Wheat Grain Protein Content Research Articles

Predicting grain yield and protein content of winter wheat at different growth stages by hyperspectral data integrated with growth monitor index

Hyperspectral reflectance data can detect a great detail for predicting wheat’s grain yield (GY) and protein content (GPC). Based on different water and nitrogen rates, canopy spectral data and LAI and SPAD values were collected at four growth stages of wheat. The growth monitor index (GMI) was formulated by combining LAI and SPAD of wheat canopy with the variation coefficient method. Univariate models were constructed to predict GY and GPC in three forms, direct models predicted by spectral parameters, indirect models predicted with intermediate coefficient transmitted by GMI, and models predicted by GMI-treated spectral parameters. Multivariate models used single characteristic band and spectral reflectance indices (SRIs) of wheat canopy spectral reflectance. The results indicate that integrating GMI with canopy spectral data improves the prediction of spectral parameters for GY and GPC. The correlation coefficient between SAVIGMI and GY at the filling stage increased by 0.775 compared to SAVI; the correlation coefficient between SAVIGMI and GPC at the jointing stage is 0.645 higher than SAVI. By integrating GMI, the prediction model can explain over 90% of the variance in GY and 60% of the variance in GPC at the highest, the predictive performance is enhanced at some growth stages, maximally, R2 of the prediction based on GNDVIGMI for GY is 0.927 increased by 128%, and R2 of the prediction based on NDVIGMI for GPC is 0.532 increased by 130% relative to the original prediction at the filling stage. This study proposed the exploratory and experimental application of GMI to characterize canopy spectra.

Predicting grain protein concentration in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) based on unpiloted aerial vehicle multispectral optical remote sensing

ABSTRACT Prediction models for crude protein concentration (CP) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) based on multispectral reflectance data from field trials in 2019 and 2020 in southern Sweden were developed and evaluated for independent trial sites. Reflectance data were collected using an unpiloted aerial vehicle (UAV)-borne camera with nine spectral bands having similar specification to nine bands of Sentinel-2 satellite data. Models were tested for application on near-real time Sentinel-2 imagery, on the prospect that CP prediction models can be made available in satellite-based decision support systems (DSS) for precision agriculture. Two different prediction methods were tested: linear regression and multivariate adaptive regression splines (MARS). Linear regression based on the best-performing vegetation index (the chlorophyll index) was found to be approximately as accurate as the best performing MARS model with multiple predictor variables in leave-one-trial-out cross-validation (R2 = 0.71, R2 = 0.70 and mean absolute error 0.64%, 0.60% CP respectively). Models applied on satellite data explained to a small degree between-field variations in CP (R2 = 0.36), however did not reproduce within-field variation accurately. The results of the different methods presented here show the differences between methods used and their potential for application in a DSS.

Organic transition in dual‐purpose wheat systems: Agronomic performance and soil nitrogen dynamics

AbstractThe Southern Great Plains (SGP) region of the United States is widely known for its dryland dual‐purpose winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping systems—integrated systems that provide both livestock grazing and grain production. Few of these systems are organic, however, and no relevant research had been conducted on this topic. A large‐scale (41 ha) systems research study was conducted for 3 yr (2018–2021) to compare a transitional organic dual‐purpose wheat system with a conventional one, with system management components customized to the ecological region. Organic wheat yield was 20% lower than conventional in the first season of organic transition, but there was no yield difference by the third year. The yield improvement in the organic system may be attributed to N fixation by a legume‐based cash crop the previous winter season, exogenous nutrients from application of composted manure, and appropriate wheat cultivar selection. Because of limited moisture, relying on annual establishment of summer cover crops to fix N and deliver other ecosystem services in the organic system was not feasible in most years. Grain protein concentration (GPC) of the transitional organic wheat ranged from 91 to 103 g kg−1, below the 120 g kg−1 threshold for a food market organic price premium. More intensive N management, including in‐season application of a more available form of N that is organic approved, could be an effective strategy to increase GPC. This proof‐of‐concept study shows that organic dual‐purpose wheat systems can be a viable enterprise in the SGP, though additional research is needed to address challenges identified herein.

