Public-private Partnership Projects Research Articles

Examining the relationship among critical success factors (CSFs) for delivery of sustainable public-private partnership projects

PurposeThe sustainable development goal (SDG 17) is to strengthen the means of implementation and revitalise the global partnership for sustainable development. Partnership is a key strategy for acquiring skills, information and private finance for developing critical infrastructure projects. Existing studies have mostly concentrated on identifying critical success factors (CSFs) for successfully delivering public–private partnerships (PPPs) projects, but the interrelationships among CSFs expected from stakeholders have garnered less attention. The purpose of this study is to examine the interconnections among CSFs of PPP projects while keeping the public in mind, as well as the influencing routes that contribute to success in the PPP implementation process.Design/methodology/approachThe study uses a mixed-method approach that involves both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection. The data for the study were collected through a well-structured questionnaire from the respondents who are directly or indirectly associated with the PPP project implementation process. The CSF’s framework was built using a literature study and expert interviews; nine hypotheses were developed and evaluated using structural equation modelling. Random and purposive sampling techniques were used for the respondents who were directly or indirectly associated with the PPP project implementation process.FindingsThe findings of this study reveal that the relationship between public and private partners is more adherent than collaborative, with unequal responsibilities, powers and resources distributed among the parties involved. The relevance of state rules, the PPP directive and policies in PPP implementation is supported by the positive connection between favourable environments (Fav_Env) and government attributes (Gov_Atr; the path coefficient is 0.405). Moreover, government attributes have a favourable influence on private company attributes (Pvt_Atr; the path coefficient is 0.198), showing that the state plays a substantial role in the private sector’s decision-making process in PPP. The long-term sustainability and success of a PPP project are dependent on the established interrelationships between CSFs.Practical implicationsThe established interrelationships between CSFs will contribute to the long-term viability and success of a PPP project. Since PPP is still in its infancy in India, the study of CSFs in PPPs and their interrelationships will help policymakers and other stakeholders better understand the major individual factors impacting the success or failure of PPP initiatives.Originality/valueBecause PPP is still in its infancy in India, the study of CSFs in PPPs and their interrelationships will help policymakers and other stakeholders to better understand the major individual factors impacting the success or failure of PPP initiatives. A key implication of the study borders on providing a better understanding of the relationships between CSFs and public engagement. This is also critical for the long-term viability of PPPs and the enhancement of public service quality.

Enhancing Motorway Exit Efficiency: Determining the Ideal Number of Toll Booths

This study presents a model for determining the optimal number of toll booths at barrier-operated freeway exit toll booths in Istanbul, considering mixed traffic conditions and payment methods. In the past decade, Istanbul has experienced rapid growth in its road network due to public-private partnership (PPP) projects. However, despite relatively modest demand, long queues are frequently observed at the exit toll booths of newly constructed PPP freeways, which utilize barrier-controlled toll collection systems. These toll booths offer both electronic toll collection (ETC) and manual toll collection (MTC) options, with MTC users required to come to a complete stop for transactions, while ETC users experience reduced speeds. The presence of mixed payment methods leads to significant interactions between vehicles, resulting in longer service times and limited toll booth capacity. To evaluate the system, service times were measured considering four vehicle classes, payment methods of both the leading and serving vehicles, and whether the serving vehicle needed to wait for money exchange. The findings reveal a wide range of service times, varying from 2.21 seconds to 36.04 seconds, and toll booth capacities ranging from 168 to 1017 vehicles per hour per lane for different vehicle classes, with an increase in MTC utilization.

Driving Factors of Concession Period in Healthcare Public Private Partnerships

Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) play a vital role in infrastructure development and public service delivery, with government entities collaborating with private sector organizations to achieve shared goals in the long term. An essential aspect of PPP contracts is the concession period, during which Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) are responsible for financing, building, operating, and maintaining public assets. The concession period has significant implications, associated with project risk, revenue, operations expenses, profitability, and bankability. While numerous studies focus on determining “optimal” concession periods, fewer explore the factors driving concession periods in national PPP programs, especially for social infrastructure projects relying primarily on availability payments. To fill this gap, this research aims to identify and analyze the effect of various potential factors on the length of the concession period, using linear regression analysis on a data set of healthcare PPP projects in Italy. This research theoretically contributes to understanding the driving factors of concession periods in PPP projects and provides insights for a balanced approach to PPP project planning and regulation and related strategies. On the practical side, decision makers can negotiate optimized concession periods, ensuring successful and sustainable public infrastructure projects.

