Properties Of Particleboard Research Articles

Selected physical and mechanical properties of particleboards produced from lignocellulosic particles of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott)

Selected physical and mechanical properties of particleboards produced from lignocellulosic particles of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott). The aim of the research was to confirm the possibility of using woody particles of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott) stems as an alternative raw material in particleboard technology. As part of the work, particle boards from woody chokeberry particles were produced in laboratory conditions and selected physical and mechanical properties of the obtained boards were tested. The research confirmed that it is possible to manufacture boards for the furniture industry using lignocellulosic particles of black chokeberry (Aronia melanocarpa (Michx.) Elliott) meeting the requirements for P2 boards according to PN-EN 312.

Research of suitability of some mechanical properties of particle board produced from cotton stalks to standards

Today, reduction of forest resources and wood-based panel production of intense pressure from environmentalists on this issue has led to new searches. At this point, various studies and researches are carried out on the subject.This research was also planned within this scope. In this study, mechanical properties of particle boards (650 kg/m3) produced using urea cotton stalks and wood (% 100, 75, 50, 25, 0) for general purposes under laboratory conditions were investigated. At the same time, the results were compared with relevant standards. For production of particleboards, urea formaldehyde resin (65%) and as hardening agent ammonium chloride (33%) were used. The result showed that the mean value of bending strength, modulus of elasticity and resistance to axial withdrawal strength of the specimens, janka results ranged from 13.11 to 18.01 N/mm2, from 2819 to 4620.8 N/mm2, from 984.6 to 1089.4, from 0.55 to 0.97 N/mm2 and from 32.2 to 54.41 N/mm2, respectively. In the statistical analysis, (except for 100% wood chip) it was understood that, properties of the particleboards have improved with the rising percentage of wood particles in the particleboards. In addition, it was determined that the bending resistance and the modulus of elasticity in bending, the tensile strength perpendicular to the surface and the screw holding resistance perpendicular to the surface were meet the minimum requirements required in TS-EN 310, TS EN 319 and BS 1811, respectively.

Manufacturing tubular particleboards via multidimensional-interface extrusion and their physiomechanical properties

Tubular particleboard is made of wood shavings through high-temperature extrusion. It is a particleboard with round thru-holes aligned lengthwise in the board. This paper discussed the development of multidimensional-interface extrusion technology. Process parameters were determined for the production of five different particleboard thicknesses of 24 mm, 28 mm, 35 mm, 40 mm, and 60 mm. The authors also tested the physical and lengthwise mechanical properties of the tubular particleboards. The manufactured tubular particleboards had the following properties, with respect to the above thicknesses: MOR of 4.9 to 2.2 MPa; MOE of 380 to 250 MPa; IB of 0.54 to 0.37 MPa; TS of 1.7 to 0.8%; and LDC of 9.1 to 5.2%. All met the values specified in the standards LY/T 1856 (2009) and GB/T 34717 (2017). MOR was ≥1 and ≥1.7; IB was ≥0.1 and ≥0.17; TS was ≤5; LDC was ≤15. It was concluded that as the thickness of the board increased, the mechanical properties decreased, but the physical properties increased. When compared to traditional extruded tubular particleboards, the multidimensional-interface extruded tubular particleboards had excellent physical and lengthwise mechanical properties. In addition, the lengthwise mechanical properties were similar to flat-pressed tubular particleboard, and ultra-thick particleboard can be produced.