Влияние листовой подкормки на качество зерна озимой пшеницы в типичных сероземах с орошаемыми условиями

Abstract. The problem of improving the quality of winter wheat grain is urgent and at the same time relatively unresolved. In recent years, the yield of winter wheat on irrigated lands in many farms of the country is 50 cwt/ha and more. Depending on the type and variety of wheat, the protein content of the grains is 11–20% and is used for various purposes. If the protein content of wheat grains is up to 11–13%, it is used in the preparation of animal feed, up to 14–15% — bread and 17–18% — pasta. Most of the grains of winter soft wheat grown on irrigated lands of the country with a yield of 70–80 cwt/ha and above are used in the manufacture of bread and bakery products. At the same time, the quality of grain remains low, the protein content of the grain is up to 10–12%, the amount of crude gluten in it is in the range of 19–25%. The amount of this protein in the grain of winter wheat is much lower than the established norm, and the effectiveness of mineral fertilizers with foliar fertilization increases sharply, increasing the resistance of plants to sucking pests. The technological properties of the grain are dramatically improved, i. e. the protein content increases by 1.5–2.1%, gluten by 3.1–4.9%. Vitreous, its strength and bread volume increase. Nitrogen requirements of winter wheat are high throughout the growing season. In a wheat plant, 75–80% of nitrogen accumulates in the leaves and stems of the plant until the germination period. It is from this accumulated nitrogen that the bulk of the protein in the grain is formed. When the yield is high (65–70 cwt/ha), the amount of nitrogen accumulated in the leaves and stems of the plant does not ensure a sufficient amount of protein in the grain. In particular, nitrogen deficiency is observed in the formation of yield elements in winter wheat, i. e. during the period of development, flowering, flowering and milk ripening. For example, germination causes a number of difficulties in feeding through the soil due to overgrowth of the plant during flowering, low rainfall, or lack of water. On this reason, when winter wheat is harvested, there is a lack of nitrogen in the soil, which is easily absorbed by the plant. This in turn has a negative impact on wheat grain yield and quality.

A NOVEL APPROACH TO COMBINE NIR AND IMAGE FEATURES FOR NON-DESTRUCTIVE ASSAY OF INDIAN WHEAT VARIETIES

Near InfraRed Spectroscopy (NIRS) based techniques have evolved tremendously and are being perfected over ages to be applied in a wide variety of applications. This study focuses on the selection of optimum classification algorithms, as an automated variety identifier suitable for wheat grains based on the statistical performance indices for the quality analysis and variety classification of wheat grains. NIRS was used to non-destructively determine protein, carbohydrate, ash and moisture content of wheat grains. Structural analysis focuses on the visualization aspect of the wheat grains such as the shape, size (learnt from the length, width, and height), colour and glossiness of the seed coat. In addition to the spectral information, the image derived characteristics are incorporated into the classification models to further enhance the variety identification of 10 varieties of whole wheat samples UP 262, Samba, RR 21, 343, Super sitwa, Punjab, Ankurkedar, Super 303, Pusa 360, PBW 502. Varietal purity of wheat grains is a significant factor to be considered before the milling process. The results clearly reveal that the proposed selective wavelength-based prediction algorithms and selection of limited individual quality parameters, using improved methods to extract these features has aided with the success of classification performed in this work. The proposed novel approach proves that collaborating the selected spectral features and image features further enhances the effectiveness of this work.

The spatial variability of NDVI within a wheat field: Information content and implications for yield and grain protein monitoring.

Wheat is a staple crop that is critical for feeding a hungry and growing planet, but its nutritive value has declined as global temperatures have warmed. The price offered to producers depends not only on yield but also grain protein content (GPC), which are often negatively related at the field scale but can positively covary depending in part on management strategies, emphasizing the need to understand their variability within individual fields. We measured yield and GPC in a winter wheat field in Sun River, Montana, USA, and tested the ability of normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) measurements from an unoccupied aerial vehicle (UAV) on spatial scales of ~10 cm and from Landsat on spatial scales of 30 m to predict them. Landsat observations were poorly related to yield and GPC measurements. A multiple linear model using information from four (three) UAV flyovers was selected as the most parsimonious and predicted 26% (40%) of the variability in wheat yield (GPC). We sought to understand the optimal spatial scale for interpreting UAV observations given that the ~ 10 cm pixels yielded more than 12 million measurements at far finer resolution than the 12 m scale of the harvester. The variance in NDVI observations was “averaged out” at larger pixel sizes but only ~ 20% of the total variance was averaged out at the spatial scale of the harvester on some measurement dates. Spatial averaging to the scale of the harvester also made little difference in the total information content of NDVI fit using Beta distributions as quantified using the Kullback-Leibler divergence. Radially-averaged power spectra of UAV-measured NDVI revealed relatively steep power-law relationships with exponentially less variance at finer spatial scales. Results suggest that larger pixels can reasonably capture the information content of within-field NDVI, but the 30 m Landsat scale is too coarse to describe some of the key features of the field, which are consistent with topography, historic management practices, and edaphic variability. Future research should seek to determine an ‘optimum’ spatial scale for NDVI observations that minimizes effort (and therefore cost) while maintaining the ability of producers to make management decisions that positively impact wheat yield and GPC.

