Productivity Of Plantations Research Articles

Hydro Priming Efficacy on Rubber Plant Seeds (Hevea brasiliensis) Growth

Among the plantation products, rubber is critical to economic activity within Indonesia. Rubber is also identified as one of Indonesia's export products, which is significant as an export revenue source apart from the oil and gas sector. Malaysia is the world's second-largest rubber producer and exporter of natural rubber after Indonesia. Besides having more open export opportunities and stimuli, the domestic rubber market is still large. Therefore, this study aims to ascertain the efficiency of hydro priming of rubber seeds on germination time and power as well as sprout height. The research was conducted in the greenhouse at the experimental garden in the Faculty of Agriculture KU IMS in Kuantan Singingi, which are given at geographical coordinates 00 00-10 00 LS 1010 02 – 1010 55 BT. The research was conducted in November-December 2023. The questionnaire survey was conducted in November and December of 2023. The average air temperature of the research location for November and December 2023 was 28. ranges from 8 0C to 32 0C with relative humidity of about 81%. The research approach was conducted in a qualitative manner utilizing mathematical techniques. Data is generally put in a tabular form and analyzed. Various treatment levels were under Control, 12h, 24h, 36h and 48h of hydro priming. In this research, the parameters recorded include time taken for germination, germination strength and sprout height. According to the outcomes of the assessments made in this study, the hydro priming treatment conducted on the rubber plant seeds showed the fastest germination time characteristics in the 48-hour treatment, which is 3. 4 days. The maximum germination capacity was observed in the hydro-priming treatment of 36 hours, which was 90. 0%. On the other hand, the tallest observation parameter of the height of the sprouts was in 48 hrs of Hydro Priming, with a height of 26. 3 cm

Utilizing Multi-Source Data and Cloud Computing Platform to Map Short-Rotation Eucalyptus Plantations Distribution and Stand Age in Hainan Island

Short-rotation eucalyptus plantations play a key positive role in the forestry economy due to their fast-growing and high-yielding properties. However, some studies have suggested that eucalyptus plantations introductions may have negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystems’ stability. In order to precisely and promptly determine the influence of eucalyptus plantations on soil characteristics and hydrological processes, based on the rotation change rules of eucalyptus plantations, this study combined the continuous change detection and classification and spectral mixture analysis (CCDC-SMA) algorithm and the random forest (RF) algorithm to map the distribution and stand age of short-rotation eucalyptus plantations in Hainan Island. First, the forest distribution map was used to mask out the rubber plantations, and forest disturbances were extracted through the CCDC-SMA algorithm to determine the potential short-rotation eucalyptus plantations distribution. Second, using CCDC-SMA algorithm fitting coefficients, field surveys, original spectral bands, vegetation indices, and digital elevation models (DEM) as inputs to the RF algorithm, short-rotation eucalyptus plantations distribution maps were created and evaluated based on Google Earth images. Finally, the stand age of the newly mapped short-rotation eucalyptus plantations was estimated based on the breakpoints of the CCDC-SMA algorithm. The results showed that the producer, user, and overall accuracies of the 2022 short-rotation eucalyptus plantations map were estimated at 0.95, 0.95, and 0.94, respectively, and the validation R2 of the estimated stand ages was at 0.97. The eucalyptus plantations in Hainan Island had a total area of roughly 9.93 × 104 ha in 2022. Danzhou City had the highest planting area of eucalyptus plantations, followed by Changjiang County, Chengmai County, and Lingao County. It was worth noting that the eucalyptus plantations were mostly located in places with low altitudes (<200 m) and flat slopes (<10°). Approximately 43.91% of eucalyptus plantations were located in the three major watersheds. In addition, the 1-year-old eucalyptus plantations accounted for the highest areal percentage of 30.58%. These datasets are valuable tools to aid sustainable production, ecological assessment, and conservation of eucalyptus plantations.