PEMBUATAN PAPAN PARTIKEL DARI SERBUK GERGAJIAN KAYU AKASIA MANGIUM (Acacia mangium) DAN KAYU SUNGKAI (Peronema canescens) MENGGUNAKAN PEREKAT RESIN POLYESTER

This research was to determine the physical and mechanical properties of particle board from acacia sawdust and sawn wood sawdust. The results of water content ranged from 6.85 to 9.22%, density ranged from 0.39 to 0.47 g / cm3, thickness development ranged from 2.21 to 7.04%, flexural strength (modulus of elasticity or MOE ) ranges between 1000.33 - 16127.48 kgf / cm² and the strength of the fracture (modulus of Rupture or MOR) ranges from 1.10 - 1.73 kgf / cm². MOE and MOR values and densities in treatment C that do not meet SNI 03-2105-2006 while in testing other treatments have meet SNI 03-2105-2006. The composition of raw materials has a very significant effect on the treatment of water content, density, thickness development and MOE. Physical and mechanical properties had no significant effect on the treatment of MOR values. The physical properties of particle board on average meet ISN 03-2105-2006. There are no mechanical properties that meet SNI 03-2105-2006.Keywords: Particle board; waste; polyester resin

Flame-retardant properties of particleboard made from coconut fibre using modified potato starch as a binder

This study seeks to evaluate the flame-retardant characteristics of experimental particleboard manufactured from coconut fibre using modified potato starch as a green binder. The coconut fibre was used as a replacement for the wood as a raw material in particleboard production. The adhesives used in the process were made by modifying potato starch with citric acid and glutardialdehyde. No flame-retardant additive was added during the processing, and this was done to evaluate the flame-retardant potential of the experimental coconut fibre-based particleboards. The limited oxygen index (LOI) test, the bomb calorimetry, the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) were used to evaluate the thermal properties and flame retardancy rate of such particleboards. The result of the DMA showed that the coconut fibre-based particleboards had good storage modulus with heat. The bomb calorimeter and LOI results also supported the flame-retardant performance of the panels. Based on the evaluations, it could be prescribed that the coconut fibre particleboard made with citric acid modified potato starch (CAMPS) exhibited the best flame-retardant properties.

The effect of silver and copper nanoparticles as resin fillers on less-studied properties of UF-based particleboards

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using silver and copper nano-suspensions in mixture with resin, upon screw withdrawal capacity (in face and edge directions) and hardness (at different depths of penetration) of particleboards. An aqueous-suspension of 200 ppm silver and copper was mixed with urea-formaldehyde resin at two levels of 100 and 150 mL/kg dry weight wood particles. The size range of at least 70% of nano-particles was 20–90 nm. The results revealed a significant increase in screw withdrawal capacity and hardness by adding the nanometals to composite mats. The increased properties were partially attributed to an improvement in heat transfer in mats that facilitated the curing of resin. Moreover, theoretical simulations based on density functional theory (DFT) clearly demonstrated high adsorption energy of silver and copper atoms on cellulose and hemicellulose polymers; this contributed to a formation of additional bonds throughout the composite matrix, which in turns improved the board properties.

The potential of using agricultural waste: Corn husk for particleboard raw material

The development of manufactured particleboard using non-wood raw materials has been significant due to the decrease of wood as the main raw material for the particleboard industry. In this study, corn husk, an agricultural waste, was used for experimental manufacturing of particleboard bonded with natural and synthetic adhesives. The influence of adhesive types and concentration on the physical and mechanical properties of particleboard were investigated. The synthetic adhesive types used were urea-formaldehyde (UF) and phenol-formaldehyde (PF) with 8,10 and 12 wt% adhesive concentration. The natural adhesive used was citric acid with 15, 20, and 25 wt% adhesive concentration. The target density of particleboard was set at 0.80 g/cm3. The boards were manufactured at a pressing temperature of 130°C for UF, 150°C for PF and 200°C for citric acid, pressing time of 10 minutes, and 2.5 MPa for hot-pressing pressure. Generally, this study confirms that types of adhesive and adhesive concentrations influence the properties of particleboard. Results show that particleboard with citric acid adhesive has better physical and mechanical properties than particleboard bonded with UF and PF adhesives.