Regulatory strategies of water environment treatment PPP projects operation

PurposeThe operation of water environment treatment Public-Private Partnership projects (WETP-PPP) is crucial to the project effectiveness. However, there are often problems in projects that attach importance to construction and neglect operation management, which seriously affect the project operation effect. To ensure the good operation effect of the WETP-PPP, an evolutionary game model of the regulation strategy during the operation period of WETP-PPP is constructed.Design/methodology/approachAn evolutionary game model of regulation is established which considers the government, the project company and the public in water environment treatment Public-Private Partnership projects (WETP-PPP). Five scenarios of equilibriums and the game's evolutionary stable strategies are analyzed, and the corresponding stability conditions are then obtained. Finally, through the simulation, the influence of different factors on the choice of the three-party strategy is analyzed.FindingsFirst, the key factors that affect the evolution game are the regulation costs and performance rewards of the government, the project company's operation costs and penalties for opportunism and the public supervision costs and rewards. Second, in order to ensure the operation effect, the government needs the performance incentive from the superior government. Third, the public's supervision enthusiasm needs to be mobilized by the government. Last, the penalty strength of speculative operation should be strong enough to play a deterrent role.Research limitations/implicationsThe theoretical research in this paper has some limitations. Initially, due to the large number of participants in WETP-PPP, in addition to the government department, the project company and the public studied in this paper, it also involves the consulting industry and financial institutions. In the future, more participants can be added to form four-party interest relationships and conduct four-party evolutionary game research. Second, the operation environment of WETP-PPP is complex and changeable, and various influencing factors are intertwined, the number of parameters involved in this paper is limited, and further detailed research is needed in the future.Practical implicationsBased on the evolutionary game theory, this article discusses the evolution law of the tripartite game behavior of the government department, the project company and the public, which is helpful to clarify the strategy evolution path of the tripartite in the WETP-PPP, and the generation condition and evolution mechanism of the equilibrium strategy of the tripartite game. The key parameters affecting the tripartite strategy selection are analyzed through simulation, which can provide reference for the government department to formulate relevant measures. At the same time, it broadens the application field of evolutionary games and supplements the research on the management mechanism of WETP-PPP during the operation period.Social implicationsBased on the evolutionary game theory, this paper introduces the supervision behavior of the public, which can provide a new perspective for researchers to conduct relevant research. Secondly, for the regulation during the operation of WETP-PPP, this paper can provide reference for the government department to establish a scientific public supervision system, improve the government supervision mechanism and other relevant measures, which can help promote the public supervision willingness, improve the regulation efficiency of the government and guide the project company to reduce speculation, so as to ensure the effect of water environment management.Originality/valueThis paper focuses on the regulation of WETP-PPP during the operation period to research interactions among the government, the project company and the public. Based on the analysis of the evolutionary game, some suggestions are put forward, such as perfecting the government regulation mechanism, optimizing the reward and punishment system for the project company and broadening the channels of public supervision. The research results of this paper can provide support for the government's regulation of WETP-PPP and ensure the project operation effect.

Influence of Project Governance Mechanisms on the Sustainable Development of Public-Private Partnership Projects: An Empirical Study from China

In China, achieving sustainable development goals for PPP projects is an urgent issue. Project governance mechanisms are important to PPP project sustainability, but there are many risk factors in traditional project governance mechanisms. This research focuses on embedding risk governance mechanisms into the traditional project governance system with contract governance mechanisms and relationship governance mechanisms. The main purpose is to reveal the integration of PPP project governance mechanisms and its impact on governance performance and project sustainability, and to propose governance optimization strategies. First, by enriching the understanding of the governance mechanism, governance performance and project sustainability, and improving the measurement scale. Then, by constructing a structural equation model, collecting data through questionnaires, and exploring the effect of the project governance mechanism on project sustainability. (1) The results of direct effect testing show that contractual governance mechanisms, relational governance mechanisms and risk governance mechanisms are positively associated with governance performance, and governance performance is positively associated with project sustainability; (2) the results of mediating effect testing show that interaction of the three governance mechanisms has a positive effect on governance performance. The research results provide a new approach and perspectives for improving project governance mechanisms and achieving sustainable development in the practice of PPP projects.