Estimating the effect of low-temperature stress on the spatial distribution patterns of protein in wheat grains

As the major component determining wheat flour quality, protein is unevenly distributed in different grain fractions. In this study, mature wheat grains were pearled into nine fractions from the outer to the inner layers. The effects of low-temperature intensity, frequency and occurrence time on the spatial distribution patterns of grain protein were analyzed. The highest and lowest protein contents were observed in the aleurone and innermost endosperm layers under different low-temperature conditions. The contents of protein in the whole grains and each fraction were enhanced by low-temperature, and the enhancement was more obvious under low temperature applied at the booting stage. Compared with low temperature applied only at the booting stage, multiple low temperatures decreased the increase in protein content in wheat grains, which indicated that low-temperature pretreatment at the jointing stage could partly offset the effects of low temperatures on grain protein. In addition, significant linear relationships were observed between the accumulated cold degree days (ACDD) and the protein content in the whole grains and most fractions, which indicated that ACDD could be used to quantify the effect of low temperature on grain protein. Furthermore, a comparison of the relationships between grain protein and two types of ACDD indicated stronger correlations between canopy temperature-based ACDD (ACDDc) and the protein content in the outer and middle layers, whereas stronger correlations were observed between air temperature-based ACDD (ACDDa) and the protein content in the inner layers, which means that we should not only use the air temperature to quantify the effect of low temperature on the protein content distribution of wheat; we also need to consider the canopy temperature that is more closely related to crop development. The results provide an effective method for evaluating the effect of low-temperature stress on grain quality and a novel view for optimizing the utilization of wheat flour under low-temperature condition.

A nitrogen fertilizer strategy for simultaneously increasing wheat grain yield and protein content: Mixed application of controlled-release urea and normal urea

Increasing grain yield and protein content simultaneously in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is challenging. Efficient nitrogen (N) management strategies, such as mixed application of controlled-release urea and normal urea (CRUNU), has been considered as a potential method for overcoming this challenge. Here, we tested CRUNU application in the winter wheat variety, Xiaoyan22, during three growing seasons (2017–2020) to examine its effects on photosynthetic characteristics, grain filling, dry matter, and N accumulation and remobilization. We aimed to determine the effect of CRUNU application on wheat grain yield and protein content and its underlying mechanisms. The results from the three wheat-growing seasons showed that CRUNU application significantly increased grain yield and protein content at three N application levels, with an average increase of 3.89% in grain yield and 6.35% in protein content compared with the results obtained using normal urea (NU). The main determinant for the increased grain yield was the increase in apical grain weight, which was mainly due to the improvement in grain filling. At the three N application levels, increased N accumulation was observed in vegetative organs (pre-anthesis) following CRUNU application compared with NU application; however, CRUNU application did not improve the contribution rate of pre-anthesis N accumulation in grains. The increase in grain N accumulation and protein content were mainly attributed to elevated post-anthesis N accumulation and its improved contribution to grain N content. Because CRUNU application improved wheat grain yield and protein content without significant variations between the medium and high N application levels, we suggest that CRUNU application, in combination with optimum N application levels, can be considered an effective agronomic management strategy to improve grain yield and protein content in winter wheat.

Genetic Control of Efficient Nitrogen Use for High Yield and Grain Protein Concentration in Wheat: A Review.