Processing renewable corks into excellent thermally stable, flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant composite materials by respiratory impregnation method

Recently, lightweight cork-based materials with excellent thermal stability and flame retardant have attracted great attention. New lightweight cork-based materials with improved thermal stability and flame-retardant characteristics were prepared using facile methods to deepen the application of cork materials in the indoor environment of buildings. In this work, silica aerogel composite corks (CoSiAe-S and CoSiAe-V) were quickly prepared by immersing corks of different tree species in the silica aerogel slurry by respiratory impregnation method. The structure, porosity and thermal stability of the composites were studied using infrared spectroscopy, sorption isotherms and thermogravimetric analytical measurements. The flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of particleboards produced from silica aerogel composite corks were also discussed. Results show that the silica aerogels are fixed in cork cells to form a network of stratified ‘pore inside a pore’ structure. Quercus suber corks (Cor-S) show better thermal stability than Quercus variabilis corks (Cor-V). The silica aerogel treated corks show good thermal stability. The flame retardant and smoke suppression properties of particleboards produced from silica aerogel composite corks (CoSiAe-SP and CoSiAe-VP) are significantly improved. For instance, the total heat release reduced by 26.46 % and 31.33 %, and the total smoke release decreased by 85.60 % and 52.04 %. The physical insulation and adsorption effect of silica aerogels in cork cells are considered to be the reasons for the improved flame retardant and smoke suppression.

Mahdi Santoso, Yanciluk

Nipa (Nypa fruticans Wurmb) is a non wood lignosellulosic materials that potential as raw material ofcomposite board. One of disadvantage of the nipa fronds was contains are very high extractives and inorganicsubstances. The presence of high content of extractives in raw material of particle board potentially be an obstacle inthe process of gluing the composite board. The existing of extractive substances on the surface of the compositeboard raw materials contribute to make the bonding process is not going well. On the other side, the utilization ofnatural binder for non wood composite is still limited. This research focused to investigated the effects of extractivesubtances for bonding performance of natural binder such as citric acid for nipa fronds particleboard. The particlesscreened passed through aperture sizes of 10 mesh and treated with three condition (non extraction, hot waterextraction and n-hexana extraction) were used as materials in this research. Addition of natural binder of 10% basedon air dried particles was done and pressing temperature was set at 180ºC under a pressure of 3,6 MPa during 10minutes. The physics and mechanics properties of particleboard was tested by standard JIS A 5908:2003. Theresults showed that the extractiction treatments for raw material affects on the properties of the particleboards. Hotwater extraction treatment was able to give the best results. The properties of particleboard was density 0.84 g.cm-3;moisture content 7.44%; thickness swelling 1,12%; water absorption 21,83%; surface roughness 7.57 ?m; internalbonding 0.49 MPa; modulus of rupture 10.42 MPa and modulus of elasticity 3.65 GPa. All of the properties of nipafronds particleboard meet most of the standards JIS A 5908:2003.Keywords: Hot water extraction, n-hexane extraction, nipa frond particleboard, natural binder, citric acid.

Effect of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) added to urea-formaldehyde resin on particleboard properties

This study investigated the effect of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (Na-CMC) added to urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin on particleboard production and its effects on the properties of the boards. The Na-CMC/UF was prepared at the selected blending levels of 0/100, 5/95, 10/90, 15/85, 20/80, 25/75, 30/70, 35/65, 40/60, 45/55, and 50/50. In the production of test panels, 55% coniferous and 45% broadleaved wood chips were used. The physical and mechanical properties of the particleboard panels were determined and evaluated. According to the results, the addition of Na-CMC at the level of between 5% and 20% improved the internal bond (IB) strength by 6%- 40%. The best IB strength (0.63 N/mm2) was found in the panels with the 20% Na-CMC admixture. Although an increase in bending strength (modulus of rupture-MOR) was observed with an increase in the amount of Na-CMC used, it was found that the bending modulus of elasticity (MOE) was reduced in comparison with the control sample. The lowest MOE was determined as 1451 N/mm2 in the 50% Na-CMC-doped test panels. It was determined that the use of Na-CMC negatively affected the water absorption and thickness swelling values. As a result, it was concluded that UF resin containing up to 20% Na-CMC solution can be used in particleboards produced for applications in which the physical properties are not important.

