations economic activity on competitive markets, as well as the lack of budget funds for the modernization of production assets, the most promising form of organization of penitentiary institutions production activities is public-private partnership. The aim of the article is to develop scientifically based provisions that define the most promising areas for the development of Russian legislation, which will significantly improve the practice of implementing public-private partnership projects in the production sector of the penitentiary system. The methodology. In the course of the study, a complex of general scientific and special methods of scientific search was used, including scientific abstraction, a systematic approach, a dialectical method of cognition, as well as comparative legal and structural-system methods of research. The information base of the study is represented by scientific works of Russian and foreign scientists-penitentiaries, statistical data, regulations, as well as data on legal practice in the field under study. The main results, scope of application. The prerequisites for promising changes in the legislation that determine the need for a significant modernization of the production sector of the penitentiary system are identified. The expansion of the practice of implementing production projects with the involvement of private business initiatives in penitentiary institutions makes it possible to strengthen the corrective impact of socially useful labour, to improve convicts’ food and clothing provision, as well as the communal living conditions of their detention. Conclusion. The article substantiates the need to develop a concept of interaction between the penitentiary system and the business community in order to improve the efficiency of convicts’ employment and their correction, within the framework of which the most relevant directions and stages of the development of public-private partnership should be determined in the future.

The Partnership of Public-Private in Vietnam: Barriers and Some Raise Problems

The project in the form of a public-private partnership (PPP) has achieved many good results with a series of large projects implemented. PPP projects in the past time have actively contributed to the improvement of transportation, energy, urban infrastructure, wastewater, and waste treatment, etc. pressing public services of the people and the urgent need for infrastructure to develop the country's socio-economic, contributing to stabilizing the macro-economy, stimulating demand for domestic production, promoting socio-economic development, increase the competitiveness of the national economy. However, seeing the positives does not mean that there are no shortcomings. On the basis of research on the current situation of public-private partnerships in Vietnam over the past time, this study focuses on analyzing and pointing out some barriers to public-private cooperation in Vietnam, and some inadequacies. on policies and legal frameworks in implementing public-private partnership projects; thereby proposing solutions to improve the policy on public-private partnerships in Vietnam in the coming time.

PUBLIC-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP AS A CATALYST FOR ENTREPRENEURSHIP DEVELOPMENT: MUTUALLY BENEFICIAL COOPERATION FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH

Public-private partnership (PPP) is considered one of the effective instruments for collaboration between the government and the private sector in stimulating economic development. PPP can catalyze entrepreneurial growth, foster a favorable business environment, and accelerate infrastructure and socio-economic projects. This research aims to develop theoretical and methodological approaches to ensure public-private entrepreneurial development partnerships. Public-private partnership (PPP) is recognized as a driving force for entrepreneurial development, as it opens new prospects and opportunities for creating a favorable business environment. Ukraine's public-private partnership's entrepreneurial development principles have been formulated. The objectives and tasks of the program for the development of public-private partnerships for entrepreneurial development have been systematized, including goals and studies aimed at supporting and stimulating entrepreneurship through public-private partnerships: creating a favorable investment climate; supporting small and medium enterprises; fostering innovative entrepreneurship; expanding export potential; promoting sectoral collaboration. The main directions for establishing public-private partnerships in Ukraine for entrepreneurial development have been proposed. The following methodological approach is suggested to ensure a successful public-private partnership for entrepreneurial development, which includes the following stages: analysis of needs and goals, development of a strategy for public-private partnership for entrepreneurial development, improvement of the legislative framework, the establishment of communication mechanisms, financial support, creation of a favorable regulatory environment, support for education and training, monitoring and evaluation of joint PPP projects. This methodological approach will help create a conducive platform for public-private partnerships and contribute to entrepreneurial development. Research on the principles, methods, and directions for implementing public-private partnership mechanisms has allowed the construction of an organizational and economic model for its functioning with the aim of entrepreneurial development, enabling effective coordination among enterprises, market institutions, and government bodies for joint entrepreneurial development and the achievement of positive socio-economic results. Recommendations have been developed to ensure public-private partnerships for entrepreneurial development, which will contribute to economic growth. Keywords: public-private partnership, entrepreneurship, socio-economic development, business.