The increasing global population and the negative effects of nitrogen (N) fertilizers on the environment challenge wheat breeding to maximize yield potential and grain protein concentration (GPC) in an economically and environmentally friendly manner. Understanding the molecular mechanisms for the response of yield components to N availability and assimilates allocation to grains provides the opportunity to increase wheat yield and GPC simultaneously. This review summarized quantitative trait loci/genes which can increase spikes and grain number by enhancing N uptake and assimilation at relative early growth stage, and 1000-grain weight and GPC by increasing post-anthesis N uptake and N allocation to grains.

Spatial heterogeneity of county-level grain protein content in winter wheat in the Huang-Huai-Hai region of China

Timely and accurate forecasting of crop grain protein content (GPC) is helpful in planning to acquire the desired target protein levels. A geographically weighted regression (GWR) model was estimated based on meteorological factors to predict the winter wheat GPC at the county level. In the Huang-Huai-Hai region, the grain protein content of winter wheat increased by 0.29% for every 1° increase in latitude. GPC prediction with this model was more precise than that of the multiple linear regressions (MLR) model. The correlation coefficient (R) and Akaike information criterion (AIC) value ranges were 0.26 ~ 0.66 and 1573.86 ~ 1710.70 for the GWR, and 0.06 ~ 0.46 and 1670.18 ~ 1939.76 for the MLR, respectively. Except for radiation in March (RAD03), radiation in April (RAD04) and radiation in May (RAD05), the sensitivity index of other monthly weather indicators to GPC had a high correlation with latitude. With 36° north latitude (L) as the limit, the correlation between RAD03 (RL<36 ° = 0.36, RL>36 ° = −0.29), RAD04 (RL<36 ° = 0.31, RL>36 ° = −0.35) and RAD05 (RL<36 ° = 0.20, RL>36 ° = −0.20) with latitude all showed an opposite trend. We highlight that spatial information needs to be considered when predicting county-level winter wheat GPC.

Impact of mineral fertilizers on winter wheat quality using No-Till technology

The paper presents the study of the influence of ammophos, potassium magnesia and ammonium nitrate on the content of protein, gluten and grain unit of winter wheat using No-Till technology in the edaphoclimatic conditions of the southern zone of Rostov Region. It was shown that the application of mineral fertilizers to the surface soil layer during winter wheat cultivation using No-Till technology improves the grain quality. The highest grain quality parameters (protein content – 13.4% and gluten content – 25.3%, grain unit – 780.0 g/l) were obtained when ammophos and potassium magnesia were jointly added prior to sowing at a depth of 10 cm with double dressing of ammonium nitrate in the tillering and booting phases. High direct dependence of protein content in winter wheat grain on the accumulation of nitrate nitrogen in soil in the booting phase was revealed in all test layers: 0–10 (r = 0.85), 10–20 (r = 0.72), 0–30 cm (r = 0.76). The gluten content in the grain and its grain unit significantly depended on the mobility of phosphorus in the surface soil layer – 0–10 cm (r = 0.66 and 0.52, respectively). Along with the quality improvement of winter wheat grain, the rational use of mineral fertilizers in the No-Till system increases its yield. There is a direct positive relationship between grain protein content and winter wheat yield (r = 0.93).

Impact of Nitrogen Nutrition through Organic and Inorganic Sources of Fertilizer on Growth Phenology and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The field experiment was conducted at wheat research farm of CCS Haryana Agriculture University during Rabi season of 2019-20 to study nitrogen nutrition through organic and inorganic source of fertilizer on growth phenology, yield and quality of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications containing 16 treatments combination i.e T1-Control; T2-100% RDN through urea; T3- 100% RDN through FYM; T4-100% RDN through vermicompost; T5-50% RDN through urea+ 50% RDN through FYM; T6-50% RDN through urea+ 50% RDN through vermicompost; T7-25% RDN through urea+ 75% RDN through FYM; T8-25% RDN through urea 75% RDN through vermicompost; T9-100% RDN through urea + Azotobacter; T10-100% RDN through FYM + Azotobacter; T11-100% RDN through vermicompost + Azotobacter; T12-50% RDN through urea+ 50% RDN through FYM + Azotobacter; T13-50% RDN through urea+ 50% RDN through vermicompost + Azotobacter; T14-25% RDN through urea+ 75% RDN through FYM + Azotobacter; T15-25% RDN through urea+ 75% RDN through vermicompost + Azotobacter; T16- Azotobacter. Treatment T9, 100% nitrogen nutrition through chemical fertilizer (urea) with seed treatment of Azotobacter has taken significantly maximum days to emergence (5.3). Days taken to 50% spike emergence (94.7) and days taken to maturity (148.0) respectively. Similarly T9 had significantly higher grain yield (5640 kg/ha), hectoliter weight (83.167 kg/ha), grain appearance score (7.933 scale/10) and protein content (12.90 %) of wheat during the research period respectively.

