Protection Of Cultural Heritage Objects Research Articles

Legal consequences of the discovery of a treasure containing archaeological objects: problems of legal regulation

The article reveals the legal problems associated with finding a treasure containing cultural values. According to the author, the person who found the treasure, without special knowledge, cannot independently determine its cultural significance. The paper also examines the legal consequences of the discovery of a treasure, which includes archaeological items. The normative legal regulation of these public relations has its own peculiarities. Based on the analysis of the norms of the current legislation of the Russian Federation in the field of protection of cultural heritage objects and law enforcement practice related to the finding of archaeological treasures, determining their fate, the author formulates a number of conclusions and proposals for improving legislation.

Значение деятельности исторических научных сообществ конца XIX – начала XX вв. для сохранения объектов культурного наследия

The article reviews the main historical scientific communities that functioned in the Russian Empire in the post-reform period – the Moscow Archaeological Society, the Russian Archaeological Society, the Russian Geographical Society, and a number of church scientific and historical organizations. Their characteristics are given, brief historical circumstances of the emergence of such organizations are summarized, their activities, which directly influenced the processes of protection of cultural heritage objects, are considered. At the same time, some special methodological issues of cultural heritage protection are considered in detail, such as the “Notes for the Review of Russian Antiquities”, compiled by the famous ethnographer, folklorist, paleographer I.P. Sakharov, dedicated to Orthodox religious monuments. The main issues of monument protection of the first archaeological congress in 1869 are considered, such as: on the most accurate definition of the method and techniques in the study of monuments; on measures to preserve and make known monuments of pagan and Christian antiquity in Russia; drawing up detailed instructions for archaeological research; terminology of Russian archaeology; on the compilation of archaeology.

New Biocides Based on N4-Alkylcytidines: Effects on Microorganisms and Application for the Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of Painting.

The rapid increase in the antibiotic resistance of microorganisms, capable of causing diseases in humans as destroying cultural heritage sites, is a great challenge for modern science. In this regard, it is necessary to develop fundamentally novel and highly active compounds. In this study, a series of N4-alkylcytidines, including 5- and 6-methylcytidine derivatives, with extended alkyl substituents, were obtained in order to develop a new generation of antibacterial and antifungal biocides based on nucleoside derivatives. It has been shown that N4-alkyl 5- or 6-methylcytidines effectively inhibit the growth of molds, isolated from the paintings in the halls of the Ancient Russian Paintings of the State Tretyakov Gallery, Russia, Moscow. The novel compounds showed activity similar to antiseptics commonly used to protect works of art, such as benzalkonium chloride, to which a number of microorganisms have acquired resistance. It was also shown that the activity of N4-alkylcytidines is comparable to that of some antibiotics used in medicine to fight Gram-positive bacteria, including resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium smegmatis. N4-dodecyl-5- and 6-methylcytidines turned out to be the best. This compound seems promising for expanding the palette of antiseptics used in painting, since quite often the destruction of painting materials is caused by joint fungi and bacteria infection.

The protection of cultural heritage objects. Intangible aspects

The work continues the author's research on the intangible aspects of the subject of protection of cultural heritage objects and is the basis for proposals for amendments to legislation on the protection of cultural heritage objects. The results of the research is a long-term study of methods for determining the subject of protection of cultural heritage objects in terms of specifying intangible features. The author pays special attention to the analysis of historical events that occurred in the object or its surrounding historical environment, which influenced its perception by both contemporaries and their descendants. The scientific novelty of the research is determined by the allocation of intangible aspects of the subject of protection as a separate parameter. In most cases, studying the object of cultural heritage, its stages of formation, we do not pay special attention to the existence of the place. In the methods of objects of protection, attention is paid to the material component of the object of protection. However, it is by studying the intangible component of the history of the formation of the object, such as the memories of contemporaries, artistic depiction, historical use, and so on. The result of the study is a system of intangible attributes of objects of protection of cultural heritage objects, as a necessary measure to preserve the value characteristics of the object of cultural heritage. The author gives recommendations on amendments to legislative norms in the field of protection of cultural heritage objects.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ СОХРАНЕНИЯ И РАЗВИТИЯ ИСТОРИЧЕСКИХ АРХИТЕКТУРНЫХ КОМПЛЕКСОВ ЖЕЛЕЗНЫХ ДОРОГ