Racial Fictions at Work in a Regional Plantation Complex

In this article, I argue for a local and regional focus on landscape racializations rather than a national lens for engaging with the Plantationocene. Racial formations on and around Indonesia’s plantations have emerged differently across regions and through varied colonial-era and contemporary land and labor politics. Inspired by diverse scholars’ historical and contemporary treatments of embodied and emplaced racialisms, I use a region in West Kalimantan Province (Indonesian Borneo) to argue that it is misleading to claim a national-level Plantationocene history relevant to all subnational regions. I then unpack racialized and gendered fictions deployed by state actors to justify the protracted political violence (1967–74) that led to the national state’s expropriation of land held by smallholders of Chinese and Chinese-Dayak descent in half the province. All seized land was reclassified as state land to mask its origins and redistributed to non-Chinese local people and transmigrants who worked the regional rubber plantation. This violent reracializing of the West Kalimantan landscape is the antithesis of the racialisms associated with plantation production in Java and Sumatra. Knowing this region-specific history can help in supporting contemporary struggles against entrenched patterns of racialized injustice.

Optimizing oil palm farming: Soil quality, fertilization and agro-environmental performance

The essential role of fertilization in the management of oil palm plantations cannot be overstated, with the understanding that effective strategies must be fine-tuned to accommodate the diversity of soil types present. The nuanced response of oil palm to fertilization under different soil conditions underscores the critical nature of this research. This study investigates the relationship between oil palm farming practices and agro-environmental performance of plantations. This research aims to understand the complex mechanisms influencing plantation productivity. Five agronomic field experiments were carried out on various soil types (Podzol, Inceptisol, Peat) during 2022. These experiments involved various types of soil and used different plant materials in a total land area of 33 hectares. The results of the peat soil trials revealed a positive effect of RP fertilizer on leaf phosphorus (P) content and a visible gradient in potassium (K) content with different doses of KCl. Average plantation yields peaked in 2022, showing the best yields ever recorded. On the contrary, experiments in podzolic soils showed that oil palm responded better to organic fertilizers than to mineral fertilizers in podzolic soils. The inceptisol soil revealed a significant increase in leaf potassium (K) content with KCl dose, confirming the positive effect of fresh oil palm empty fruit bunches (EFB) on potassium levels. In particular, EFB acts as a good K fertilizer, positively influencing the K content but negatively affecting the calcium content (Ca) due to K/Ca antagonism. These findings emphasize the need for diversified agricultural strategies to optimize oil palm cultivation, increase productivity, and reduce dependence on external input.

Variation in survival, growth and stem straightness in Eucalyptus urophylla provenances in the Southern Highlands region of Tanzania

Lack of quality planting materials has significantly limited productivity and quality of commercial forestry plantations in Tanzania. A provenance/progeny trial of Eucalyptus urophylla was established to test performance in order to select the best planting materials for future plantation activities. A complete randomised block design was used whereby 30 families from 8 provenances within 6 replications were tested. At 13 years tree survival, growth (diameter at breast height and height) and stem straightness were assessed. The results indicate that there were highly significant differences (p < 0.05) among provenances and families in survival, height, breast height diameter (DBH) and stem straightness. The overall survival ranged from 79.0% to 96.2%; height ranged between 24.9 and 32.5 m; and DBH ranged from 18.7 to 24.5 cm. Overall, results from this study show that provenances Alassannaru, Elun kirpas, Nesunhuhun and Nakana ulam have better growth performance and stem form than others. These results provide valuable information on the growth performance of different provenances and families of E. urophylla. The provenances and families selected with best performance can be used in developing improved seeds for plantation establishment and/or selection of plus trees for vegetative propagation as candidate clones for a clonal testing programme in Tanzania.

Arachis pintoi Krapov. &amp; W.C. Greg.–A multifunctional legume

AbstractArachis pintoi, commonly known as pinto or forage peanut, is used mainly in consortia with grass pastures and as cover plant. In addition to increasing the productivity of livestock and plantations, it contributes to the mitigation of environmental impacts (reduction of greenhouse gas emissions) and soil improvement (nitrogen fixation, reduction of fertilizers use), as well as to pests and disease management. Several cultivars that are tolerant to specific climates and soil conditions are suitable to be used as ground covers in agroforestry and silvopastoral systems, orchards, and plantations. Biotechnological and phytochemical investigations revealed the potential of pinto peanut as a sustainable source of resveratrol and other stilbenoids. Extracts from plants grown under natural conditions and from materials obtained in vitro displayed allelopathic, anthelmintic, or antioxidant activities. Other studies revealed the potential of pinto peanut for erosion control, phytoremediation, seed and essential oils production, materials for animal tissue engineering, synthesis of nanoparticles for drug delivery, and as green biorefineries to produce proteins, biochemicals, and biomaterials.