Mechanical Properties and Free Formaldehyde Content of Particleboards Produced using Ammonium Sulphate-Based Hardener Partially Replaced with Tartaric Acid

The use of resins, whose curing reaction takes place by high temperature and hardener addition, is inevitably involved in particleboard manufacturing process. In addition to commercial hardeners, such as ammonium sulphate, with the aim of optimizing the production process and reducing the production costs, a certain percentage of hardener can, among other things, be replaced with price affordable bio-based materials. Tartaric acid, that is its salts (tartrates), which are commercially produced for the needs of wine and food industries, are a part of the aforementioned group of products. Since tartaric acid is a relatively inexpensive, readily available, weak diprotic and aldaric acid, the question arises whether it can be used as a component of the hardener system for curing urea-formaldehyde resins that are commercially used in particleboard production. For that reason, in this paper, the influence of partial replacement of ammonium sulphate hardener with tartaric acid on the mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus of elasticity and internal bond) and free formaldehyde content of experimentally produced particleboards was examined. Boards thickness, density and moisture content were also determined. The test results suggest that tartaric acid has a beneficial effect on the above particleboard properties, but they also indicate that the extent of that effect is strongly dependent on panel press time.

Technological characterization of particleboards made with sugarcane bagasse and bamboo culm particles

The objective of this study was to evaluate the technological properties of particleboards manufactured from sugarcane and bamboo particles. Three mix proportions (25%, 50% and 75%) and control particleboards (100% bamboo or residue) were adopted. Panels manufactured with 75% bamboo particles and 25% bagasse particles achieved the values required by the norm for thickness swelling in 24 h and internal bond. The highest compaction ratio enabled the formation of densitometric profiles with more pronounced peaks on the faces, as evidenced by the images, reduced wettability and increased the mass loss caused by brown rot fungi.

Particleboard Based on Glutardialdehyde Treated Oil Palm Trunk Particles Made at Different Pressing Temperatures

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of pressing temperature on chemical modification of oil palm particles as raw material for particleboard manufacturing. This study aims to evaluate the properties of particleboard made from chemically modified oil palm biomass and to determine the effect of pressing temperature on the properties of the particleboard. Oil palm was used in this study due to the problem arose where an abundance of oil palm was left at the site to be rotten when undergoing the replanting process. Therefore, this research was conducted to utilise the abundant oil palm trunk to fulfill the need of wood-based panel in Malaysia. Samples of oil palm trunk were collected and ground into smaller particle before treated with glutardialdehyde solution. The treated oil palm particle then inserted into the mould with a dimension of 21 cm x 21 cm x 0.5 cm to get the uniform size of particleboard before undergoing the process of hot pressing. The temperature was set at 130 °C, 140 °C and 150 °C for 10 minutes under pressure of 500kgcm-2 by using the hot pressing machine. Physical (density, moisture content, water absorption, and thickness swelling test) and mechanical (bending test) strength of the manufactured particleboard were tested afterward. The result showed that best particleboard was manufactured using 140 °C which yield the highest MOR of 3.09 N/mm2 and 340.51 N/mm2 for MOE.