The article considers and analyzes the main features of the formation of architectural ensembles of railways, which determine the principles of their preservation and development. The method of system analysis was applied on the materials of archival and bibliographic sources, field studies, legal acts and project documentation in the field of state protection of cultural heritage objects. 
 The main historical stages of the construction of railways and their types - mainline, suburban, urban were studied. The connection of historical stages and types of railways with the principles of station placement is revealed. The main types of station placement are identified - in existing settlements or in previously uninhabited areas, which determine their object composition and protection features - as mono-complexes or polycentric complexes at various urban planning levels - a separate object, a station complex, a set of railway stations. It has been established that the main basic characteristic of railway stations, which determine their historical and cultural value, especially in small towns, is the complexity of their development. At the same time, the most common type of development is based on standard projects, in connection with which each building separately does not have an independent historical and cultural value, and it does not seem appropriate to protect individual buildings.
 On the example of the historical station Nyandoma of the Northern Railway, such a tool for the integrated protection and development of historical territories as a place of interest is considered. The principles of the formation of historical railway stations and scientific and methodological issues in the field of their integrated protection and development on the basis of the type of cultural heritage object - a place of interest are established.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ГРАНИЦ ОБЪЕКТОВ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ АЛТАЙСКОГО КРАЯ В 2020-2023 ГГ. : ИСТИННЫЕ ПРИОРИТЕТЫ И РЕАЛЬНОСТЬ

The article is devoted to the generalization of the experience of the Steppe detachment of the archaeological expedition of the Altai State Pedagogical University in determining the boundaries of objects of archaeological heritage. Statistical data on the 2020-2023 studies carried out on the territory of Ust’-Kalmansky, Loktevsky, Shipunovsky and Kuryinsky districts of the Altai Territory are summarized. Some results of the selection by the Department of State Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of the Altai Territory, archaeological monuments for determining the boundaries, from the point of view of their preservation, are summarized

Частноправовые аспекты понятия «реконструкция» объектов культурного наследия

Introduction. The relevance of the topic is explained by the lack of a unified approach in law enforcement practice and doctrine to the correlation of special norms on the protection of cultural heritage objects with the general norms of urban planning legislation in terms of the concept of «reconstruction». Legal uncertainty in this matter has an impact on a wide range of legal relations in the field of contractual, housing, urban planning and other branches of law. Materials and methods. The research was based on normative legal acts, law enforcement practice of courts, scientific articles on the issue under study. The methodological basis of the research consists of both general scientific methods and special legal methods of cognition. Analysis. The conducted research revealed the absence in the legislation of the Russian Federation of such a measure for the preservation of cultural heritage objects as reconstruction, the impossibility of applying the concept of «reconstruction» defined by other legal norms in relation to these objects. Results. In the course of the study, new scientific results were obtained. The author’s version of the concept of «reconstruction» and the corresponding clarifications and amendments to the legislation of the Russian Federation are proposed.

ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕ ГРАНИЦ ОБЪЕКТОВ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ В УСТЬ-КАЛМАНСКОМ, ЛОКТЕВСКОМ И ШИПУНОВСКОМ РАЙОНАХ АЛТАЙСКОГО КРАЯ: ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ РАБОТ

The article is devoted to the generalization of the experience of the Steppe detachment of the archaeological expedition of Altai State Pedagogical University to determine the boundaries of objects of archaeological heritage. New statistical data on the 2020-2022 studies conducted on the territory of Ust’-Kalmansky, Loktevsky and Shipunovsky districts are presented. The authors stress the correct approach of the Department of State Protection of Cultural Heritage objects of the Altai Territory, which included in the list of objects to be delimitated in 2022, on the territory of Shipunovsky district, the largest in three years percentage of mounds subject to destruction. At the same time, a significant and unaccounted issue in the organization of these works was the choice of time and terms of their implementation.

The Application of Chitosan for Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of the 15-16th Centuries in the State Tretyakov Gallery.

