Production Of Flakes Research Articles

A 400,000 years old milestone of the Acheulian technocomplex in Central-Western France at Londigny (Charente)

In this paper, we present the results of a technological analysis of an unpublished Acheulian assemblage from Western-Central France from a preventive excavation at Londigny (Charente). The lithic pieces were found in an archaeological layer preserved at the bottom of the infilling of two karstic depressions on the Jurassic plateau. A large series of handaxes found during gravel quarrying in the Charente river valley and sparse assemblages from karstic cavities south of the large meander formed by the Charente river are amongst the main discoveries dating to the Lower Palaeolithic in Charente. In the Poitou region, Londigny is the first open air Lower Palaeolithic industry TL dated to MIS 11 recovered in a stratigraphic context. Only a handful of sites date to this period in North-West Europe. Our study of this assemblage however allows us to describe in detail the lithic production that is characteristic of the Acheulian technocomplex. Despite of the unusual use of small Jurassic flint nodules, both bifacial shaping and flake production highlight a technical package shared by most of the Acheulian industries at that time from North-West Europe to South-West France. The Londigny site, located in a position between north and south, extends the geographical range of the Acheulian in France.

FEATURES OF PROCESSING OATS INTO GROATS PRODUCTS

In the given article the existing technologies of hulled oats grain processing into groats products were analyzed. The possibilities of using new breeding varieties of oats to improve existing technologies were analyzed. Advantages using naked oat varieties for the production of groats and flakes were considered. Results of research influence intensity of pearling and water heat treatment on yield of pearled groats and its quality indicators were shown. The high efficiency of use naked oats for the production of pearled groats with regulated quality indicators was determined. It was found that the technologically expedient moisture content of naked oats before pearling is 12-12.5 %. In the pearling the grain with this humidity depending on the duration of pearling yield of groat estimated to range between 78 94 %. Use as raw materials naked oats increase yield of pearled groats at 1.4-1.6 times in compared to processing of conventional varieties. Modes of preparation of pearled groats for flaking was investigated, feature their influence on the yield and qualities of flaked groats were determined. Analyses of the physical properties of the obtained flaked products were conducted. It was found that the technologically expedient moisture content of pearled naked oats groats before steaming is 17-17.5 %. After steaming groats with this moisture yield of flaked groat estimated to range between 84,3 93,6 %. The main stages of processing naked oats into groats products were determined. The technological scheme of processing naked oats for producing groats and flakes were developed. The technological scheme of processing hull-less barley and naked oats for producing groats, flakes, mixtures of groats and flakes were developed. Technology includes grain cleaning stage, grain water heat treatment, pearling, sorting of pearling products, pearled groat water heat treatment, mixing, flaking, drying, and control of end products.