Preparation and evaluation of particleboard from insect rearing residue and rice husks using starch/citric acid mixture as a natural binder

This study evaluated the feasibility of manufacturing particleboard from the combinations of insect (black soldier fly larvae) rearing residue and rice husks at different ratios using citric acid/tapioca starch as a natural binder. Physical and mechanical properties of particleboards including density, moisture content, water absorption, thickness swelling, modulus of rupture, modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength, and screw withdrawal resistance were investigated. The results showed that the increase of insect rearing residue significantly increased the water absorption and thickness swelling and decrease the modulus of rupture. The modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength, and screw withdrawal resistance was slightly enhanced when the ratio of insect rearing residue was increased from 10 to 30 wt% with a corresponding reduced ratio of rice husk in the particleboards. Nevertheless, the modulus of elasticity, internal bond strength, and screw withdrawal resistance remarkably decreased when the ratio of insect rearing residue in the boards was over 30 wt%. Among all prepared particleboards, only particleboard B which was composed of 20 wt% insect rearing residue, 50 wt% rice husk, and 30 wt% binder met all the JIS A 5908 requirements for basic particleboard type 8. Based on the results, although further improvements are required, using insect rearing residue combined with agroindustrial wastes for particleboard manufacturing is feasible and possesses the patentability to mitigate the issues associated with deforestation and shortage of raw materials.

Low-density particleboard properties produced with jupati particles and eucalyptus wood

The use of jupati leaves and seeds, for ornamental and artisanal purposes, results in the generation of by-products such as the internal part of the petiole that, sometimes, are not used. Thus, the application of this waste for the production of materials assists the reduction of major environmental problems. In this sense, this paper aimed at using jupati petiole particles to replace eucalyptus wood to produce low density particleboards and to evaluate the effect of this incorporation on its physical and mechanical properties. The panels were composed with different percentages of waste in association with eucalyptus: 0, 10, 20 and 30%. The nominal panels’ density was fixed at 0.60 g cm-3 and was bonded with urea-formaldehyde. To evaluate the properties, physical and chemical particle analysis and physical-mechanical panels tests were performed. Regarding the physical panel properties, all were classified as low density. There was an increase in the compression ratio and, consequently, in hygroscopicity as greater proportions of jupati particles were inserted. For the mechanical properties, it was observed that, in small quantities, the insertion of waste did not affect the panel’s viability. Thus, it is concluded that the waste has the potential to be used as raw material in the production of panels, being included in up to 15 % for regulatory compliance.

Trapezoidal core sandwich panel produced with sugarcane bagasse

The properties of traditional particleboards are limited by their flat shape. New shapes and configurations with alternative raw materials enable strength and stiffness gains without significantly increasing weight. In this context, the present work presents an investigation of the potential use of sugarcane bagasse particles agglomerated with castor oil-based polyurethane resin to produce trapezoidal core sandwich panels for building applications. Thickness swelling was analysed based on the Brazilian standard NBR 14810 and flexure tests were performed according to the standard ASTM C393. Maximum force at failure, bending stiffness (EI), maximum moment (FbS), maximum shear stiffness (U), and core shear modulus (G) were calculated. The obtained results were compared with specifications of the standard PS-2-10 – Performance Standard for Wood-Based Structural-Use, which provides values of bending stiffness and maximum moment requirements for OSB panels according to different classes of use. The evaluated sandwich panels presented bending properties (up to 2.1×106 N-mm2/mm for EI and 1199 N-mm/mm for FbS) similar to commercial OSB panels, showing potential for sealing, structural, and flooring applications. The castor oil polyurethane resin presented acceptable efficiency as the particle binder and as an adhesive for the face-core gluing of the low density sandwich panels (0.43 MPa), meeting the minimum requirements recommended by ABNT NBR 14810:2006.

Adaptive harmony search algorithm for mechanical performance optimization of properties of particleboard from cotton stalk.

