Provision Of Programs Research Articles

INTERROGATING YOUTH RESTIVENESS AND LEADERSHIP PROBLEM IN AFRICA: THE NIGERIA EXPERIENCE

This research sought to interrogate the implications of youth restiveness on leadership problem in Africa using the Nigeria experience. Three research questions were formulated. 1,000 respondents were sampled from youth in Edo, Delta and Anambra States. The conflict theory was adopted as the theoretical orientation for the study. The quantitative technique which relied on a self-constructed instrument was employed to collect data while the data generated from the field was analyzed with the aid of percentage. The study found that youth restiveness in Africa is mostly a result of employment, illiteracy and unfair distribution of mineral resources. Violent protests and destruction of properties, increase in social and criminal vices were some of youth restiveness. The study recommends that the ills associated with youth restiveness can be curbed through good governance, provision of skill acquisition programmes, creation of more employment opportunities for youth as well as public enlightenment against this social malaise which has become evident in the African continent.

A theory of social programs, legitimacy, and citizen cooperation with the state

Aid and social programs are commonly used to fight insurgencies. However, sometimes they fail to achieve their goal of increasing citizen cooperation with the state. I propose a series of game-theoretic models that focus on the strategic interaction between a state and a citizen in the face of a challenge to the state’s monopoly of power by an insurgency. I argue that even if the provision of aid or social programs increases citizens’ intrinsic motivation to cooperate with the state, it does not necessarily translate into more cooperation. I show that citizen cooperation depends on whether the increase in the provision of aid is accompanied by an increase in the use of violent or hard tools by the state, the citizens’ expectation of future rewards, and the insurgency’s response. The models thus provide a rationale for why even if social programs increase state legitimacy, they may fail to increase citizen cooperation.

Mortality amongst children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in sub-Saharan Africa: The case study of the Changing Diabetes in Children program in Cameroon.

Type 1 diabetes in Africa has been associated with high mortality attributed mainly to poor insulin access. Free insulin provision programs for people with type 1 diabetes have been introduced across Africa recently. We aimed to determine the mortality rate and associated factors in a cohort of children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes who receive free insulin treatment in sub-Saharan Africa. We conducted a retrospective analysis using the Changing Diabetes in Children (CDiC) medical records in Cameroon between 2011 and 2015. The overall mortality rate was 33.0 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 25.2-43.2). Most deaths (71.7%) occurred outside of the hospital setting, and the cause of death was known only in 13/53 (24.5%). Mortality was substantially higher in CDiC participants followed up in regional clinics compared to the main urban CDiC clinic in Yaounde; 41 per 1000 years (95% CI 30.8-56.0) versus 17.5 per 1000 years (95% CI 9.4-32.5), and in those with no formal education compared to those who had some level of education; 68.0 per 1000 years (95% CI 45.1-102.2) versus 23.6 per 1000 years (95% CI 16.5-33.8). In Cox proportional multivariable analysis, urban place of care (HR=0.23, 95% CI 0.09-0.57; p= 0.002) and formal education (HR=0.42, 95% CI 0.22-0.79; p= 0.007) were independently associated with mortality. Despite free insulin provision, mortality remains high in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes in Cameroon and is substantially higher in rural settings and those with no formal education.

Training and Retaining Physician‒Scientists in Dermatology in Taiwan

Currently, only 14.7% of practicing dermatologists in Taiwan who work at medical centers are dedicated to innovative research. Dermatology departments appear to face steeper challenges with the recruitment and retention of physician‒scientists than other medical specialties. The need to increase the number of physician‒scientists is clear and can be achieved through the provision of good training programs, financial support, early mentorship, and sustained funding.

An exploration of adherence to self-management physiotherapy programmes in musculoskeletal physiotherapy using the COM B model and TDF framework

Purpose: Musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders are one of the highest causes of disability and financial cost in the UK, and physiotherapists are well placed to manage patients with MSK problems. MSK physiotherapy often includes self-management, requiring patients to undertake some form of behaviour change, including carrying out exercise programmes. Adherence is required in order to benefit from self-management programmes however, adherence rates are suboptimal. Little is known about the provision and content of self-management physiotherapy programmes (SMPP) in NHS MSK outpatient physiotherapy practice, and how these are experienced by patients.