Policy Perspective on Governmental Implicit Debt Risks of Urban Rail Transit PPP Projects in China: A Grounded Theory Approach

Public–private partnership (PPP) projects have the features of extended investment cycles, diminished returns, and high demand for technology. Inadequate utilization of these projects may result in an accumulation of new implicit debt for the government. Consequently, it becomes imperative for the government to manage and mitigate implicit debt risks associated with urban rail transit PPP projects, which is a crucial prerequisite for ensuring the progression of such projects and the unhindered functioning of the financial system. The objective of this study is to investigate the factors that influence government implicit debt risks in urban rail transit PPP projects from the perspective of policy. This study employs the grounded theory method to develop a comprehensive framework model that identifies the influencing factors of government implicit debt risk in urban rail transit public–private partnership (PPP) projects. The contributions of this study are twofold: (1) it highlights the role of policy as a significant determinant of implicit debt risks of urban rail PPP projects, which contain governmental subsidies, external environmental risk sharing, and supporting measures. Specifically, government subsidies directly contribute to the government’s implicit expenses, thereby impacting the level of implicit debt risks associated with urban rail transit PPP projects. Supporting measures exert an indirect influence on the implicit debt risks of the government, thereby imposing a significant burden on local fiscal expenditure. External environmental risk sharing, as an external factor, leads to an increase in fiscal expenditure due to the government’s social responsibility; and (2) it provides a qualitative method that examines the government implicit risk factors associated with urban rail trait PPP projects based on grounded theory. The model that examines the influencing factors of government implicit debt risk in urban rail transit PPP projects adopts a policy perspective, which can inform policymakers on a heretofore unexplored adverse effect of guarantee policy.

Criteria in Selecting Key Performance Indicators for Public Private Partnership (PPP) Projects

Public Private Partnership (PPP) is conceptualised as a performance-based procurement in which concessionaires are contracted to provide efficient facilities and services to the government. The quality of the facilities and services provided by the concessionaires will be assessed using key performance indicators (KPIs). This is for determining the level of performance against the agreed level of standards as expected by the government. However, most of the PPP projects are currently facing the difficulties in meeting the expectation. It is due to several issues such as lack of methods for measuring the KPIs, the lack of understanding of the KPI implementation, project performance not reflecting the actual performance (physical) on site, the absence of a weightage system on KPIs, and inconsistent of works performance. These shortcomings have led to the difficulty in determining the performance level of the PPP projects. Therefore, this research aims to identify the important criteria for selecting KPIs for PPP project and to determine the implications on the absence of important criteria in selecting PPP project KPIs. Empirical research using case studies via semi-structured interviews technique were conducted within PPP stakeholders. The important criteria were determined from the data obtained from thirty-two (32) semi-structured interviews conducted across six (6) case studies. The results indicate 11 important criteria to be considered when establishing the KPIs for PPP projects. The findings of this research may benefit practitioners in setting the criteria in selecting appropriate KPIs for the implementation of PPP project during operational and maintenance phase.

The Institutional Dimension of Public-Private Partnerships: Governance

Failure to realize governance objectives is considered to be one of the reasons why public-private partnerships have become increasingly controversial and why there have been many negative experiences during the project process. This study examines the relationship between public-private partnerships and governance. In the framework pioneered by international organizations and accepted in the literature, it is possible to eliminate many problems experienced in public-private partnership projects by implementing governance principles. On the other hand, although there are many discussions in the literature on the conceptual basis of governance, there are no studies that address these conceptual debates within the framework of public-private partnerships. It is thought that this deficiency in the literature will also leave the discussions on the present and future of the relationship between public-private partnerships and governance incomplete. The originality of this study is that it evaluates the concept of governance in public-private partnerships and its foundations based on the New Institutional Economics and New Public Management approaches. When the concept is considered together with its foundations, the question of whether governance principles can really be a solution to the problems of public-private partnerships becomes controversial. Although the focus of the study is not on this debate, it aims to open the door to further discussions on the subject.

Rank-Dependent Expected Utility Game Analysis of Public-Private Partnership Project Operation Supervision Considering the Influence of Emotion