Microorganisms are one of the main factors in the deterioration of cultural heritage, in particular art paintings. The antiseptics currently used in painting have significant limitations due to insufficient effectiveness or increased toxicity and interaction with art materials. In this regard, the actual challenge is the search for novel materials that effectively work against microorganisms in the composition with painting materials and do not change their properties. Chitosan has pronounced antimicrobial properties but was not used previously as an antiseptic for paintings. In our study we developed a number of mock layers based on sturgeon glue, supplemented which chitosan (molecular weight 25 kDa or 45 kDa), standard antiseptics for paintings (positive controls) or without additives (negative control). According to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy, the addition of chitosan did not significantly affect the optical and surface properties of this material. The ability of chitosan to effectively protect paintings was shown after inoculation on the created mock-up layers of 10 fungi-destructors of tempera painting, previously isolated from cultural heritage of the of the 15-16th centuries in the State Tretyakov Gallery, on the created mock layers. Our study demonstrated the principled opportunity of using chitosan in the composition of painting materials to prevent biodeterioration for the first time.

Problems of Legal Support for the Protection of World Natural Heritage Sites

The article is devoted to the relevance of improving the legal foundations of conservation and the need to popularize World Natural Heritage sites. The key problems of legislative regulation of their protection are analyzed in a comparative context with the legal model of protection of cultural heritage objects. Based on an analytical study of legislation on environmental protection and cultural heritage objects, conclusions are drawn about the impossibility of classifying Lake Baikal and its tributaries as specially protected water bodies and especially valuable cultural heritage objects. This puts the unique ecological value of the lake included in the World Natural Heritage list in an unequal position with other, including less valuable introductory objects located in specially protected natural areas. The described situation in the field of protection of Lake Baikal is typical for the vast majority of all natural objects included in the World Natural Heritage List. The absence of a separate legal regulation of this sphere indicates the insufficiency of a purposeful domestic policy regarding the preservation of World Natural Heritage sites. The author substantiates the need for an in-depth analysis of legal models that contribute to strengthening the protection of these objects in order to create a special legal regulation of their protection activities. In addition, the author notes the importance of conducting further research on the issues discussed in this article, and also expresses the opinion that it is necessary to continue the study.

Память о Великой Отечественной войне в мемориальном пространстве Ростова-на-Дону в конце 1940-х – начале 1950-х годов

The article deals with the processes of perpetuating the memory of the Great Patriotic War in the memorial space of Rostov-on-Don in the postwar period. Attention is drawn to the activities of Rostov-on-Don department of cultural and educational work related to the preservation of memory of the war. The basis for the research is unpublished materials of the State Archive of the Rostov region. These are annual reports, annual work plans, interdepartmental correspondence, information certificates, etc. In addition, the materials of the archive of the Committee for the Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of the Rostov Region were used in the work, in particular, security obligations for cultural heritage objects. The article touches only on the initial stage of perpetuating the memory of the Great Patriotic War. Chronologically, this stage covers the post-war years 1945-1953. At this time, the familiar forms and practices of preserving the memory of the events of the past war were born.

Protection of cultural heritage objects: features of the application of Belarusian and Russian legislation in the changed conditions caused by the spread of the coronavirus pandemic

The article examines the peculiarities of the application of legislation on the protection of cultural (historical and cultural) heritage objects during the spread of the coronavirus pandemic, paying special attention to the state protection and preservation of monuments. Based on the analysis of the legislation of the Republic of Belarus and the Russian Federation, the author formulates a conclusion about the need to define cultural heritage as an object of national security, proving that this will strengthen the state-legal protection of heritage.

Особенности формирования улицы Карла Маркса в историческом центре города Красноярска