Procurement and delivery of food at holiday provision clubs

While school food initiatives across England sup­port children’s nutritional intake during school term time, there is no universal state provision dur­ing the school holidays to reduce the risk of chil­dren experiencing food insecurity. In the absence of a national program of holiday provision, com­munity organizations in disadvantaged com­muni­ties have established holiday clubs offering free food and activities to children. This paper exam­ines how these holiday clubs source food and the challenges of procuring food and delivering healthy meals that adhere to UK School Food Standards. Results indicate that holiday clubs adopt a variety of procurement strategies including rely­ing upon donated food. While club leaders have sought opportunities to source food cost-effectively, the findings suggest significant chal­lenges for these clubs to achieve their aim of delivering healthy meals. Findings point to needs for sustainable funding and the developing healthy food procure­ment policies and processes that align with a wider food strategy.

Analysis of the strategy of drug provision of certain categories of the population of the krasnodar region

The research devoted to providing the population with preferential medicines is quite relevant, since it is a priority area in the framework of state social assistance. The state program of preferential drug provision affects the effective economic development of the domestic pharmaceutical market, the successful overcoming of social risks, prevents a decrease in the standard of living of the population, in particular, it assumes a significant reduction in patient costs for high-tech medical care. The priority state tasks of improving the preferential drug supply for certain categories of citizens until 2025 are defined in the Strategy for drug provision of the population of the Russian Federation. The article presents the regulatory framework for the implementation of the Strategy on the example of the Krasnodar Territory. Analysis at the regional level of preferential drug provision has made it possible to identify some modern trends in financing this area. The dynamics of growth in funding for drug provision to the privileged category of citizens from the federal budget has been revealed on the basis of the obtained data. The analysis of the provision of preferential drugs on a regional scale, proposed in the research, also tends to increase, which undoubtedly improves the condition of patients in a number of nosological forms. The results of the research are presented by a detailed analysis of the dynamics of the number of citizens eligible for state social assistance in terms of drug provision. The proportion of citizens using preferential drug provision over the past several years is stable. An analysis of the financing of preferential drug provision for residents of the region has revealed a tendency for the growth of subventions to municipalities for the implementation of powers to provide the necessary drugs, respectively, the average amount of funds for drug provision of one resident of the region, who has a corresponding benefit, has increased. Moreover, the analysis has revealed an increase in financing of the privileged category of citizens from the regional budget. As a result of the research, a downward trend in preferential drug provision for citizens from other regions has been revealed, which is due to the limited attendance of the region due to the coronavirus infection. The analysis of the provision of drugs to the population by «high-cost nosologies» indicates an increase in the cost of financing them. The results of the analysis of the implementation of the Strategy for drug provision in the Krasnodar Territory have made it possible to identify the effectiveness of financial state support for certain categories of the population.

Food Insecurity, Associated Health Behaviors, and Academic Performance Among Urban University Undergraduate Students

ObjectiveTo explore associations between food insecurity, health behaviors, and academic performance among undergraduates at a private, urban US university. MethodsA cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted among a convenience sample of New York University undergraduates. Multivariable logistic regression estimated associations of food security (using the 6-item US Household Food Security Survey Module) and health behaviors (fruit/vegetable, beverage and alcohol intakes, and sleep), self-rated health, and academic performance. ResultsOf the 257 students who completed the survey, 41% reported food insecurity. Food insecurity was associated with approximately 2-fold higher odds of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (adjusted odds ratio, 1.97; 95% confidence interval, 1.14–3.41) and fair/poor health (adjusted odds ratio, 2.29; 95% confidence interval, 1.23–4.25). Conclusions and ImplicationsIncreased awareness of food insecurity and associated health behaviors among students has implications for higher education's provision of on-campus food support programs.