Maximizing Climate Solutions: Assessing Forest Plantation Productivity and Carbon Sequestration Potential of Tree Species

Climate change is projected to negatively impact forest ecosystems and related industries, emphasizing the urgency of effective mitigation strategies. Forests play a crucial role in climate change mitigation by sequestering carbon dioxide (CO2). Planting trees can contribute significantly, absorbing tonnes of CO2 annually and limiting climate change impacts. This process underscores the vital contribution of forests to mitigating climate change. The aim is to evaluate the role of forest plantation productivity in mitigating climate change and assess the carbon dioxide sequestration potential of some tree species. The carbon dioxide (CO2) sequestration potential of the tree plantations was highest in the moist semi-deciduous north-west (MSDNW) zone followed in a decreasing order by the dry semi-deciduous (DSD) and forest-savannah transition (FST) zones with the values being 23.02 ± 21.84 (SD), 11.16 ± 6.00 and 9.25 ± 5.25 Mg CO2eq ha-1 year-1, respectively. For the various tree species plantations, the CO2 sequestration potential exhibited by Cedrela odorata, mixed species and Tectona grandis stands was given as 36.93 ± 31.21 (SD), 19.06 ± 11.99 and 8.98 ± 4.67 Mg CO2eq ha-1 year-1, respectively. The comprehensive findings underscore the need for nuanced strategies in climate change policies and afforestation initiatives. Sustainable forest management, tailored afforestation practices are recommended to optimize forest plantation contributions to global climate goals.

Phytophthora and Phytopythium species associated with walnut dieback in plantations of northern Patagonia, Argentina

AbstractThe walnut industry in Argentina has grown in recent years, especially in northern Patagonia. However, this expansion has also brought new challenges, including the emergence of diseases threatening the health and productivity of walnut plantations. One of the most important diseases affecting walnut crops worldwide is ‘ink disease’ or ‘walnut dieback'. The aim of this study was to characterize ink disease, identify the aetiological agents, and estimate its incidence in walnut orchards of northern Patagonia, Argentina. Symptomatic trees were observed in the seven surveyed walnut orchards, showing a range of symptoms, including chlorosis and wilting, stem cankers and desiccation. In vivo assay and molecular analyses revealed that not only Phytophthora (P.) but also Phytopythium (Ph.) species are the causal agents of the disease, with P. drechsleri, Ph. mercuriale and Ph. vexans being the most virulent over the commonly used rootstock Juglans hindsii. Notably, Ph. vexans was the most frequently isolated pathogen, suggesting its prevalence and potential impact on the regional walnut industry. Overall, this study provides critical insights into the prevalence and impact of Phytophthora and Phytopythium species on walnut health in northern Patagonia. The presence of multiple pathogenic oomycete species raises concerns about the health of walnut orchards, as well as the potential risk of pathogen transmission to other fruit crops in the region. The findings will help growers to develop better cultural practices and implement measures to guarantee the sustainability of the walnut industry in Patagonia.

Implementation of Agile Methods in GIS Web Applications for Land Suitability Selection

Perusahaan Daerah Perkebunan (PDP) Kahyangan is a Regional Owned Enterprise (BUMD) in Jember Regency which was formed in order to manage plantation commodities in 3 Main Plantations and two Subdivision Plantations. PDP’s profit contribution to Jember’s PAD (Pendapatan Asli Daerah) has continued to decline in recent years. With a target of PAD from plantation products in 2020 of 20 million rupiah, only 20% can be realized (4 million rupiah). Based on the 2023 PDP Kahyangan Jember Strategic Plan, one of the problems causing the opinion deficit is external factors. One of them is the suitability between the potential of the plants planted and the land conditions in a plantation area. Where land suitability, which is the carrying capacity of the land, has a significant effect on crop production. Based on the problems that have been presented, it is necessary to design a GIS-based Decision Support System (DSS), which can provide insight to researchers, practitioners and policy makers regarding the success of managing GIS data for the land suitability evaluation process so that it can increase agricultural productivity. Several stages that will be carried out include data collection, data preparation, and data processing carried out in GIS, then continued with implementation of Decision Support System. The used of agile methods to the application development process ensures that the application is built in a shorter time through the use of continuous iteration and testing thereby ensuring that the DSS implementation on the Web GIS application can run optimally.