Public-private partnership (PPP) projects have been widely adopted in infrastructure construction. Owing to the professional operation capabilities of private investors, PPP also serves as an efficient tool to optimize the operational efficiency of infrastructures while alleviating the government's financial pressure on the infrastructure provisions. Since the returns-chasing nature of private investors and information asymmetry lead to speculation, therefore government's operation supervision is critical for PPP projects. Meanwhile, the irrational and inevitable emotions of the government and investors exert a significant influence on their operation and supervision behaviors. Based on the influence of emotion on the decision-making behaviors of investors and government, an evolutionary game model of PPP operation supervision is developed from the perspective of rank-dependent expected utility (RDEU) theory. Further, the effect of emotional factors on the choice of investors and government strategies are analyzed in the context of Nash equilibrium solutions under different emotional states; thereby, putting forward different suggestions for restraining the speculation of private investors. The study results indicate that the positive supervision strategy of severe punishment plays an imperative role in restraining investors' speculation, whereas emotional factors exhibit a significant influence on the game equilibrium strategy related to the PPP project's operation supervision. On the one hand, the probability of government authorities choosing an active supervision strategy becomes higher due to the increase in the emotion index; on the other hand, the probability of investors choosing active operation becomes higher due to the decrease in the emotion index. Thus, the government can reduce investors' speculation through strict supervision and increasing the optimistic perception of investors.

Sustainable cooperation in the watershed ecological compensation public-private partnership project: Lessons from China's Chishui river basin

The public-private partnership (PPP) has emerged as a promising financing approach to effectively alleviate the financial burden on governments involved in watershed ecological compensation (WEC) projects. This study specifically focuses on the WECPPP project in China's Chishui River Basin (CSRB) and employs a tripartite evolutionary game model to examine sustainable cooperative behavior among social capital, governmental regulatory entity, and the general public. To ascertain the evolutionary stability strategy (ESS), replicated dynamic equations and equilibrium point stability analysis are then solved. Lastly, a numerical illustration grounded in the WECPPP-CSRB project is utilized as empirical evidence to validate the theoretical findings and substantiate ensuing recognitions: the game model elucidates the presence of eight equilibrium points, while delineating four potential ESSs, each discerned through stakeholder-oriented cost-benefit assessments; stringent government regulations play a pivotal role in coordinating stakeholder interests in the WECPPP-CSRB project, thereby safeguarding both ecological integrity and economic gains; and the optimization of the income distribution mechanism coupled with the augmentation of performance-linked subsidies is acknowledged as imperative measures for ensuring the long-term viability of the WECPPP-CSRB project. The findings thus not only provide a comprehensive analysis of the effective approach and insights into fostering sustainable cooperation among multiple stakeholders in the WECPPP project, but also proffer invaluable recommendations for enhancing incentives, refining regulatory frameworks, and attaining favorable market outcomes.

Life Cycle Risk Assessment of Public-Private Partnership Project of Comprehensive Environmental Management Based on Principal Component Analysis

Life Cycle Risk Assessment of Public-Private Partnership Project of Comprehensive Environmental Management Based on Principal Component Analysis

Research on the Influences of Task Interdependence on Team Performance in the Context of the Leader–Member Exchange Differentiation in the Public–Private Partnership Projects

Task interdependence is essential in sustainable cooperation, conflict prevention, and performance improvement of public–private partnership (PPP) project teams and promotes the sustainable development of PPP projects. Based on the theoretical logic of Input–Process–Output (IPO), integrating Team Process Theory and Leader–Member Exchange (LMX) Theory, we constructed a mediated model of task interdependence, team reflection, team performance, and leader–member exchange differentiation in PPP projects. Based on this, we conducted questionnaire research and research analysis on 168 PPP project teams. The results of the study indicate that task interdependence in PPP projects has a significant positive effect on team performance, and there is a significant mediating role of team reflection in the relationship between task interdependence and team performance. The leader–member exchange differentiation in teams not only moderates the relationship between task interdependence and team reflection and team reflection and team performance but also further moderates the indirect effect of task interdependence in PPP projects on team performance through team reflection. The findings extend the impact effects of task interdependence in engineering projects, as well as the moderating mechanisms of leader–member exchange differentiation in Chinese organizational scenarios, providing lessons for PPP project team performance management and sustainable development of PPP projects.

Effects of Contract Governance on the Relation of Partnership Critical Success Factors and the Performance of Malaysia Public-Private Partnership Initiatives