The authors of the article address the problem of organization of Karl Marx Street in the historic center of Krasnoyarsk as an open public space, located in the cultural heritage objects influence zone. The focus of this article is on the historic part of the street. The relevance of the study is due to several factors. Firstly, Karl Marx Street is a connecting communication axis, uniting territories of such significant and large public spaces as: Red Square, Central Park, Historical Quarter, Revolution Square, Peace Square and part of the central embankment. In this regard, the street is considered as a linear recreation, adjoined by the largest open recreational areas of the historic center of Krasnoyarsk which also form its view. Secondly, Karl Marx Street houses objects of cultural heritage. There is a clear need for further development and improvement of Karl Marx Street as a connecting pedestrian axis between historically significant spaces and objects of cultural heritage. The purpose of the study is to identify the peculiarities of Karl Marx Street formation in the historic center of Krasnoyarsk and develop recommendations for making additions to the regulation of special use zones related to cultural heritage protection. In the course of the study the following results were achieved. 1) Three largest conventional culturally-significant open public spaces adjacent to Karl Marx Street with were identified by analyzing the interactive map of Krasnoyarsk called “Special Use Zones related to the protection of cultural heritage objects”. 2) The current condition of the street was assessed on the basis of analysis of photofixation. 3) Historical documents containing information on lost objects of cultural heritage and the stages of formation of Karl Marx Street were analyzed. 4) The following documents on the regulation of Special Use zones related to the protection of objects of cultural heritage were analyzed: “Government Decree of the Krasnoyarsk Region № 569-p dated 15.11.2016”. “On the Approval of the Boundaries of Protection Zones of Cultural Heritage Objects of Federal, Regional and Local (Municipal) Importance, Located in Krasnoyarsk, Special Regimes of Land Use and Requirements for Urban Planning Regulations Within the Boundaries of These Protection Zones”; Order of the Krasnoyarsk Region State Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects № 487 from 05.10.2020 “On the Approval of Boundaries and Regime of Use of the Cultural Heritage Object Territory”; Order of the Krasnoyarsk Region Ministry of Culture № 314 dated 01.07.2013. The influence of these documents extends within the boundaries of the three conditionally designated locations and along Karl Marx Street in the historic center. The recommendations on the formation and improvement of Karl Marx Street proposed by the authors can be considered the main result of the study. On the basis of these recommendations the authors propose to make additions to the regulation of areas with special use related to the protection of cultural heritage.

Посад города Хлынова в XVI–XVIII вв. (по археологическим данным)

The article contains information about the emergence, building and development of the city of Khlynov (later Vyatka and Kirov). The objects are brought into correlation with the city maps of 1759 and 1784. The analysis is focused on the archaeological works — excavations, exploration, and supervision — carried out on the territory of the Kremlin during the 1935–2019 period. It was those works that made it possible to specify and correct the data of the written sources and allowed determining the location of specific objects. The authors of the archaeological works were scientific employees of the Kirov Regional Museum of Local Lore, the Research and Production Center for the Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of the Kirov region and other academic centers (M. P. Gryaznov, L. P. Gussakovsky, L. D. Makarov, A. L. Kryazhevskykh). The article describes the topographic and geographical features of the development of the territory of Khlynov’s settlement. It provides an interpretation of archaeological and historical data, as well as description of objects of architectural complexes discovered during the archaeological research of the territory. The reliability of the interpretation of the data of archaeologists of different periods is analyzed, too.

О ГРАЖДАНСКОМ ОБОРОТЕ АРХЕОЛОГИЧЕСКИХ ПРЕДМЕТОВ (К ПОСТАНОВКЕ ПРОБЛЕМЫ)

The authors raise the problem that appears from the difference in the content of the concepts “historical and cultural monument”, “antiques” and “archaeological object”, which ultimately leads to the connivance of such illegal activities as the looting of archaeological sites. Activities related to trade, exchange, donation of archaeological objects are often perceived as quite legitimate. Thus, the civil turnover of archaeological objects is one of the main factors stimulating criminal “black digging” that destroys historical and cultural monuments. According to Federal Law of the Russian Federation No. 73 of 25.06.2002, all archaeological objects are subject to mandatory transfer to the state in accordance with the procedure established by the federal body for the protection of cultural heritage objects, i.e. any actions on civil turnover of archaeological objects are subject to mandatory encumbrance.

"Results of a Sociological Research on the Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of the Voronezh Region"

"Results of a Sociological Research on the Protection of Cultural Heritage Objects of the Voronezh Region"

Regional features of protection of cultural heritage objects in the conditions of new challenges of modernity