Evaluation of the yield of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) cultivars and their economic efficiency on commodity plantations in Poland in the years 2020–2022

The selection of suitable highbush blueberry cultivars is a prerequisite for obtaining an optimal yield that determines the profitability of production and competitiveness on the market. The study assessed the production efficiency of highbush blueberry cultivars concerning the fruiting period, taking into account the size of the plantation, and evaluated the economic efficiency of the fruiting period. Production efficiency was assessed based on yields obtained according to data from 15 production plantations from all over Poland in 2020–2022. Economic efficiency was determined by analysing the production value, the amount of costs, and the Gross Margin. It was shown that yields of highbush blueberry cultivars differed depending on the ripening time. Generally, the highest yields were obtained in cultivating varieties with middle ripening time. The analyses show that the most prolific varieties in the three-year study, starting from the early to late ones, were Spartan and Duke, Bluecrop, Chandler, Aurora and Nelson. The cultivation of highbush blueberries was profitable in all the analysed plantation groups in the analysed years, although the level of economic production efficiency differed depending on the fruiting period of the cultivated varieties.

Potential causal factors of “heart-shaped cladode” malformations in cactus pear (Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Miller)

The prevalence and severity of pests and diseases are factors that limit productivity and quality in commercial cactus pear plantations in Mexico. Recently, in several cactus pear producing regions the appearance of diverse symptoms associated with “heart-shaped cladodes” has been registered. This disease is characterized by the loss of apical dominance of vegetative shoots leading to abnormal cladode growth. Besides the aesthetic damage, vegetative and floral buds disappear in the zone of invagination, thus reducing productivity. Because to date the causal agent is unknown, this study was conducted to analyze three possible agents, damage by insects, physical damage and phytoplasmas that could possibly cause the symptomatology of “heart-shaped cladode”, aiming to constitute a base line for future studies. The study was conducted under semi-controlled conditions and in the field, using Opuntia ficus-indica cv. Villanueva plants and cladodes. To rule out causal agents that occur naturally in cactus pear productive systems, the following characteristics were analyzed: detected presence of Diabrotica undecimpunctata, simulation of physical damage by puncturing 4- and 13-day-old shoots with a needle, and detection of phytoplasmas with PCR and RFLP. The results of the study showed that, although it feeds on shoots, D. undecimpunctata does not cause the symptoms. The puncture with a needle on the apical part promoted the presence of symptoms. The PCR and RFLP analyses detected the presence of phytoplasmas on both symptomatic and asymptomatic shoots. For this reason, it was not possible to conclude that phytoplasmas are the causal agents of heart-shaped cladode.

Pengaruh Aksesibilitas Jalan Ende – Nuabosi Terhadap Peningkatan Perekonomian Masyarakat Kecamatan Ende

Nuabosi is one of the villages in the Ende District area, where this village helps improve the economy of Ende District in terms of meeting economic needs, namely in the form of various agricultural and plantation products. However, even though Nuabosi Village is sufficient to meet the economic needs of Ende District, distance and inadequate infrastructure conditions are some of the factors that influence the level of accessibility in Ende District. This research aims to determine the value and level of accessibility in the villages of Ende District. The accessibility measuring parameter data used is travel time, road pavement conditions, supporting facilities, and travel rates or costs. Data analysis uses quantitative descriptive analysis and crosstab analysis methods, using the total accessibility calculation formula. The results of the analysis based on a review of accessibility parameters and crosstabs show that the highest accessibility value for each village is Ria Raja Village with a value of 2.18 and the lowest is Tina Bani Village with a value of 0.37. The average level of accessibility in Ende District as a whole is 0.83, indicating a high level of accessibility, where the existing road conditions can influence the improvement of the economy of the people in Ende District. Crosstab analysis also shows that most of the factors determining accessibility are related to the socio-economic conditions of the community.