Analyzing the Effects of Governmental Policy and Solar Power on Facilitating Carbon Neutralization in the Context of Energy Transition: A Four-Party Evolutionary Game Study

For achieving carbon neutralization and promoting the coordinated development of solar and coal-fired power generations in the context of energy transition, this paper develops a public–private partnership project including the government, carbon exchange enterprise, solar thermal power plant and a coal-fired thermal power plant. Using the four-party evolutionary game theory method, the evolutionary stable strategies are evaluated. The influence estimate results of key factors show that a higher carbon emission penalty and a green electricity subsidy as well as a lower carbon trading tax rate will be beneficial to the carbon trading market, as well as facilitate carbon neutralization. In most instances, the government and carbon exchange enterprise can hold acceptable participating intention. For relatively suitable reference value ranges, the carbon emission quota sale price range of the solar thermal power plant sold to the carbon exchange enterprise is 5.5~6.0 USD/t, that of the carbon exchange enterprise sold to the coal-fired thermal power plant is 5.0~6.5 USD/t, that of the solar thermal power plant sold to the coal-fired thermal power plant is 5.0~5.5 USD/t, that sold to the coal-fired thermal power plant by outside organizations is 9.0~10.5 USD/t, and the carbon trading tax rate range is 6.0~6.2%.

Exploring the Applicability of the PPP in Tourist Toilets: Reflections on the Laoshan Case in China

Although public–private partnerships (PPPs) for tourism have received extensive attention, there has been limited research on their application to tourist toilets. The purpose of this study was to systematically explore the applicability of PPPs with respect to the construction and operation of tourist toilets. The study conducted field investigations and semi-structured interviews in the Qingdao Laoshan Scenic Area (LSA), where purposive sampling techniques were used to manage participant selection and expand sample sizes. It finds that first, the use of PPPs to build tourist toilets is new and has shown both development potential and challenges. Second, the use of PPPs to provide tourist toilets is not yet mature owing to management and supply inefficiencies. Third, the DBTO model in the Laoshan case offers a significant methodological value for similar PPP projects, which could be replicated and promoted more widely when certain conditions are met. This study has filled a research gap in the global toilet revolution and shows a different path from the investment guarantee system in developed Western countries and the Guilin model in China. This application of a PPP in provision of tourist toilets also broadens the knowledge base of researchers studying PPPs in the field of tourism and could lead to the development of a policy approach with respect to PPPs’ application in the toilet revolution and regional tourism development.

Participating in innovative medicines initiative funded neurodegenerative disorder projects-An impact analysis conducted as part of the NEURONET project.

The European Commission's Innovative Medicines Initiative (IMI) has funded many projects focusing on neurodegenerative disorders (ND) that aimed to improve the diagnosis, prevention, treatment and understanding of NDs. To facilitate collaboration across this project portfolio, the IMI funded the "NEURONET" project between March 2019 and August 2022 with the aim of connecting these projects and promoting synergies, enhancing the visibility of their findings, understanding the impact of the IMI funding and identifying research gaps that warrant more/new funding. The IMI ND portfolio currently includes 20 projects consisting of 270 partner organizations across 25 countries. The NEURONET project conducted an impact analysis to assess the scientific and socio-economic impact of the IMI ND portfolio. This was to better understand the perceived areas of impact from those directly involved in the projects. The impact analysis was conducted in two stages: an initial stage developed the scope of the project, defined the impact indicators and measures to be used. A second stage designed and administered the survey amongst partners from European Federation of Pharmaceutical Industries and Associations (EFPIA) organizations and other partners (hereafter, referred to as "non-EFPIA" organizations). Responses were analyzed according to areas of impact: organizational, economic, capacity building, collaborations and networking, individual, scientific, policy, patient, societal and public health impact. Involvement in the IMI ND projects led to organizational impact, and increased networking, collaboration and partnerships. The key perceived disadvantage to project participation was the administrative burden. These results were true for both EFPIA and non-EFPIA respondents. The impact for individual, policy, patients and public health was less clear with people reporting both high and low impact. Overall, there was broad alignment between EFPIA and non-EFPIA participants' responses apart from for awareness of project assets, as part of scientific impact, which appeared to be slightly higher among non-EFPIA respondents. These results identified clear areas of impact and those that require improvement. Areas to focus on include promoting asset awareness, establishing the impact of the IMI ND projects on research and development, ensuring meaningful patient involvement in these public-private partnership projects and reducing the administrative burden associated with participation in them.