MODES OF PRODUCTION SMALL CORN FLAKES IN SEMI-INDUSTRIAL CONDITIONS

The article presents study results of steaming and tempering modes effect on the yield and quality of small corn flakes. Production of small corn flakes was carried out in semi-production conditions on the basis of a test section of the existing machinebuilding operation OLIS Llc, which allowed to get as close as possible to the production conditions. The study consisted of 2 series of experiments: in the first series of experiments, five identical samples of corn grit with an initial moisture content of 13.1% were sent to the steaming stage, where it was subjected to water-heat treatment for a specified period of time (2.5; 5; 7.5, 10 and 12.5 minutes), with increasing steaming time, the tempering time gradually increased by 10 minutes, from 10 to 50 minutes, respectively. In the second series of experiments, the grit was moistened by cold conditioning to a predetermined moisture content of 16±0.25%, moistened for 12 hours, and then moistened grit was subjected to water-heat treatment at the same parameters as in the first series. The initial sample of corn grit No. 4 was obtained in the factory and had the following quality indicators: moisture content – 13.1%; ash content – 0.58%; the starch content – 71.1%. The technological scheme of small corn flakes production in semi-production conditions included the following steps: grit moistening by a special device that sprays water for 15-20 seconds, and wetting in special sealed containers of grit samples (if necessary); grit steaming in the steamer camera of periodic action of EPP-1; tempering for 10-50 minutes in thermostable conditions; flattening of the obtained product on a rolling mill "EVV-1" with smooth rollers at a gap of 0.3-0.4 mm; drying the flattened product on a laboratory dryer; control on the laboratory dispenser RLU-1 (sieving on a sieve No. 067) for extraction of flour products. It was found that as a result of grit steaming with initial moisture content (13.1%) and subsequent flattening in semiproduction conditions a lot of meal was formed – 33.6 and 23.3% with the duration of steaming for 2.5 and 12.5 minutes, respectively, with an ash content of 0.64-0.57% and a starch content of 63.2-63.4%. With the ash content of the original grit of 0.63% and the starch content of 71.1%, it indicated that although moisture penetrated into the inner layers of the grit during conditioning, yet it was not enough on the surface. Therefore, high-ash peripheral grit particles were worse exposed to flattening, crushed and formed meal. Thus, the selected modes of small corn flakes production in semi-production conditions were not sufficient to provide the grit particle with the necessary structural and mechanical changes, and further increase in the duration of processing was impractical, as it significantly increased energy consumption and reduced flakes production productivity. Preliminary wetting of grit to a moisture content of 16±0.25% and subsequent steaming at the same parameters as grit flakes with a starting moisture content of 13.1% showed a significant decrease of flour products output, which amounted to 13.7-7.8% at 2.5 and 12.5 min of steaming, respectively. However, the additional grit moistening before steaming led to an increase in flakes moisture content, which requires higher energy consumption during their drying and bringing them to standards (less than 13.0%), guaranteeing their storage for 6-9 months. The technologically appropriate wet-heat processing mode of corn grit in the production process of flakes in semi-production conditions, to obtain small corn flakes according to the scheme of preliminary wetting of grit, steaming it in a steamer of periodic action, short-term tempering, flattening, drying and control of flakes on meal separation, is a grit moisture content before steaming at 16±2.5%, steaming at atmospheric conditions for 7.5-10 min, duration of tempering – 30-40 min. The obtained flakes do not require cooking, but can be brewed in boiling water for 4-5 minutes.

‘Simple’ surface-fire heat treatment significantly improves silcrete flake quality and flaking efficiency

Intentional stone heat treatment is a key marker for prehistoric behavioural variability. Yet, the relationship between differences in heat-treatment strategies and variations in stone tool-making processes remains heavily debated and poorly understood. We report on two experiments testing wood fuels and heating strategies applied to silcrete nodules from ~60 km south of Diepkloof Rock shelter in South Africa with early evidence for intentional silcrete heat treatment. We flaked the heated silcrete nodules to maximize miniaturized flake production. The resulting cores and flakes were compared in terms of their utility (flake cutting edge to mass) and cutting edge quality (cutting edge angles) in addition to quantifying woody residues and heat induced fracture rates. Our results show that ‘simpler’ surface-fire heat treatment strategies provide significant increases in miniaturized core utility and flake quality over unheated silcrete nodules. Some of these effects were obtained without more specialized knowledge than is required to maintain fires for cooking and other utilitarian purposes. Our results show that rapidly heating silcrete to modify rocks for miniaturized stone tool production is efficient at relatively low levels of technological investment.

KARAKTERISTIK FLAKES YANG DIHASILKAN DARI TEPUNG HANJELI (Coix lacryma jobi L.) TERMODIFIKASI DENGAN METODE HEAT MOISTURE TREATMENT

The aim of this study was obtained suitable conditions on the modification of hanjeli flour with variations of hanjeli flour moisture and heating temperature so as to improve the characteristics of hanjeli flour and increased its used into flakes products. The benefit of this study was an increase the added value of local raw materials that widely used, to utilized the technology of modification method of Heat Moisture Treatment for food processing made from raw hanjeli for hanjeli characteristics can be applied to flakes products. The study was divided into three stages: preliminary, main and second research. The experimental design used in this study was Randomized Block Design (RBD) consist of two factors: moisture level and heating temperature with 3 levels and 3 time replications, so that 27 experimental units were obtained. The treatment design consisted of variations was conducted in moisture a1 (20%), a2 (25%), a3 (30%), and heating temperature b1 (90oC), b2 (100oC), b3 (110oC). The result of this study was obtained that the selected sample were a3b1 (moisture level 30% and heating temperature 90oC) with an average water content 9,657%, amylose 8,393% and setback viscosity 955,000 cP. The preparation of flakes from selected modified hanjeli flour was tested for water content, amylose, water absorption of flakes and the organoleptic response