ЭФФЕКТИВНОСТЬ ОСНОВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ И ДОЗ УДОБРЕНИЙ ПРИ ВОЗДЕЛЫВАНИИ ОЗИМОЙ ПШЕНИЦЫ НА ЧЕРНОЗЁМЕ ТИПИЧНОМ

Traditional mouldboard plowing, resource-saving nonmouldboard and combined systems of main tillage for winter wheat were studied in the grain-grass-tilled crop rotation. The application levels of mineral fertilizers for soil cultivation were the following: without fertilizers, single (N20P40K40) and double (N40P80K80) dose. The soil of the experimental plot is typical black soil, medium loamy. As a result of the research, it was found that the main factor affecting the yield increase, gluten and protein content in winter wheat grain was mineral fertilizer. The highest yield of winter wheat (3.77 t / ha) was obtained during mouldboard tillage with a dose of mineral fertilizers of N40P80K80. Grain yield decreased to 3.74 t / ha with non-mouldboard tillage, as for combined tillage, it was 3.57 t / ha. Gluten content was 19.3 ... 22.0%, protein - 11.2 ... 12.5% in variants without application of mineral fertilizers. In case of application of mineral fertilizers at a dose of N20P40K40, gluten content increased to 22.8 ... 23.8%, at a dose of N40P80K80 - up to 23.5 ... 24.9% and it was higher with mouldboard tillage; the protein content was 12.8 ... 13.0% and 13.0 ... 13.4%, respectively. Primary tillage systems did not have a statistically significant effect on gluten and protein content of winter wheat grain. The most effective was cultivation of winter wheat with application of fertilizers at a dose of N20P40K40. In case of combined tillage, direct costs amounted to 15.85 thousand rubles / ha, the cost of grain was 4.80 rubles / ton; as for non-mouldboard, - 16.22 thousand rubles / ha, 4.98 thousand rubles / ton, respectively; whereas, mouldboard - 17.94 thousand rubles / ha, 5.37 thousand rubles / ton.

Interactive Effects of Nitrogen and Potassium Fertilizers on Quantitative-Qualitative Traits and Drought Tolerance Indices of Rainfed Wheat Cultivar

Increasing global food requirements and global warming are two challenges of future food security. Water availability and nutrient management are two important factors that affect high-yield and high-quality wheat production. The main and interactive effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilizers on quantitative-qualitative properties and drought tolerance of an Iranian rainfed cultivar of wheat, Azar-2, were evaluated. Four rates of nitrogen (N0, N30, N60, and N90 kg/ha), along with four concentrations of potassium (K0, K30, K60, and K90 kg/ha), were applied in rainfed (drought stress) and non-stress conditions. The interactive effect of N × K was significant on nitrogen and protein contents of grains at 5% and 1% probability levels, respectively. Different trends of SSI, STI, K1STI, and K2STI indexes were observed with the interactive levels of nitrogen and potassium. The lowest SSI index (0.67) was observed in N30K30, whereas the highest STI (1.07), K1STI (1.46), and K2STI (1.51) indexes were obtained by N90K60 and N90K90. The obtained results could be useful to increase yield and quality of winter rainfed wheat cultivars under drought stress with cool-rainfed areas. N60K30 and N90K60 can be recommended to increase the grain yield and protein content of rainfed wheat under drought stress and non-stress conditions, respectively.