In this study, the optimum conditions for manufacturing particleboard-based waste cotton stalks were evaluated to achieve a good performance of mechanical properties. The response surface methodology (RSM) is used to calibrate the experiment results based on input variables consisting of the weight ratio of melamine formaldehyde to urea-formaldehyde (MU) resins, shelling ratio (SR), and the proportion of cotton particles to poplar particle (CP) in the core layer. An adaptive harmony search (AHS) algorithm is offered to search the optimum constructing conditions of mechanical properties for the composite particleboard using two optimization models. The optimum conditions are evaluated using maximum performance of mechanical properties. Besides, the optimum conditions are searched based on the material cost of the mechanical properties of composite particleboard that are utilized in its constraints. The results showed that the RSM can provide a perfect prediction for the mechanical properties of particleboard. The AHS is successfully applied to optimize the composite conditions. In the first optimization application, the optimal point is obtained for input variables in composite as 21.91% MU, 37.10% SR, and 13.54% CP. However, in the second condition, the optimum conditions are obtained for a good level as 18.32% MU, 51.71% SR, and 8.37% CP in the core layer.

Modification of rice biomass wastes for eco-friendly particleboard

Rice husk and rice straw are some of abundantly available agricultural wastes that could substitute the utilization of wood as particleboard raw-materials. Nevertheless, recent studies show that rice husk and rice straw instigated low mechanical and physical properties of particleboard. Modification of rice husk and rice straw particle was investigated in order to improve particleboard properties by immersing rice husk and straw in boiling water (100°C) for 0.5, 1, 2 h and in Na2CO3 (80°C) for 1 h, and combination of rice husk as face and back layers and rice straw as core layer. The boards were manufactured under pressing conditions of 200°C for 10 min used citric acid and sucrose as adhesive. Pre-treatment of 1 h boiling water of particle resulted the highest quality of all properties and satisfy the JIS 5908 (2003) requirement in Modulus of Rupture (MOR) and Internal Bonding (IB). Combining rice husk as face and back layer and rice straw as core layer resulting in IB improvement. Compared to the other adhesives, citric acid and sucrose adhesives showed better mechanical and physical properties for rice husk and rice straw particleboard manufacturing.

Some properties of experimental particleboard manufactured from waste bamboo using modified recycled palm oil as adhesive

New advanced and high-performance particleboard was made from bamboo waste combined with bio-polyurethane adhesive based on recycled palm oil. The bio-polyol modified recycled palm oil (MRPO) was synthesized in a single step, by epoxidation and ring-opening reactions. The physical properties and chemical structure of MRPO polyol were studied and confirmed by FT-IR, respectively. The bio-polyurethane adhesive was then synthesized using MRPO polyol and polymeric diphenyl-methane diisocyanate (p-MDI). The gel time kinetics of the MRPO polyurethane adhesive was investigated. For the particleboard preparation, the bamboo surface fiber was treated with 5% KOH for producing particleboard. The morphology of the bamboo surface fiber after surface treatment was characterized by SEM and elemental chemistry of surface was analyzed by EDX. Increasing the adhesive content (15 to 60 %wt) and NCO index (100 to 180) increased the flexural strength, elastic modulus and water absorption resistance of the particleboard. In addition, the effect of coating on the surface of particleboard with MRPO polyurethane adhesive on mechanical properties and ultraviolet (UV) weathering resistance were studied. The coated particleboard showed higher surface gloss, less color changes, and delayed degradation from UV sunlight aging. Also, the mechanical properties and water absorption resistance of the particleboard were improved by MRPO polyurethane adhesive coating on the particleboard. The results demonstrated the benefits of using MRPO polyol in the form of a new polyurethane adhesive to produce particleboard from bamboo waste, supporting the concept of eco-friendly materials.

Influence of resin content on the surface covered with adhesive

It is well known that the resin content within a particleboard influences the extent of the surface covered with adhesive and thus the properties of particleboards produced. The purpose of this research was to determine how the resin content and particle size class influence the surface of particle covered with the adhesive. For that purpose, wood particles used for particleboard production were used. Particles were blended with a UF adhesive with 0.05% of fluorescent dye added prior to blending and subsequently exposed to a resin curing temperature of 180 °C. The resin content was varied between 7.5 and 12.5%. The adhesive surface coverage was determined using a microscope with a fluorescent light source and a CCD camera. The results showed that the surface coverage increased with increasing resin content and increasing wood particle size.