The aim of this paper is to analyze the regional features of protection of objects of cultural heritage of different regions of Ukraine in the conditions of new challenges of modernity, in particular in view of russian military invasion of the territory of our state. Methodology. The author uses as a methodological basis of this study the principles and methods of the cultural approach to the analysis of numerous publications, practical experience and norms of national legislation on the protection of cultural heritage. Results. It is determined that in most of the analyzed areas the quantitative indicator of monuments belongs to those factors that influence the implementation and variable component of the set of measures for the protection of cultural heritage of specific regions. At the same time, a significant number of monuments is not a guarantee of effective implementation of these measures by local authorities and the appropriate level of development of the monument protection sphere. It is necessary to investigate more thoroughly initiatives of foreign partners on digitizing of objects of cultural heritage of Ukraine. As the adopted activity is connected not only to mechanical preservation of information about them, it can assist further renewal of the monuments, which might be damaged in the conditions of war. Novelty. The guard of objects of cultural heritage of our state in the conditions of military intervention fully depends on a base criterion — that, what region they are in — conditionally "safe" or on territories, that temporally are not being controlled by Ukrainian government, and also whether there is the real possibility to take urgent guard measures. Therefore one of the effective methods of guard of monuments is “physical” protection in the localities where for this purpose there are necessary facilities.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ПРЕДМЕТОВ ОХРАНЫ ДЛЯ ОБЪЕКТА КУЛЬТУРНОГО НАСЛЕДИЯ ТИПА «ЖИЛЫЕ ДОМА» – «ДОМ ЖИЛОЙ НА ПОГРЕБАХ» В Г.БЕЛГОРОДЕ

The paper deals with the problems associated with the definition of the subject of protection of cultural heritage objects for the type of "residential buildings" characteristic of urban (including suburban) urban development centers. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the decision on the advisability of including the identified object of cultural heritage "House in the cellars" in the unified state register of cultural heritage objects (monuments of history and culture) of the peoples of the Russian Federation and determining the category of historical and cultural significance. As a result of the consideration of the submitted documents and the conducted research, a historical note was compiled on the development of the city of Belgorod and the identified object of cultural heritage "Dwelling house on cellars". The "dwelling house on the cellars" is a town-planning element that forms the development of one of the streets of the city center - Slavy Avenue, and is also a model characteristic of the period of early classicism and can be attributed to one of the "exemplary projects" developed for building cities in XVIII century, representing a historical and cultural value. The objects of protection for this type of "residential buildings" are proposed, taking into account their features, location in the urban environment, compositional component, volumetric solution and style characteristics.

PRINCIPLES OF PROTECTION AND USE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES IN TERMS OF ECOLOGICAL OPTIMIZATION OF RESIDENTIAL AREAS

The article investigates the principles of protection and use of cultural heritage sites in terms of ecological optimization of residential areas. The concept of cultural heritage object is defined and the order of definition of protection zones of cultural heritage objects in the conditions of ecological optimization of settlement territories is established. The principles of formation of the status of a cultural heritage object are revealed and the legislative basis is described. The concept of "territory of cultural purpose" is separated. Describes the problems of protection of cultural heritage sites, the main of which include the complexity of the content of objects, the search for the necessary funds for restoration, to solve which it is necessary to attract external sources of funding other than the state. The generally accepted ways of solving the outlined problems are given and the principles of their realization are substantiated, namely the necessity of complex application is emphasized. The classification of the process of reconstruction of cultural heritage is presented, the main directions of which include: restoration, regeneration, revitalization, revaluation, improvement and new construction. Each of these classes is described according to the method of implementation on site. It is emphasized that the protection zones of cultural heritage sites are areas adjacent to the included in the register of monuments and ensembles, and within which, in order to ensure the preservation of cultural heritage sites and compositional and species links, the construction of capital construction projects and their reconstruction related to changes in height, number of floors, area, except for construction and reconstruction of linear objects. The boundaries of the protection zone of the cultural heritage object are structured according to the zones of location of the latter. The directions of the relation of the state supervision in the field of protection of objects of cultural heritage to the principles of realization of the state support are defined. The list of possible measures of influence of citizens and legal entities in the field of protection of cultural heritage objects in the conditions of ecological optimization of settlement territories is offered.

Проблемы осуществления кадастрового учета объектов культурного наследия на территории Херсонеса Таврического

The article is about the issue of state legal regulation in the field of protection and implementation of cadastral registration of cultural heritage objects. The importance and relevance of the protection of cultural heritage objects is confirmed by the negative urban planning practice, which in some places completely excluded historical settlements from the territory of the country. The authors proposed some clarifications to reduce the fragmentation of legislation. English version of this article under title "Problems of cadastral registration of cultural heritage objects on the territory of Tauric Chersonesos" is available at URL: https://panor.ru/articles/problems-of-cadastral-registration-of-cultural-heritage-objects-on-the-territory-of-tauric-chersonesos/73658.html