Abstract
The use of resins, whose curing reaction takes place by high temperature and hardener addition, is inevitably involved in particleboard manufacturing process. In addition to commercial hardeners, such as ammonium sulphate, with the aim of optimizing the production process and reducing the production costs, a certain percentage of hardener can, among other things, be replaced with price affordable bio-based materials. Tartaric acid, that is its salts (tartrates), which are commercially produced for the needs of wine and food industries, are a part of the aforementioned group of products. Since tartaric acid is a relatively inexpensive, readily available, weak diprotic and aldaric acid, the question arises whether it can be used as a component of the hardener system for curing urea-formaldehyde resins that are commercially used in particleboard production. For that reason, in this paper, the influence of partial replacement of ammonium sulphate hardener with tartaric acid on the mechanical properties (bending strength, modulus of elasticity and internal bond) and free formaldehyde content of experimentally produced particleboards was examined. Boards thickness, density and moisture content were also determined. The test results suggest that tartaric acid has a beneficial effect on the above particleboard properties, but they also indicate that the extent of that effect is strongly dependent on panel press time.
Highlights
Since tartaric acid is a relatively inexpensive, readily available, weak diprotic and aldaric acid, the question arises whether it can be used as a component of the hardener system for curing urea-formaldehyde resins that are commercially used in particleboard production
Given that our earlier work, in which we have examined the neat resin-catalyst systems (Španić et al, 2017), showed that tartaric acid (C4H6O6) could be successfully used as a part of hardener for UF resin curing, and taking into consideration the above mentioned results of other authors, in this paper the experimental particleboards were produced and their mechanical properties and free formaldehyde content were determined
This study showed that it is possible to use ammonium sulphate-based hardener partially replaced with tartaric acid for particleboard production
Summary
As resin curing depends on the type of hardener, its addition, pH value and solid content (Uner and Olgun, 2017; Xing et al, 2007), the use of various hardeners, other than the above mentioned, is possible. Such hardeners include ammonium chloride (Xing et al, 2007), sodium chloride, sodium chlorite and borax (Uner and Olgun, 2017), ammonium citrate and zinc nitrate (Park et al, 2003), aluminium chloride and aluminium sulphate (Aizat et al, 2019), ammonium formate for melamine-urea-formaldehyde resins (Čuk et al, 2011) and ammonium persulfate and ferrum (III) chloride if UF resins are used for plywood bonding (Bekhta et al, 2016)
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