Increased Understanding of Legal Awareness Regarding the Preparation of Written Sales and Purchase Agreements/Contracts in Order to Support Community Economic Activities in Tajun Village, Buleleng Regency

Agreements/contracts are very important in the business world, including in the buying and selling of agricultural and plantation products. In buying and selling transactions for agricultural and plantation products, farmers in carrying out transactions have very little understanding of written sales and purchase agreements and only use verbal agreements and are limited to notes/receipts with middlemen, wholesalers or exporters. There are still many practices that are underhand or carried out without being based on legal agreement/contract documents. The Tajun Village community's understanding of making sales and purchase agreements/contracts is still limited, as a result, activities that should be accompanied by legal documents in the form of agreements/contracts are not yet available. The aim of implementing this community service program is to: (1) increase the understanding of farmer groups in Tajun Village regarding the anatomy of contract agreements and the importance of sales and purchase agreements/contracts (2) train partners' skills in drafting sales and purchase agreements/contracts. The method used in implementing this community service program activity is a pick-up and drop-off system. The results show that the program has been implemented according to plan. From the implementation of this community service program, the target community benefits in the form of increasing partners' understanding regarding legal awareness and written sales and purchase agreements/contracts and being able to draw up simple sales and purchase agreements/contracts in order to support the economic activities of the community in Tajun Village.

Design and test of an efficient seedling pick-up device with a combination of air jet ejection and mechanical action

Low degree of transplanting automation will affect production efficiency and planting quality in vegetable cultivation. A new seedling pick-up device was designed and constructed to reduce direct grasping damages to seedlings and improve transplanting efficiency. The pick-up device consists of an air jet loosening device, a flexible pick-up manipulator, a parallel feeding device, and a multi-axis motion control system. Its working principle is to use air jet ejection to assist in loosening of seedling roots from the tray cells, grasp their stems for extracting with the pick-up manipulator, and finally transfer them to the delivery device for feeding into the planting device as needed. The mechanical structure and working parameters of each component were designed, and the control system was constructed according to the working requirements of ejecting, extracting, transferring, and discharging operations. A prototype of the new pick-up device was constructed, and its performance evaluation was conducted using an orthogonal experimental design using cucumber, pepper and caluiflower as test objects. The results showed that the test object, the root lump's moisture content and the loosening way (either as a whole or individual loosening of seedlings) had significant effects on the success ratio in picking up seedlings. Overall, the success in picking up seedlings from the cell was found to be influenced by horticultural and mechanical factors. Under the optimal level group, the maximum success ratio for automatic picking up seedlings was up to 94.49% for pepper while that of cucumber and cauliflower recorded 90.75% and 92.62%, respectively. The seedling pick-up performance was satisfactory for efficient transplanting requirements.

Growth, Yield, and Stem Quality of Tectona grandis Grown with Different Spacings at Longuza Forest Plantation, Tanzania

Spacing is a silvicultural practice that affects the growth of trees in forest plantations. However, the yield depends on growth, which is determined by spacing. In addition, spacing influences the quantity of the final crop available for harvesting, specifically in forest plantations for sawlog production. Spacing is also used as a management practice to control the quality of trees, as dense stands are expected to have trees with good stem quality. However, little has been done to address the effects of spacing on the growth, yield, and stem quality of Tectona grandis until final harvesting age. Teak plantations in Tanzania are grown at a rotation age of 20 years. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effect of spacing on the growth, yield, and stem quality of 24-year-old T. grandis in a Longuza Forest plantation in Muheza, Tanzania. Data were collected from a spacing trial using a randomized complete block design with three treatments: 2 m × 2 m, 3 × 3 m, and 4 m × 4 m, with three replications. The growth and yield parameters assessed were diameter at breast height (dbh) total tree height, and stem quality. Data were analyzed to obtain the basal area, volume, and mean annual increment. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), and multiple comparisons among treatment means were performed using Tukey's honest significant difference test (p-value = 0.05). The results showed that spacing did not significantly affect growth and yield parameters. The stem quality was significantly different in some treatments. The highest dbh and height growth were observed at 4 m× 4 m spacing. The highest values of basal area, volume, and mean annual increment were observed at a 3 m× 3 m spacing. Stem quality differed significantly between the 2 m× 2 m and 4 m× 4 m spacings. Because teak plantations in Tanzania are aimed at sawlog production, it is recommended to continue practising a spacing of 3 m× 3 m, which will ensure a higher mean annual increment with a higher volume at the stand level. In addition, a spacing of 3 m × 3 m ensured a higher percentage of trees with good stem quality.