Prevalence of anti-Leptospira antibodies and associated risk factors in the Malaysian refugee communities

BackgroundRefugees in Malaysia, who are afflicted by poverty, conflict and poor health, are vulnerable to a range of zoonotic infections in the deprived environmental and social conditions under which they live. Exposure to infections such as leptospirosis, for which rodents are primary hosts, is of particular concern.MethodsA wellness program was conducted to determine the presence of antibodies against Leptospira (seroprevalence) in 11 refugee community schools and centers in the Klang Valley, Malaysia. A total of 433 samples were assessed for IgG and IgM antibodies against Leptospira, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).ResultsOverall Leptospira seroprevalence was 24.7%, with 3.0% being seropositive for anti-Leptospira IgG and 21.7% for anti-Leptospira IgM. Factors significantly associated with overall Leptospira seroprevalence included: age, ethnicity, pet ownership, knowledge of disease and awareness of disease fatality. For IgM seroprevalence, significant risk factors included sex, ethnicity, eating habits with hands, pet ownership, the presence of rats, walking in bare feet and water recreation visits.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the need for improvements in health and well-being among the refugee community through disease awareness programs and provision of healthy behavior programs, particularly in hygiene and sanitation through community engagement activities.

Инструментарий для моделирования динамики капитала финансовых организаций

The issues of ensuring the financial stability of financial institutions, which is understood as the sufficiency of assets to meet obligations, are of paramount importance both for clients and the management of a financial institution, and for the country's economy as a whole. Most often, the inability to fulfill obligations is associated with a lack of funds, therefore it is important to monitor the dynamics of the monetary capital of organizations, to assess their financial risks, including in the conditions of investment. Purpose of the study: development of tools for assessing the risks of financial organizations. Statement of the problem: to develop a simulation model that allows one to study the dynamics of the capital of an organization, whose financial resources are formed due to heterogeneous flows of inflow and outflow of funds and investment, including in risky assets, in an inflationary environment. The paper proposes a modeling algorithm that allows to collect a descriptive statistics on the distribution of financial resources, to estimate the dynamics of the money capital of financial organizations and investigate the "sufficiency" of the company's funds to meet financial obligations basing on data of cash flows for various types of contracts and returns (growth rates) of assets, presented in the form of statistical data and/or characteristics of time series models. The description of the software tool is given. A computational experiment was based on data of the inflow and outflow of funds of a non-state pension Fund under the program of non-state pension provision. Descriptive statistics are given for the distributions of the size of organization's funds constructed as a result of modeling. The probability of organization’s downfall in dynamics and the risk of entering the zone of financial insecurity are assessed. The proposed tools have scientific novelty in the field of designing simulation models and decision support systems for analyzing the activities of financial organizations and determining effective directions for their development.

Buprenorphine Induction in a Rural Maryland Detention Center During COVID-19: Implementation and Preliminary Outcomes of a Novel Telemedicine Treatment Program for Incarcerated Individuals With Opioid Use Disorder.

Over 10 million individuals pass through U.S. detention centers on an annual basis, with nearly two-thirds meeting criteria for drug dependence/abuse. Despite proven efficacy, treatment with medications for opioid use disorder (MOUD) is underutilized in jail settings—a gap that could be addressed using telemedicine. Here we describe a new program of telemedicine-based clinical provision of new/continuing buprenorphine treatment for individuals detained in a rural jail. Implementation objectives were completed between January and August 2020, and patient encounters were conducted between August 2020 and February 2021. We established (i) telemedicine hardware/software capability; (ii) a screening process; (iii) buprenorphine administration methods; (iv) necessary medical release procedures; (v) telemedicine encounter coordination and medication prescription procedures; and (vi) a research platform. Seven incarcerated patients have been treated, two of whom were referred from community treatment. Patients were mostly male (71%), non-Hispanic White (86%), and averaged 33 years old. All patients tested positive for an opioid upon intake and began/continued buprenorphine treatment in the jail. Average time to first MOUD appointment was 9 days and patients were maintained in treatment an average 21 days. Referrals for continuing community treatment were offered to all patients prior to discharge. We report successful implementation of telemedicine MOUD in a rural detention center, with treatment engagement and initiation occurring prior to the high-risk period of discharge. The fact that this program was launched during the height of the pandemic highlights the flexibility of telemedicine-based buprenorphine treatment. Challenges and obstacles to implementation of buprenorphine treatment in a correctional system are discussed.

