Mobile Ad Hoc Networks Protocols Research Articles

A Multipath Cluster-Based Routing Protocol For Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

A MANET (Mobile Ad-hoc Network) is a group of mobile network nodes dynamically forming a network without any pre-existing infrastructure. Multi-path routing protocols in MANETs try to discover and use multiple routes between source and destination nodes. Multipath routing is typically used to reduce average delay, increase transmission reliability, provide load balancing among multiple routes, and improve security and overall QoS (Quality of Service). In this paper, the Cluster-Based Routing Protocol (CBRP), which is a single path MANET protocol is enhanced to use multiple paths. The traffic will be distributed among multiple paths to reduce network traffic congestion and decrease delay. An analytical model is used for multipath and single path CBRP routing protocols in MANETs to estimate the end-to-end delay and queue length. The analytical results show that the average delay and average queue length in multipath CBRP are less than the average delay and queue length in single path CBRP.

Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) proactive and reactive routing protocols

An ad hoc mobile network can be defined as a set of communication hosts that are linked together with no predetermined topology of wireless links and also without the need for a fixed central point. One of the most challenges that occur in this type of networks is the routing. This paper aims to simulate, analyze, evaluate, and make a comparison to the performance of MANET routing protocols AODV and DSDV. Reactive protocols AODV, proactive protocol DSDV with their characteristics are analyzed based on number of parameters metrics such as throughput packets received, delay, jitter-delay, using NS2 simulator. The results from our simulation show that AODV is suitable than DSDV protocol in MANET. This is done according to our simulation throughput results.

Analysing admission control for AODV and DSR routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc network

The widespread deployment of mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) in the areas of agriculture, military defence, weather forecasting and disaster control has necessitated the implementation of admission control within a network for a guaranteed quality of service (QoS). Admission control organises traffic flows to ensure the network medium is fairly shared among various nodes in the network. Various admission control algorithms have been proposed in the literature, using different metrics and parameters to achieve different admission control quality. In this work, we propose an Admission control in mobile ad-hoc network routing (ACMANR) using both bandwidth capacity and resource estimation to achieve a good QoS. Furthermore, we analyse the behaviour of two well-known routing protocols in wireless network, ad hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV) and dynamic source routing (DSR), in our proposed admission control algorithm. Simulation results obtained from our proposed admission control algorithm using OPNET show that AODV routing protocol had a better throughput while DSR produced a better delay with lower overhead in MANET. Our proposed approach also shows better performance in terms of throughput and delay when compared with the state-of-the-art admission control routing using AODV and DSR.

An Effective Control of Hello Process for Routing Protocol in MANETs

In the mobile ad hoc network (MANET) update of link connectivity is necessary to refresh the neighbor tables in data transfer. A existing hello process periodically exchanges the link connectivity information, which is not adequate for dynamic topology. Here, slow update of neighbour table entries causes link failures which affect performance parameter as packet drop, maximum delay, energy consumption, and reduced throughput. In the dynamic hello technique, new neighbour nodes and lost neighbour nodes are used to compute link change rate (LCR) and hello-interval/refresh rate (r). Exchange of link connectivity information at a fast rate consumes unnecessary bandwidth and energy. In MANET resource wastage can be controlled by avoiding the re-route discovery, frequent error notification, and local repair in the entire network. We are enhancing the existing hello process, which shows significant improvement in performance.

A Novel Anomaly Behavior Detection Scheme for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

To sustain the security services in a Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET), applications in terms of confidentially, authentication, integrity, authorization, key management, and abnormal behavior detection/anomaly detection are significant. The implementation of a sophisticated security mechanism requires a large number of network resources that degrade network performance. In addition, routing protocols designed for MANETs should be energy efficient in order to maximize network performance. In line with this view, this work proposes a new hybrid method called the data-driven zone-based routing protocol (DD-ZRP) for resource-constrained MANETs that incorporate anomaly detection schemes for security and energy awareness using Network Simulator 3. Most of the existing schemes use constant threshold values, which leads to false positive issues in the network. DD-ZRP uses a dynamic threshold to detect anomalies in MANETs. The simulation results show an improved detection ratio and performance for DD-ZRP over existing schemes; the method is substantially better than the prevailing protocols with respect to anomaly detection for security enhancement, energy efficiency, and optimization of available resources.