Genomic Selection and Genome-Wide Association Studies for Grain Protein Content Stability in a Nested Association Mapping Population of Wheat

Grain protein content (GPC) is controlled by complex genetic systems and their interactions and is an important quality determinant for hard spring wheat as it has a positive effect on bread and pasta quality. GPC is variable among genotypes and strongly influenced by the environment. Thus, understanding the genetic control of wheat GPC and identifying genotypes with improved stability is an important breeding goal. The objectives of this research were to identify genetic backgrounds with less variation for GPC across environments and identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling the stability of GPC. A spring wheat nested association mapping (NAM) population of 650 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from 26 diverse founder parents crossed to one common parent, ‘Berkut’, was phenotyped over three years of field trials (2014–2016). Genomic selection models were developed and compared based on predictions of GPC and GPC stability. After observing variable genetic control of GPC within the NAM population, seven RIL families displaying reduced marker-by-environment interaction were selected based on a stability index derived from a Finlay–Wilkinson regression. A genome-wide association study identified eighteen significant QTLs for GPC stability with a Bonferroni-adjusted p-value &lt; 0.05 using four different models and out of these eighteen QTLs eight were identified by two or more GWAS models simultaneously. This study also demonstrated that genome-wide prediction of GPC with ridge regression best linear unbiased estimates reached up to r = 0.69. Genomic selection can be used to apply selection pressure for GPC and improve genetic gain for GPC.

Effects of organic fertilization from wet olive pomace on emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccum Shrank) grain yield and composition

In a circular economy framework, the evaluation of waste by-product use as fertilizer is essential to promote sustainable agriculture. Olive oil wet pomace can be a valuable alternative as organic fertilizer on cereal crops. Aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of organic (with olive oil waste pomace) fertilization, on grain yield, protein and polyphenol content of emmer wheat grown in Southern Italy. Different amounts, time and amount of application of organic fertilizer were compared to a traditional mineral fertilizer treatment. The chemical analysis, mainly grain protein content and phenolic acids contents, were carried out on the hulled seeds. Agronomic traits showed that the application of olive wet pomace at 140 Mg ha−1 in the first year and 70 Mg ha−1 in the second year, gave the best grain yield than an annual amount application of 70 Mg ha−1. No difference between organic and mineral fertilization was observed when the latter was carried 1 or 2 years before, and the organic fertilization increased grain protein content respect to mineral one. Polyphenol content was not significantly affected by fertilization treatments, while ferulic acid in the emmer grain recently fertilized with wet pomace showed a higher content than emmer fertilized 2–3 years before.

The study of indices of the relative and absolute protein percentage in the winter bread wheat grain

The aim of the research was to evaluate the relative and absolute protein content in winter wheat grains, to determine the samples that have the maximum values of the studied traits, and to use the selected genotypes in breeding programs. The trials of the winter bread wheat varieties, sown after maize for grain were carried out in 2018-2020. The objects of the study were 13 winter bread wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) developed in the Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy”. The current research established that when selecting parental varieties for crossing to improve grain quality of winter bread wheat varieties, there should be chosen the forms with the highest relative and absolute protein percentage in grain. These genotypes include Don 107, Ermak and Lidiya, whose relative protein percentage in grain was 12.96%, 13.01% and 13.06% respectively. The varieties Don 107, Ermak, Lidiya, Volnitsa and Zhavoronok were characterized by the maximum absolute protein percentage in grain with 5.43 g, 5.62 g, 5.57 g, 5.56 g and 5.54 g respectively. The 1000 grain weight of these varieties averaged 42.1 g (Don 107), 43.6 g (Ermak), 43.1 g (Lidiya), 43.5 g (Volnitsa) and 44.5 g (Zhavoronok).

The influence of microbiological preparations on the quality of winter wheat in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe zone of the Tyumen region

The purpose of the research is to study the effect of microbiological preparations on the quality of winter wheat in the northern forest-steppe zone of the Tyumen region. The article provides the study of the following microbiological preparations: “Double roots” (Healthy roots)” “Organic”, as well as their combined use. The largest increase in the thousand kernel weight was noted in option 1 “Double roots” (Healthy roots)” and in option 3 “Double roots (Healthy roots) + Organic” by 4.2-2.5 g, which was 7.8-13.3% from the control variant. The highest protein content in winter wheat grain was found in option 1 “Double roots” (Healthy roots) – 13.3%. The rest of the studied options of the experiment were almost at the control level – 12.6-12.7%. According to the grain vitreousness indicator, option 1 “Double roots” (Healthy roots) and option 2 “Organic” dominated – 75 and 72%, respectively. All the studied options exceeded the control in the amount of gluten by 1-4%. The highest amount of gluten in our experiment was noted in option 2 “Organic” – 28.0% and in the first option “Double roots” (Healthy roots)” - 27.0%. According to the gluten quality in the units of the gluten deformation index, 1 quality group is marked – good. Microbiological preparations in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region showed a positive effect on improving the quality of winter wheat grain. Grain quality indicators were steadily formed within the standards for food grains of 2-3 classes.