Impact of urea fertilization rates on nitrogen losses, productivity and profitability in East African sugarcane plantations

AbstractFertilizer‐intensive sugarcane plantations are expanding in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA) amidst increased groundwater pollution and carbon footprint concerns. Yet, the impact of nitrogen (N) levels on N losses, productivity and profitability in these plantations remains unclear. To address this gap, we conducted a completely randomized design experiment in a Ugandan sugarcane plantation using three N fertilization rates (low, standard and high) as treatments. N leaching under the different treatments was determined using the average drainage fluxes across a 1‐m‐layered profile which we estimated with a suite of pedotransfer functions (PTFs) and leachate N concentrations from suction cup lysimeters. Soil nitrous oxide fluxes were determined using static vented chamber bases and gas chromatography. Partial factor crop productivity was estimated from the average field fresh weight under each treatment and the amount of N fertilizer applied, while the return on investment was determined from the factory price of the field fresh weight and the market price of fertilizers. Our findings indicate that three out of five PTFs effectively estimated soil hydraulic properties at our test site, based on the close match between measured and predicted soil matric potential values. Notably, N leaching at low and standard N rates were comparable but significantly lower than at higher‐than‐standard N rates. Additionally, we measured comparable soil nitrous oxide emissions and field fresh weight but partial factor productivity and return on investment declined along the fertilizer intensification gradient. In conclusion, the study demonstrates the promising application of certain PTFs in N‐leaching modelling in the data‐scarce SSA. Furthermore, obtaining comparable field fresh weight with minimal N losses at lower‐than‐standard N rates presents an opportunity to mitigate groundwater pollution and greenhouse gas emissions. However, the potential impact of the switch from standard to low N rates on soil organic carbon stocks and sugarcane yields warrants further investigation.

ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF INVESTMENTS IN THE GROWING OF MEDICINAL HERBS AND SPICES

Medicinal herbs are important for human nutrition and industrial processing. The main goal of research is assessment of economic effectiveness of investments in seedlings production and establishment of plantation under mentioned crops. Analysis involves data from the coal mine complex in Pljevlja (Montenegro), while implies dynamic methods such are Net Present Value, (Modified) Internal Rate of Return, and Payback Period. Although research results favored the seedlings production, determined crossover rate indicates some opposite conclusions. Inconsistency in conclusions according to Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return occurs only for certain range of discount rate. Research also implies sensitive analysis of crossover rate according to changes in volume of invested assets. So, management could make appropriate decisions towards the investments in medicinal plants production. Derived results suppose that investment in production of medicinal herbs seedlings is economically more effective for all discount rates above the crossover rate (6.08%).