A Performance Analysis and Comparison of QoS On-Demand Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

A Performance Analysis and Comparison of QoS On-Demand Routing Protocols in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks

New adaptation method based on cross layer and TCP over protocols to improve QoS in mobile ad hoc network

Due to rapid growth of multimedia traffic used over the mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs), to keep up with the progress of this constraints MANETs protocols becoming increasingly concerned with the quality of service. In view of the random mobility nodes in MANET, TCP becomes more unreliability in case of higher energy consumption and packet loss. In this paper we proposed a new optimization approach to enhance decision making of TCP based on some changes of IEEE 802.11 MAC uses cross layer approach. The aim is to minimize the impact of retransmissions of packet lost and energy consumption in order to analysed and chose the appropriate routing protocol for TCP that can be enhance QoS MANET. Our simulation results based QoS study using NS3 show that, our proposed achieves better performance of TCP in MANETs significantly, and also improved the throughput, energy consumption and facilitates the traffic transmission over routing protocol.

Strong Secure Anonymous Location Based Routing (S2ALBR) method for MANET

Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) utilize confounding planning shows that spread community point characters similarly as courses from outside onlookers so as to give obscurity security. MANET contains different little gadgets conceding suddenly over the air. The topology of the system is changing an incredible piece of the time in light of the advantageous idea of its inside focuses. The security challenges ascend taking into account self-game-plan and self-reinforce limits. By the by, existing mysterious organizing shows depending upon either ricochet by-skip encryption or excess traffic either produce imperative expense or can't give full namelessness security to information sources, targets, and courses. The imperative expense raises the trademark asset limitation issue in MANETs particularly in natural media remote applications. To offer high absence of definition assurance expecting for all intents and purposes no effort, we strong secure anonymous location based routing (S2ALBR) protocol for MANET utilizing optimal partitioning and trust inference model. In S2ALBR appear, first segments a system into zones utilizing optimal tug of war partition (OTW) algorithm. By at that point, figure the trustiness of each reduced focus point utilizing the imprisonments got signal quality, versatility, way debacle and joint exertion rate. The arrangement of trust calculation is advanced by the optimal decided trust inference (ODTI) model, which gives the trustiness of each adaptable. By then picks the most basic trust ensured focus point in each zone as generally engaging trade habitats for information transmission, which structure a non-unquestionable bewildering course. The introduction of proposed S2ALBR show is examined by various testing conditions with Network Simulator (NS2) instrument.

Mobility Aware Quality Enhanced Cluster Based Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks Using Hybrid Optimization Algorithm

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) utilizes more nodes to forward messages and information from source node to destination node and these nodes are battery-powered devices. Thus, Energy saving is always vital role of Routing Protocols which need to maximize the lifetime of WSN. Mobile ad hoc networks (MANET) are self-starting and self-constructing multichip wireless networks in which, the assembly of the system deviates vigorously. This is mainly due to the mobility of the nodes. The nodes in the network not only act as hosts but also as routers that route data from other nodes in network. MANETs require an efficient routing protocol that achieves the quality of service (QoS) mechanism. They are not considering the mobility as one constraint for those problems. Because, mobility of nodes causes frequent link failures and high error rates, so it makes difficult to maintain the desired QoS in the network. To overcome those problems, we propose mobility aware routing protocol for MANET using hybrid optimization (MARP-HO) algorithm, which maximizes the QoS in data transmission. The proposed routing protocol comprises of two phases. The clustering process consists of cluster formation and cluster head (CH) selection. First, the energy efficient clustering is done by improved animal migration optimization (IAMO) algorithm. Then, we gather multiple constraints are energy consumption, received signal strength, mobility and cooperative rate from each cluster member. The gathered constraints used to compute the node cost of each cluster member, here the highest cost node act as CH of cluster. Second, we compute routing path between source–destination using improved ant colony optimization (IACO) algorithm. The proposed MARP-HO routing protocol is compared with existing state-of-art routing protocols in terms of energy consumption, delivery ratio, loss ratio, link stability, delay, network lifetime, number of dead nodes and throughput.