The quality of spring wheat and barley grain under the influence of protective-stimulating preparations in the conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Trans-Urals

The purpose of the research is to study the effect of the fungicide Lamador and the humic preparation Rostok on the quality of spring wheat and spring barley in the conditions of the northern forest-steppe of the Tyumen region. According to the yield, we found that pre-sowing seeds treatment with Lamador protectant and joint treatment with Rostock contributed to an increase in yield by 0.70 t/ha of spring wheat and 0.15 t/ha of spring barley, in the option with the pre-sowing seeds treatment with Lamador protectant and Rostock preparation by 0.90 t/ha and 0.10 t/ha. The highest yield of spring wheat was noted in the third option – 4.10 t/ha, of spring barley in the second option – 3.52 t/ha. An increase in the thousand kernel weight was noted in the crops under study. The highest thousand kernel weight was observed for spring wheat and spring barley in the third option – 30.2 g and 54.3 g, respectively. The maximum protein content in the spring wheat grain was noted in the third option –13.3%, which is higher than the control option by 1.3%, for spring barley we also noted protein increase by 0.4-0.5%. Thus, the experimental application of the fungicide Lamador together with the preparation Rostok for wheat seeds treatment demonstrated a positive effect of the protectants on plants in the agro-climatic conditions of the forest-steppe zone of the Tyumen region and contributed to an increase in crop yield by 28% for spring wheat and 4% for spring barley, which proved the need for their use in the plant protection system, to increase the productivity and quality of the grain obtained.

Influence of nitrogen fertilizers on protein productivity of vetch-wheat grain under different water supply conditions

The peculiarity of nitrogen nutrition for legume-cereal mixtures is that due to the intravital transfer of mineral nutrition elements from the legume component of the mixture to the cereal component and vice versa, the cereal component receives nitrogen from the air symbiotically fixed by the legume component. This explains its better development in the mixture than in single-species sowing without the use of nitrogen fertilizers. In unfavorable conditions for legume-rhizobial symbiosis, when the assimilation of air nitrogen is weakened, and the legume and cereal components of the mixture are deficient in nitrogen, therefore, the issue of nitrogen fertilizer use expediency for legume-cereal mixtures is relevant. We have studied the effects of low and medium doses of nitrogen fertilizers including 30, 60 and 90 kg ha-1 (as treatments N30, N60 and N90) on the content and yield of crude protein with the grain yield of the vetch-wheat mixture under the conditions of sod-podzolic sandy loam soil in the central region of the Non-Chernozem zone with insufficient and optimal moisture. The protein content (% of dry matter) was determined by the calculation method according to the nitrogen content (N% × 6.25). On the control without nitrogen fertilizers, the protein content in vetch seeds and in wheat grain under the conditions of optimal moisture (2019) was higher than under the conditions of insufficient moisture (2018), by 0.4% and 0.3%, respectively. Nitrogen fertilizers increased the protein content in wheat grain by 0.2 - 0.4% during both years of study. The protein content in vetch seeds under the influence of nitrogen fertilizers increased only under the conditions of insufficient moisture by 0.2-0.7%. The protein yield with the wheat grain yield during both years of study upraised, as the dose of nitrogen fertilizers elevated by 1.6 - 2.7 times, and by the vetch harvest and insufficient moisture it remained unchanged, and by optimal moisture it droped by 13.7-34.7%. The protein yield with the grain yield of the mixture elevated by 44.4-91.1% under the influence of nitrogen fertilizers in arid conditions completely due to the wheat protein increase, while in conditions of sufficient moisture it droped by 5.2-17.8% due to the vetch protein decrease. Nitrogen fertilizers increased the competitiveness of wheat mixed with vetch under the conditions of insufficient moisture by 1.7-3.0 times, and under the conditions of optimal moisture by 1.9-4.1 times.