A multicriteria decision framework for governance of PPP projects towards sustainable development

The lack of a suitable decision framework for the governance of public-private partnership (PPP) projects in Africa, especially Ghana, is a major setback to project success, retarding sustainable development. This study develops a hierarchical decision framework for prioritizing project governance factors and their relationships using the Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL) method. We employ 30 experts to evaluate two main PPP governance factors and eleven subfactors. We found that contractual governance factors of PPP are more prominent than noncontractual ones for sustainable PPP projects. However, noncontractual governance factors have the highest net effect on contractual factors. Again, policy diffusion is the contractual factor with the highest net effect, while best practice team norm is the noncontractual factor with the highest net effect. Additionally, effective risk allocation is the most prominent contractual subfactor of PPP, while effective communication of project information is the most prominent noncontractual governance factor. The results imply that PPP project managers should improve governance factors for the sustainable development of PPP projects in Africa. However, they should emphasize the prominent and high net effect governance factors but not wholly disregard the less prominent ones.

An assessment of facilitative leadership, communication quality and trust on public-private partnership success

PurposeThis study aims to test a public–private partnership (PPP) success model by examining the direct effects of two input factors (facilitative leadership and communication quality) on an outcome factor, namely, PPP success (PPP project success and PPP relational success), as well as the mediating effect of trust as a process factor on these relationships.Design/methodology/approachThe present research uses the sociotechnical systems theory as the guiding framework. This is a quantitative study that uses a questionnaire survey and purposive sampling. The respondents comprise 266 public and private sector employees who have been involved in various PPP projects. The data gathered from the survey are analysed using SPSS and structural equation modelling (AMOS version 23.0).FindingsThe findings of this study indicate that facilitative leadership, communication quality and trust are positively correlated with PPP success, that is, PPP relational and PPP project success. Trust is found to mediate the relationship between facilitative leadership and communication quality with PPP success.Practical implicationsThis paper upholds the importance of facilitative leadership, communication quality and trust in a PPP setting.Originality/valueThis study enriches the knowledge of PPP projects regarding facilitative leadership, communication quality and trust. It also discusses the vital role of these variables in ensuring PPP success.

Forecasting the Investors’ Escalation of Commitment in PPP Project at Different Project Stages: A Regression Model Based on the Influence of Social Factors

In the public-private partnership (PPP) project, social factors are an important reason that leads to the escalation of commitment (EOC) of investors. Firstly, the study identified ten social factors that influence investor’s EOC in PPP projects by literature review. Then, 126 valid data were collected by situational questionnaire, and regression models of social factors that influence investors’ EOC were built at different stages of project completion. Finally, the study constructed the probability model of the investors’ EOC in different stages. It is found that with the progress of the project, investors are more and more inclined to EOC. In different stages, the social factors that play a major role in the investors’ EOC are different. Probability models based on the influence of social factors have good prediction ability. The findings can help engineering managers predict the risk of investor’s EOC in advance and formulate preventive measures in different stages to promote the success of the project.

Do Emerging Markets Succeed in Implementing Sustainability Principles in Infrastructure Finance? Evidence from Public-private Partnerships in Russia

This paper is the author’s contribution to existing literature on the evaluation of ways to co-create ESG benefits in the process of implementing a public-private partnership (PPP). The author developed his own ESG rating based on a sound set of indicators and an independent evaluation of publicly available information on sustainable development issues. For the purposes of compiling a rating, the specific issues relevant to the evaluation of a PPP project’s sustainability considerations in view of national agenda were analyzed. Based on an analysis of academic literature and publicly available information about similar ratings, the author proposes an approach to measuring these issues and incorporating the results in the integrated ESG impact rating. The developed ESG benefit evaluation instrument may be used by institutional, private and state PPP market participants for a comprehensive analysis of their investment activity. The case analysis of two PPP projects from Russian practice revealed failures in Russian corporate governance practices in the process of investing in infrastructure; in addition, we propose potential ways of overcoming some of the difficulties based on case comparison. This paper provides a new outlook on the methodology of a PPP-adjusted ESG rating that is relevant for evaluating and monitoring of corresponding investments in infrastructure.

Critical managerial measures on financial risks of sustainable public–private partnership projects: a PRISMA review