Implementation of Public Employment Services in a Philippine Local Government Unit

The Public Employment Service Office is responsible for implementing labor market programs to promote full employment and equality of employment services. This study assessed the level of implementation of the services of the public employment service office of a component city in the areas of local employment in terms of labor market information, referral and placement, career and employment coaching, provision of livelihood and employment programs, and special employment in terms of reintegration assistance, employability enhancement, pre-employment counseling, and other services as assessed by local and overseas jobseekers and local business and overseas employment agencies. It also investigated the challenges encountered by the respondents in availing these services. This descriptive-comparative study used a researcher-made survey instrument administered to randomly selected local and overseas job seekers and local and overseas business and employment agencies. Using descriptive and inferential analyses, the study yielded a very high level of implementation which implies that the services by the PESO promoted job generation and addressed unemployment although, a significant difference was revealed in the implementation of labor market information and self-employment programs and services. The study recommended the enactment of local laws to enhance employment facilitation.

From Shelters for Numbers to Shelters for Welfare: Rectifying the Social Housing Provision Programme in Jakarta

ABSTRACT This study examines the relationship between housing satisfaction and low-income tenants’ willingness to pay rental fees in government-owned rental apartments (GORAs), a form of social housing in Indonesia. Despite their sophisticated physical features and affordable rents, GORAs have experienced mounting arrears that burden the provincial maintenance budget. This situation contradicts the assumption that better quality housing will increase housing satisfaction and reduce the amount of rent nonpayment. By examining the situation in one GORA in Jakarta, Indonesia, this study reveals that the well-designed physical features of GORAs do not necessarily increase housing satisfaction, because the prototypical design’s failure to accommodate aspects of the residents’ sociocultural context and the prohibition of adjustments to the units diminish residents’ financial capacity and their social ties. Consequently, their poor level of housing satisfaction contributes to the mounting levels of arrears. This study recommends a comprehensive review of existing housing policy to better accommodate residents’ desired sociocultural activities and their potential means of generating revenue, thereby improving residents’ welfare and potentially reducing the total amount of rent arrears.

A Qualitative Investigation of Leisure Engagement and Health Benefits Among North Korean Adolescent Refugees

The purpose of this study was to investigate the leisure behaviors of adolescent defectors from North to South Korea and the mental health benefits they derive from leisure participation, a topic not previously addressed in the literature. Semistructured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 17 participants. Qualitative analysis based on acculturation theory revealed three salient themes of leisure benefits: (a) creating a sense of belonging, (b) increasing psychological well-being, and (c) facilitating acculturation. The results indicate that participants gained social and psychological benefits through leisure activities. They also suggest that the provision of recreation programs that encourage inter/intragroup participation can be an important component of these young refugees’ cultural and social adjustment.

Pharmacoeconomic features of drug provision to the rheumatology department of the republican clinical hospital

Objective: to assess the expenditure of financial resources allocated for drug provision to the rheumatology department of the state clinical hospital. Material and methods. The materials of the study are statistical reporting data on the expenditure of financial resources for the purchase of drugs for the Rheumatologic Department of Semashko Republican Clinical Hospital (Simferopol) for the period from June 2018 to May 2020. Based on the obtained results, a pharmacoeconomic assessment of the budgetary funds expenditure was carried out using ABC/VEN analysis. Results. The total expenditure on the procurement of drugs for rheumatology department was 5,308,775.23 rubles. The list of medicines for the department included 50 items. The ABC analyses revealed that 80% of the budgetary funds (A class) were spent on 4 drugs included in the standards of pharmacotherapy for rheumatic diseases. According to VEN analysis all of them were classified as V category (vitally important). Conclusion. The results revealed a high efficiency of the implementation of the state program of drug provision to the Rheumatologic Department of Semashko Republican Clinical Hospital.

Peculiarities of administration of medications to patients with circulatory system diseases within the framework of the federal program of preferential provision of medicines

Objective:to analyse of medicines prescriptions for federal beneficiaries with circulatory system diseases and to identify the main trends in the implementation of the federal program for the provision of necessary medicines in the Samara Region in 2014–2017.Material and methods.The authors reviewed the nomenclature of medicines used to treat circulatory system diseases (CSDs) and distributed to the population of the Samara Region as part of the federal program for the provision of necessary medicines for the period from 2014 to 2017. The methods of comparative, retrospective, logical, graphical and content analysis, the method of data grouping according to Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification and methods of descriptive statistics were used.Results.In 2014–2017 the share of financial costs for the purchase of medicines in the total budget of the federal program for the provision of necessary medicines in the Samara Region did not exceed 6%. Still, in physical terms (in terms of the number of packages) the share of medicines of this pharmacotherapeutic group in the federal program for the provision of necessary medicines averaged about 25%. Nomenclature of medicines of the analyzed group prescribed to federal beneficiaries in 2014–2017 ranged from 90 to 107 nomenclature items. The number of international nonproprietary names (INN) decreased from 51 in 2014 to 36 in 2017. During the period under review, there was a decrease in the acquisition cost of medicines for the treatment of circulatory system diseases and the weighted average cost of one package (by 63% and 53%, respectively).Conclusion.Perindopril-containing medicines occupied the maximum consumption volumes in monetary terms. There was a decrease in the average cost of one package in 2017, which may be associated with the replacement of original medicines with generics and a concomitant reduction in the number of INN within the subgroup.