Modified Energy Efficient with ACO Routing Protocol for MANET

Due to the specific design of the network upon the requirements of the demands as well as the situation at which the setting up of a physical network is impossible, a significant role is played by mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) in the applications of military. Various critical tasks like robust & dynamic military workstations, devices as well as smaller sub-networks within the battle field are handled by the presented network type controls the infrastructure less communication. A highly demand of the efficient routing protocol’s design is existing which ensures safety as well as reliability to transmit the extremely vulnerable as well as the secret military data within the defense networks. The designing of an energy efficient layer routing protocol within the network on behalf of the military applications is done in this method and the simulation is done with the help of a novel cross layer approach of design for increasing the reliability as well as the lifetime of the network. However, the optimum path selection is not allowed by PDO-AODV technique. Therefore, a novel ACO-DAEE (Ant colony optimization with delay aware energy efficient) to select an optimum path as well as to mitigate the delay time within the network system is proposed. Maintaining the optimum paths within the network while transmitting the data effectively is the major objective. With respect to packet delivery ratio, end to end delay, and throughput, it is indicated by the simulation outputs that the performance of ACO-ADEE is quite good. The efficiency of this technique is verified in the simulation outcomes using NS2 software.

An Efficient Route Failure Detection Mechanism with Energy Efficient Routing (EER) Protocol in MANET

Mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is a network with two or more number of nodes with restricted energy constraint. The high dynamic nature in MANET attracts needs to consider the energy efficient features in their construct. The routing protocol is an important criterion to be considered for evaluating the performance of the MANET. Energy consumption plays vital role in MANET. Hence designing the scheme that supports energy efficient is much needed for the high dynamic MANET environment concerned. This paper proposes the Energy Efficient Routing (EER) protocol based on efficient route failure detection. The Scope of this paper is to suggest a fresh routing procedure for Mobile Adhoc Network minimizes unsuccessful communication. The projected procedure practices three important criterions to locate the path that assure authentic communication. The channel caliber, connection caliber and node’s residual energy is important reason for the failure of the node in MANET. Hence, the suggested routing mechanism believes these three different parameters to choose the finest node in the route. The reliable transmission and reception are attained by transferring information through route nominated by the suggested system verified by means of NS-2 simulator.

IMPACT OF BLACK HOLE ATTACK ON THE PERFORMANCE OF DYNAMIC SOURCE ROUTING AND OPTIMIZED LINK STATE ROUTING PROTOCOLS IN MANETS

Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks (MANETs) are a collection of mobile nodes which are free to move from one place to another place without a central control entity. In MANETs the nodes are dependent on each other and the communication among mobile nodes is multi-hop due to which there are security issues in the MANETs protocols. Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR) protocols are mostly used as proactive and reactive routing protocols in MANETs. This research work analyzed the performance of the OLSR and DSR protocols in the presence and absence of black hole (BH) attack in terms of throughput, end-to-end delay, packet delivery ratio (PDR), and network load in various scenarios using OPNET Modeler 14.5 simulator. The results obtained in this research show that BH attack significantly degrades the performance of both DSR and OLSR protocols but due to the reactive nature of DSR routing protocol the performance is more degraded in DSR routing protocol as compared to OLSR routing protocol in the presence of BH attack.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Heuristic ant colony and reliable fuzzy QoS routing for mobile ad hoc network