Much research has been carried out to discover partnership critical success factors that influence public-private partnership success. Since most public-private partnership projects are long-term in nature and include contractual arrangements, there is still a lot to learn about contract governance’s role in public-private partnership performance. Therefore, this study examines the effect of contract governance on the relationship between partnership critical success factors and partnership performance in Malaysia. Stakeholder Theory serves as the underpinning theory for this study. This study employed a quantitative method based on the positivist paradigm to distribute questionnaires. The information was collected from 261 contracting parties’ officials in Malaysian public-private partnership projects regulated by the Malaysian Public-Private Partnership Unit, and a stratified random sampling method was employed. The structural equation model analysis found that eight out of ten hypotheses were supported. According to this study, it has been established that contract governance has a direct favorable influence on partnership performance. However, it is also found that contract governance does not moderate the relationship between partnership critical success factors and partnership performance. Due to time constraints and the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic, this study was from a cross-sectional viewpoint and adopted a quantitative methodology. The findings of this study are important in the contract governance and partnership performance literature, providing policymakers and concessionaires with new information on the impact of contract governance on public-private partnership project performance. Managers of public-private partnership projects should also be able to enhance their projects’ performance by understanding how contract governance influences the performance of their projects.

Social sustainability of aged care public-private partnership projects in China: Critical practices and realisation paths

The profound changes in China's population, economy and social structure have significantly impacted traditional home-based aged care and social welfare, leading to the emergence of Aged Care Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects for institutional care. Social sustainability is crucial for these projects as it greatly improves stakeholders' quality of life and well-being. Adoption of social sustainability practices enhances elderly and employee satisfaction, offers competitive advantages, and fosters community development. This study aimed to establish a socially sustainable development process for aged care PPP projects. A multiple case study was conducted, and an improved critical incident technique was adopted. Forty-two first-level critical practices that should be adopted by government departments, private investors and Special Purpose Vehicles (SPVs) at different stages in the lifecycle were identified from three main cases and seventeen parallel reference cases. Twenty-one realisation paths and a consolidated realisation path were established based on analysing the enabling relationships between critical practices. The preparation phase is pivotal, with ten of the 21 more important critical practices (i.e., critical practices that appear in all realisation paths) adopted at this phase. The behaviours and decisions of government departments played a key and decisive role, with eighteen more important critical practices adopted by them alone. This study contributes to enhancing knowledge of social sustainability in aged care. The critical practices and the realisation paths provide a complete picture of realising social sustainability of aged care PPP projects. The public and private sectors can adopt corresponding behaviours and decisions at different project stages to deliver projects successfully. The empirical data shows the applicability of stakeholder theory in social sustainability research on aged care. In addition, the results provide insights into the achievement of social sustainability of aged care projects in other countries and the understanding of social sustainability of other public service projects. However, potential biases exist in the study, arising from considering aged care PPP projects as a whole, neglecting lessons from failure cases, and subjective judgments in qualitative research.

Role of Shapley Additive Explanations and Resampling Algorithms for Contract Failure Prediction of Public–Private Partnership Projects

Role of Shapley Additive Explanations and Resampling Algorithms for Contract Failure Prediction of Public–Private Partnership Projects

Factors influencing investment attraction in road infrastructure BOT projects: A comprehensive analysis in the southern key economic zone of Vietnam

Over the course of the last two decades, Vietnam has demonstrated a growing interest in public-private partnership (PPP) investments within the domain of road transport infrastructure. However, the overall success rate of these endeavors has remained constrained and, in fact, has displayed a propensity for decline. Understanding the primary determinants behind this phenomenon, particularly the internal factors within the management system, has been a perplexing and protracted process, hindering the development of viable solutions. This research employs a qualitative analysis approach, leveraging in-depth interviews conducted with 250 road traffic infrastructure PPP project managers and experts. The objective is to discern the factors that exert influence over the investment attractiveness of build-operate-transfer (BOT) projects in the vital Southern Key Economic Zone of Vietnam. Subsequently, utilizing the collated data, this study employs a quantitative methodology to measure the impact of these factors via a derived multivariate regression equation. The findings reveal the existence of five distinct groups of factors that affect the investment attractiveness of BOT projects in the Southern Key Economic Zone, classified by their respective levels of influence. These groups encompass factors relating to the role of the state, the legal framework, human resources engagement in PPP ventures, supportive financial instruments, and the allocation of risk. Notably, these outcomes align with previous research efforts, further substantiating the robustness and reliability of the findings presented within this study.