Main drivers of productivity of Acacia mangium plantations in Vietnam

Acacia mangium is one of the most important hardwood plantation species in the tropics. The question of how to grow Acacia productively and sustainably remains a major issue for the forestry sector in many tropical countries. We analyzed the productivity of A. mangium plantations across five contrasting ecological zones in Vietnam. These covered gradients in rainfall from 1750 mm to 3060 mm and a mean annual temperature range of 22 – 27 0C. Plantation productivity across these zones varied from an MAI of 6 m3 ha y−1 to 31 m3 ha y−1. A comprehensive suite of statistical methods was utilized for variable and model selection to minimize confounding and multicollinearity issues among predictors and identify determinants of plantation productivity using 27 biophysical variables. These variables encompass plantation age, climate parameters, as well as site and soil properties. Results showed that, apart from plantation age, the factors influencing plantation productivity and explaining a majority of variation in mean annual timber increment are soil organic carbon content and the number of foggy days. Soil carbon is probably an index of overall soil fertility and its significance reflects the fact that the plantations have often been established on relatively degraded sites. The lower productivity at sites having a higher frequency of foggy days (up to 57 days per year in some regions) may arise from lower solar radiation and temperature during fog. The results of this study can inform site selection and plantation management tools aimed at maximizing Acacia mangium productivity in Vietnam and other countries with similar ecological conditions. Planting A. mangium in high-intensity fog areas is not recommended. Further studies on the ecophysiological mechanisms of how fog influences the growth of tropical A. mangium plantations are also needed.

IDENTIFICATION OF THE MAIN DISEASES OF WALNUT IN THE SOUTHERN FRUIT-GROWING ZONE OF KAZAKHSTAN

Industrial cultivation of nut crops in the Republic of Kazakhstan is promoted by favourable soil and climate conditions, especially in the southern region, which makes it possible to obtain high yields of this valuable plant in the future. Significant damage to the yield of nut crops is caused by diseases, protection of plantations from which is one of the main measures aimed at increasing their productivity. The most important issue in cultivation of nut crops is its protection from bacterial and fungal pathogens. In Kazakhstan purposeful researches on studying species diversity of diseases and pests of nut crops have not been carried out. The novelty of the conducted research is in the fact that for the first time in Kazakhstan fungal and bacterial diseases of walnut in the conditions of the southern zone of fruit growing on the basis of microbiological and molecular-genetic methods were identified.&#x0D; The results of research showed that the majority of isolated pathogens are fungi, as well as several species of bacteria causing diseases of walnut. In total, 4 genera of fungi were isolated: Alternaria, Fusarium as causative agents of fungal diseases; Aspergillus, Penicillium as secondary infestation; also 2 genera of bacteria: Pantoea, Pseudomonas as causative agents of bacterial diseases. Molecular identification of fungal and bacterial pathogens by PCR based on genomic DNA showed that the studied walnut samples were identified as phytopathogenic fungi: Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani, as well as phytopathogenic bacteria: Pantoea agglomerans, Pseudomonas syringae, Pseudomonas oryzahabitans. The conducted research results will allow to make up a system of protection of walnut from harmful diseases in order to increase the productivity of plantations.

Acculturation of Javanese Islam and Mapalus Culture in The Development of Islamic Economic Tradition in Tondano

Diversity allows the emergence of merging existing cultures into a new culture that does not take away the essence of the previous culture. The success of Tondano Javanese Village in maintaining the existence of economic traditions, especially in the agricultural sector, also plays a role in balancing the economy in the Tondano region. Mapalus is synonymous with the life cycle of the Minahasa community which is closely related to religious values. Development of Javanese Islam in Tondano began to occur after the group of Kiai Mojo and his followers consisting of approximately 60 men, established an association place for them to settle and live there, namely "Kampung Java". In addition, the development is also getting stronger after they are in a relationship assimilation through marriage with indigenous Minahasa women who at that time the majority adhered to Christianity. The Muslim community living in Minahasa influenced the development of the existing mapalus uyang culture. Mapalus is a form of local wisdom of the indigenous people of Tondano adapted by the Muslim community from Java. Then from Joanne et al (in Senduk, 2016) Added one other form of mapalus, namely arisan. This Arisan is one of the prominent forms of social interaction between members of the North Minahasa community. Its function is to help each other in the economic field based on family values. In general, this social gathering is one of the associations in terms of distributing funds. This concept is in great demand by the lower middle class because it is considered easy to fulfill one's direct desires, so it is considered to be able to pay in installments (Muhaisin &amp; Syarbaini, n.d.). In practice, the forms of the collection also vary, such as money, groceries, jewelry, building materials, etc. Unlike the arisan practice implemented in Tondano Java Village, the form is an association to be able to divide work into agricultural and plantation activities. So in each activity, the agricultural and plantation production process will be divided based on its working group