The furthermost important issues in mobile ad hoc network (MANET) are to provide a multi-path and multi-constraint qualify of service (QoS) routing for uninterrupted communication between the nodes. On one hand multi-constrained QoS routing deal with identifying paths that assure numerous autonomous QoS limitations and on the other hand, multi-path refers to the identification of multiple paths. Besides due to higher rate of topological changes and the energy constrained nodes in the network, literature survey provides us ant colony optimization (ACO), a unique variety of optimization procedure which was found to be extremely convenient for identifying reliable routing. To deal with following concerns, we suggest a multi-path multi-constraint energy-efficient routing method. In the projected method, calculate the metrics such as end to end delay and QoS monitoring agents collect, link stability, energy consumption, available bandwidth, and packet loss rate. The proposed method is called as the heuristic concurrent ACO and reliable fuzzy (HEACO–RF) QoS routing protocol for MANET. The HEACO–RF QoS routing protocol for MANET includes two phases. In the first phase, the ant colony optimization algorithm is modified to identify a deposit of candidate routes among a pair of source and destination. While identifying the candidate routes along with the QoS metrics, heuristic factors and reliable fitness functions are also considered. In the second phase, the reliability technique is used to measure each path and the paths with high reliability is selected by the ant agents using fuzzy logic based on the metrics link stability, residual energy, and packet loss rate. Simulation outcomes prove that HEACO–RF QoS routing protocol decreases the energy consumption and improves the packet delivery ratio, packet loss rate with minimum delay.

Mobile Ad Hoc Network in Disaster Area Network Scenario: A Review on Routing Protocols

Disasters could cause communication systems partially or completely down. In such a case, relief operations need a rapidly deployed communication system to save lives. Exchanging information among the rescue team is a vital factor to make important decisions. Communication system required to be robust to failures, rapidly deployable, easily maintainable to provide better services. Wireless ad-hoc networks could be the choice of establishing communication with the aid of existing infrastructure in a post-disaster case. In order to optimize mobile ad-hoc network performance, address the challenges that could lead to unreliable performance is required. One and most crucial key challenge is routing information from a sender to receiver. Due to the characteristics of a disaster environment such as signal attenuation, communication links exist between rescue crew is short-lived, suffer from frequent route breakage, and may result in unreliable end-to-end services. Many routing protocols have been proposed and evaluated in different network environments. This paper presents the basic taxonomy of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks and the state of the art in routing categorizes (Proactive, Reactive, Geographic-aware and Delay tolerant Networks (DTN)). The comparison of existing routing protocols in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks indicates that overhead in Proactive and Geographic is competitive with delay in Reactive and DTN routing.

PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF GEOGRAPHICAL ROUTING PROTOCOL IN MOBILE AD HOC NETWORK

Wireless technology has brought a very advanced change in the field of the internet. It has given rise to many new applications. In recent years, a lot of work has been done in the field of Mobile Ad hoc Networks (MANET) which makes it so popular in the area of research work. MANET is an infrastructure-less, dynamic network that consists of a collection of wireless mobile nodes, and the communication between these nodes has been carried out without any centralized authority. There are several network performance metrics, Packet Loss and End-to-End Delay which can be taken into account, for getting a general idea about the performance of the Geographical Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks. The proposed research will evaluate the parameters which affect the communication in the Geographical Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-Hoc Networks.

An Energy-Efficient Routing Protocol in Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

In recent time, with the fast development of the mobile system, Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) have been fucus studied and applied in many areas such as rescue, military, medical applications and smart cities. Due to the characteristics of MANETs, routing protocols must be designed to be flexible, energy-efficient and highly performance achievable. Increasing network lifetime by reducing energy consumption level is a major method in the design of saving energy routing protocols in MANETs. In this study, we propose an improved routing protocol from AODV with a new cost function, applied to MANETs. The simulation results show, our proposed protocol saves energy consumption, increases network life, packet delivery rates, and improves performance over AODV

Evaluation of Multicast and Unicast Routing Protocols Performance for Group Communication with QoS Constraints in 802.11 Mobile Ad-hoc Networks