Purpose Public–private partnership (PPP), a project financing arrangement between private investors and the public sector, has revolutionized the approach to the funding and development of public infrastructure worldwide. However, the increasing cases of financial risks and poor financial risk management related to the model threaten the sustainability and financial success of PPP projects leading to huge financial investment losses. This study aims to review existing literature to establish the key measures to control the financial risks of sustainable PPP projects. Design/methodology/approach A PRISMA-compliant systematic literature review method was used in this study. Data were sourced from academic databases consisting of 56 impactful peer-reviewed journal articles. Findings The review outcomes demonstrate 41 critical factors (measures) in mitigating the financial risks of sustainable PPP projects. They include minimum revenue guarantee, strategic alliance with private investors, financial transparency and accountability and sound macroeconomic policies. The principal results of the study were categorized and conceptualized into a financial risk management maturity model for sustainable PPP projects. Lastly, the study reveals that further studies and project policies must focus more on addressing financial challenges relating to climate risks, and health and safety concerns such as COVID-19 outbreak that have negative impacts on PPP projects. Research limitations/implications The results provide essential research gaps and directions for future studies on measures to mitigate the financial risks of sustainable PPP projects. However, this study used small but significant existing publications. Practical implications A checklist and a conceptual maturity model are provided in this study to help practitioners to learn and improve upon their practices to mitigate the financial risks of sustainable PPP projects. Originality/value This study contributes to managerial measures to reduce huge losses in financial investments of PPP projects and the attainment of sustainability in public infrastructure projects with a financial risk maturity model.

A selectivity index for public-private partnership projects in the urban water and sanitation sector in Latin America and the caribbean

The rapid urban development, the Agenda 2030, the climate change adaptation and the COVID 19 crisis highlight the need to increase investment in public infrastructure and improve water supply and sanitation services. For this, an alternative to traditional public procurement is the participation of the private sector under the public-private partnership (PPP) model. The objective of this article is to develop a tool based on critical success factors (CSFs) that allows for evaluation during early stages of the convenience of developing a PPP project for W&S in urban areas of Latin America and the Caribbean. The index was developed based on literature review (779 variables), review of cases (20 variables) and expert opinion to assign them an estimated value of importance. The results were analysed by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, selecting 17 main variables grouped into 6 CSFs, the most relevant of which are Convenience, Certainty, Leadership, Attraction, Performance and Reliability. The application of this index allows an early assessment of the feasibility of a PPP project and/or the selection of the alternatives with the best chances of success. On the other hand, this study contributes to the international discussion on the most relevant elements related to the success of PPP in W&S projects.

The Legislative Defects of Public-Private Partnership in China and Lessons Drawn

Over the recent decades of economic growth, the Public-Private Partnership (PPP) has been an emerging business model for the Chinese government to establish an efficient relationship with the private sector for public policy. However, there exist obstacles to truly implementing a PPP in place. Apart from inexperienced PPP implementation, the lack of appropriate legal guidance is another major barrier to carrying out a PPP project. A shortage in a well-structured legal system, encompassing relevant legislative deficiency, leaves the scholars the duty to navigate the way for enhancing legislative structure for PPP. Even loads of research have been done on defining the role of the government and the private capital, in hopes that the risk-bearing process involved in a PPP project would be properly designed. But little discussion thereof has been carried out, combining the analysis with the legal nature of public-private partnership itself. Therefore, this paper presents a theoretical framework for examining the legal nature of PPP and analyses the legislative defects regarding PPP with a case. In this paper, the fragmented nature of PPP legislation in China is figured out, pointing to the absence of laws with higher hierarchies regulating PPP, which reveals the vague legal nature of PPP contracts and little legal constraints on the government. What is also surfaced from the fragmented and chaotic PPP legislative state is the ill categorized legal nature of the government, with overlapping roles from different governmental departments, exacerbating the unevenly distributed risks imposed on different parties involved in PPP. This paper then ends with conclusions extracted from experience drawn from both inside and outside China, particularly making an analogy with France, and stresses the need to build a more detailed and logically clarified legislative system for PPP.

Environmental Impact Assessment Effectiveness in Public–Private Partnerships: Study on the Colombian Toll Road Program

Public–private partnership (PPP) has been positioned as a relevant contracting method for developing large-scale infrastructure projects that entails potentially high-magnitude negative impacts on the environment. The effectiveness of the environmental impact assessment (EIA) is crucial to achieving sustainable development of these large-scale infrastructure projects. To unravel the drivers for the EIA effectiveness and the multiple combinations built by the complexity of these drivers, this paper analyzes 28 road PPP projects from Colombia employing a fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) approach. This paper decodes conjectural causal links between specific conditions grouped in superordinate clusters (i.e., consultants’ capability, project features, and communities’ participation) and EIA effectiveness dimensions (i.e., normative, procedural, substantive, and transactive). Findings revealed that no single combination of causal conditions ensures multidimensional EIA effectiveness. This study demonstrated that EIA effectiveness relies significantly on the integration of specific features of three external stakeholders: consultants, nonpreferred proponents, and communities. This study constitutes the first empirical multidimensional identification of the combination of conditions that generate EIA effectiveness in road PPPs.