How risk factors lead to the early termination of public–private partnership projects in China: a multi-case study based on social network analysis and interpretive-structure modeling

PurposeEarly termination of public–private partnerships (PPPs) in China is caused by various risk factors, resulting in significant losses. This study aimed to clarify the key factors and identify the causal relationships among these factors.Design/methodology/approachSocial network analysis (SNA) was used to analyze 37 risk factors that were summarized from 97 early terminated PPP cases and to identify the relationships among these key risk factors. Interpretive structural modeling (ISM) was conducted to explore the causal relationships. Data were collected from case documents, questionnaires and interviews.FindingsA total of 17 key risk factors were identified and distributed in a hierarchical structure with six tiers. Among these key risk factors, the root causes affecting the early termination of PPP projects were government oversight in decision-making, local government transition, policy and law changes and force majeure. The direct cause was insufficient returns. Furthermore, local government and private sector defaults were essential mediating factors. Local government transition and the low willingness of the private sector were highlighted as potential key risks.Research limitations/implicationsThe cases and experts were all from China, and outcomes in other countries or cultures may differ from those of this study. Therefore, further studies are required.Practical implicationsThis research provides knowledge regarding the key risk factors leading to the early termination of PPP projects and guidance on avoiding these factors and blocking the factors' transmission in the project lifecycle.Originality/valueThis study contributes to the knowledge of risk management by emphasizing the importance of local government transition, the low willingness of the private sector and project cooperation and operation, whose significance is ignored in the existing literature. The proposed ISM clarifies the role of risk factors in causing early termination and explains their transmission patterns.

A systematic literature review on risk identification towards a public-private partnership approach in building reuse projects

This paper aims to systematically review a wide range of literature to provide insights on the risk of public-private partnership (PPP) projects. The authors have critically reviewed the risk elements from the entire spectrum of the construction industry. Thus, the systematic literature review (SLR) method was employed to synthesise research with precise attention to detail. To achieve research objectives and to retrieve articles related to PPP and risk identification building adaptive reuse, the following database was utilised: Scopus, Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and Web of Science. Number of related themes were collected and analysed according to the coding structure. The results present that a total of twelve (12) risk categories have been identified from the existing literature, namely, political, economic, legal, natural, demand risk, financial, residual asset risk, design, construction, operation, partner selection, and contract risk, respectively. These categories were further divided into fifty-seven (57) different risk factors, whereby the classifications were perceived to be related to the PPP project. In addition, sixteen (16) risk factors were identified in the context of building adaptive reuse specifically, focusing on feasibility and procurement stages. Consequently, the present review recognised the knowledge gaps to offer a new perspective on risk identifications in the context of building adaptive reuse in Malaysia.

Exploring Risk Factors Affecting Sustainable Outcomes of Global Public–Private Partnership (PPP) Projects: A Stakeholder Perspective

As a model for delivering infrastructure initiatives, public–private partnerships (PPPs) have gained significant popularity in recent years. The globalization of PPP has exposed them to elevated risks emanating from the international real economy and financial market, which can ultimately result in project cancellations or distress. This study analyzes risk factors affecting the sustainable outcomes of global PPP projects from a stakeholder perspective. After identifying the interests of key stakeholders and examining how various risks influence stakeholders’ interests, a two-step binomial probit model is used to investigate domestic and international risk factors in PPP arrangements based on the World Bank PPI database. The empirical results indicate that inflation has a substantially positive effect on project failure, while factors such as PPP experience, central government involvement, exchange rate fluctuations, etc., significantly contribute to PPP success. In addition, the study demonstrates that trade openness and net foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow are crucial for the transmission of global risks. The study also provides policy implications and recommendations from a risk allocation–stakeholder relationship perspective to enhance the resilience of PPP initiatives based on these findings.

A Study on the Impact of Team Interdependence on Cooperative Performance in Public–Private Partnership Projects: The Moderating Effect of Government Equity Participation

Sustainable collaboration among teams drives sustainable public–private partnership (PPP) projects, and the interactions, perceptions, and behaviors of project teams with ad hoc decision-making power critically impact collaborative performance in PPP contexts. While the role relationships between subjective interdependence, collective behaviors, team processes, and performance in PPP project teams are yet to be clarified, further validation is needed to embed this logic in project management. This study aims to clarify the role relationships among the four variables of team interdependence, team interaction, team performance, and government participation. Through an empirical investigation of the data of 367 samples of PPP project teams and data analysis by SPSS 26.0 and Amos 23.0, it is found that team interdependence (task interdependence, result interdependence) has a significant positive effect on cooperative performance, and team interaction plays a mediating role in this process. Compared with enterprises with low government share, team interdependence with high government share has a significant positive effect on the team cooperation performance of PPP projects and has a positive moderating effect on the influence mechanism of team cooperation performance. Based on this, this paper proposes strategies for PPP project team management and sustainable development. It suggests corresponding suggestions for improving PPP project team performance and sustainable development.