Provision of Quality Education in Public Early Childhood Education Centres in West Pokot County, Kenya

There is a global emphasis on the importance of providing quality early childhood education and care to all children. The issue of provision of quality early childhood education for arid and semi-arid regions of Kenya has received less attention as it contributes to the status of literacy of the whole population. This paper looks at the provision of quality education in public early childhood education centres also known as pre-primary schools in West Pokot County, Kenya. The study methodology incorporated qualitative and quantitative methods of research. This study took pragmatism as its philosophical paradigm. The study used a descriptive survey research design. The target population for the research involved 365 headteachers and 682 teachers. The sample size for the study was arrived at by taking 10-30% of the target population to act as the sample size that is 10% for headteachers and 30% for ECDE teachers. The research instruments used were; questionnaires and interview guides. The data collected was analysed using qualitative and quantitative methods. Quantitative data was analysed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviation. Statistical Package for Social Science (Version 20.0) helped in coding, entry and analysis. Qualitative data was analysed using content analysis method. The study found out that provision of quality education was at average level (M=2.87, SD=1.13) in public pre-primary schools in West Pokot County. This means that half of the pupils in public pre-primary schools in the county are not receiving quality education and hence affecting their development in schools. Therefore, the paper recommends that adequate measures need to be put in place by the County Government of West Pokot County to ensure that public ECDE centres provide quality education through building more ECDE classrooms, employment of teachers on permanent and pensionable terms, provision of adequate instructional materials and meals programmes for remote schools to increase learners retention

Children's Reactions to War, Armed Conflict and Displacement: Resilience in a Social Climate of Support.

The aim of this review was to unravel recent evidence for children's reactions to war and armed conflict focusing on resilience factors mitigating adverse psychological and psychiatric consequences. Three categories of mitigating resilience factors emerged from the literature - personal, family, and community factors. In addition, a unifying model of moderating resilience factors emerged, proposing a higher-tier environmental dimension conceptualized here as social climate of support. Wars and armed conflict affect children both by direct exposure to threats, and by disruption of the social fabric supporting development. The notion of producing a climate of social support can direct policy toward service provision and resilience-based programs that both build individual capacities and encompass development of the resources of families, schools, community, and societal structures supportive of children's adjustment and wellbeing. Future research should shift toward systems thinking within a socio-ecological nesting of individual, familial, community, and societal systems.

Indicative indicators of implementation of the essential medicine provision program in subjects of the Russian Federation in 2020: analysis of regional features

Indicative indicators of implementation of the essential medicine provision program in subjects of the Russian Federation in 2020: analysis of regional features

The impact of Science Foundation Programmes on the success rate of first-year students in a blended teaching and learning environment

This article highlights some successes as achieved with an extended Science Foundation Provision Programme for first-year engineering students at the University of South Africa’s Science and Engineering School in Johannesburg. The learners were mainly from disadvantaged environments. Strategies ranged from upgradation of study material, intensive monitoring of online study activities; the appointment of online tutors to assist students; as well as the introduction of face-to-face tutor classes held regularly throughout the course. Owing to these strategies, the online activity of students active in modules in Civil and Chemical Engineering grew on average from about 50% to about 80%; that of students active in Electrical and Mining Engineering improved from 40% to 60%; and that of students active in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering went up from 20% to about 60%. Correspondingly, students’ success rate increased up to 40% in Chemical Engineering, up to 45% in Electrical Engineering and up to 40% in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering. Even in challenging cognitive subjects such as Chemical Processing, and Digital and Analogue Electronics, students coped well. It is believed that several lessons can be learned by other environments from this exercise.