In Mobile Ad-hoc Network (MANET), portable devices like smartphones, or laptop PC can join together to make provisional networks without any infrastructure The objective of multicast or unicast protocols is to ensure an efficient route formation and flow control mechanism which is a very challenging issue for many group computing services in MANETs. MANETs can support several real-time applications like emergency rescue, and disaster relief operations which require minimum Quality of Service (QoS) to handle high traffic. Providing QoS for multimedia and group-oriented computing in MANETs becomes a real challenge due to the wireless medium and the mobility of operating nodes. Therefore, an investigation of routing protocols for one-to-many or many-to-many computing is important that supports acceptable QoS in MANETs. Numerous QoS metrics have been considered for the assessment like packet delivery ratio, latency, packet loss rate, control overhead, and throughput. By considering different network topologies and scenarios with different performance parameters, the primary goal of this study is to explore the challenges and factors for QoS services in MANET’s multicast communication. The outcomes of investigation can be used to design the future MANET protocol for multimedia applications. The performance results indicate that the increasing number of sending/receiving nodes may increase the overhead or latency of the network but capable of providing higher network throughput, carried out in NS-2. The results also indicate although MANETs can induce errors and packets are lost as part of the normal operating context, multicast AODV practice superior to the unicast protocol to various QoS in a wide range of scenarios with less overhead.

ECHO: Efficient Zero-Control-Packet Broadcasting for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks

Applications such as collaborative mapping motivate a need for network-wide broadcasting in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANET) with low-rate long-range links. Existing MANET protocols are inadequate in such low-capacity regimes due to their high use of control packets. We present a novel protocol called ECHO that constructs and maintains a broadcast backbone without using any control packets. Instead, using a field in the data packet header, a node transmits and listens for an “echo” of the specific packet to determine its membership in the backbone. ECHO is deterministic, source-independent, fully distributed, accommodates mobility, and balances battery consumption across nodes. We prove ECHO’s correctness and show that its communication complexity is lower than that of Multi-Point Relay (MPR) and Flooding, and comparable to that of Opportunistic Announcement (OA). Simulations over random mobile low-capacity networks show that ECHO provides at least a 30 percent better delivery ratio than Flooding, MPR, and OA for 50-node networks and dramatically reduces the communication load. Experiments on a 12-node testbed of goTenna mobile mesh networking devices show that ECHO reduces transmissions by about 3x and increases battery life by more than 50 percent over Flooding. ECHO’s performance advantages are crucial for scalable broadcast in low-power, low-capacity wireless networks.

An end to end key establishment scheme for detecting black hole attacks in mobile ad hoc networks

<p>The wireless technology is in consistent and rapid development in this century such that it produces fast data rate and strong connectivity. Mobile ad hoc network (MANET) is an independent network wherein nodes function as both host and router. Routing protocols in MANET are prone to different attacks. Malicious nodes usually interfere the process of establishing routes and make it hard to build a valid route. In the literature, different mechanisms proposed to prohibit black hole attacks in which an adversary node blindly drops data packets. In this paper, a study is fulfilled of the advantages and disadvantages of some of the protocols presented in the literature and a novel method proposed that detects black hole attacks. A thorough, precise, and theoretical analysis is presented to show how the proposed method can prevent malicious nodes from impersonating benign nodes. A theoretical compareison conducted between the proposed method and some of the other methods presented in the literature. The comparison shows that the attacks exist on these protocols are detected and prevented by the proposed protocol.</p>

Mobile ad-hoc network routing protocols of time-critical events for search and rescue missions

The most important experiences we discovered from several disasters are that cellular networks were vulnerable, and the loss of the communication system may have a catastrophic consequence. Mobile ad-hoc networks (MANETs) play a significant role in the construction of campus, resident, battlefield and search/rescue region. MANET is an appropriate network for supporting a communication where is no permanent infrastructure. MANET is an effective network that uses to establishing urgent communication between rescue members in critical situations like, disaster or natural calamities. The sending and receiving data in MANET is depending on the routing protocols to adapt the dynamic topology and maintain the routing information. Consequently, This paper evaluates the performance of three routing protocols in MANET: ad-hoc on-demand distance vector (AODV), destination sequenced distance vector (DSDV), and ad-hoc on-demand multipath distance vector (AOMDV). These protocols are inherent from different types of routing protocols: single-path, multi-path, reactive and proactive mechanisms. The NS2 simulator is utilized to evaluate the quality of these protocols. Several metrics are used to assess the performance of these protocols such: packet delivery ratio (PDR), packet loss ratios (PLR), throughput (TP), and end-to-end delay (E2E delay). The outcomes reveal the AOMDV is the most suitable protocol for time-critical events of search and rescue missions.