THE EFFECT OF RATIO WHITE SWEET POTATO FLOUR AND RED BEAN FLOUR ON THE PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS ON COMPOSITE FLAKES

White sweet potato is a local food which is widely produced but its utilization is still lacking. Processing white sweet potato into flour can increase its value so that it can be processed into flakes products by adding red bean flour to increase its nutritional value and characteristics. The purpose of this research is to increase the selling value of white sweet potato and red bean products. Flakes are ready-to-eat foods in the form of small flakes, crispy textures, and have a slightly sweet tasteless taste with low water content. The main ingredients used in this study were white sweet potato flour, red bean flour, sugar, salt, and water. Things to note are the rehydration power and sensory characteristics that are affected by the balance of white sweet potato flour and red bean flour. The research method used was a randomized block design with 5 treatments and 3 replications with duncan further tests. The treatments that were tried were the balance of white sweet potato flour and red bean flour 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40, and 50:50. The results showed that the balance of effect was significantly different on rehydration power with the smallest value of 31, 934% and the largest of 50.854%. Organoleptic testing includes the color and aroma produce values ​​not significantly different while the crispness and taste produce significantly different values.

Ultrafast Electrochemical Synthesis of Defect-Free In2 Se3 Flakes for Large-Area Optoelectronics.

Because of its thickness-dependent direct bandgap and exceptional optoelectronic properties, indium(III) selenide (In2 Se3 ) has emerged as an important semiconductor for electronics and optoelectronics. However, the scalable synthesis of defect-free In2 Se3 flakes remains a significant barrier for its practical applications. Here, a facile electrochemical strategy is presented for the ultrafast delamination of bulk layered In2 Se3 crystals in nonaqueous media, resulting in high-yield (83%) production of defect-free In2 Se3 flakes with large lateral size (up to 26 µm). The intercalation of tetrahexylammonium (THA+ ) ions mainly creates stage-3 intercalated compounds in which every three layers of In2 Se3 are occupied by one layer of THA molecules. The subsequent exfoliation leads to a majority of trilayer In2 Se3 nanosheets. As a proof of concept, solution-processed, large-area (400 µm × 20 µm) thin-film photodetectors embedded with the exfoliated In2 Se3 flakes reveal ultrafast response time with a rise and decay of 41 and 39 ms, respectively, and efficient responsivity (1 mA W-1 ). Such performance surpasses most of the state-of-the-art thin-film photodetectors based on transition metal dichalcogenides.

Rapid exfoliation for few-layer enriched black phosphorus dispersion via a superhydrophobic silicon-nanowire-embedded microfluidic process

The strategic separation between the fragmentation and the delamination under the controlled cavitation effect leads to rapid production of few-layer enriched BP flakes with high uniformity in an aqueous medium.

Use-wear analysis of a specific mobile toolkit from the Middle Paleolithic site of Abric Romaní (Barcelona, Spain): a case study from level M

A use-wear analysis was carried out on a specific mobile toolkit belonging to level M of the Middle Paleolithic site of Abric Romani (Barcelona, Spain), which is dated to MIS 3, between 51 and 55 Ka BP. In an environment rich in local and regional chert sources and in a technological context marked by expedient behavior, a set of flakes, which also included debordant elements with asymmetric transversal sections, were introduced into the site having already been knapped. A combination of technological, refitting, and raw material unit analyses (RMU) have distinguished them from the rest of the chert artifacts knapped in situ. Given that the aim of the reduction sequences in level M, as in most of the stratigraphic sequence, is the production of small flakes of poor quality chert, the introduction of these finished tools indicates the existence of planned behavior in relation to raw material constraints and, to a major extent, with specific needs. The question is whether there is any functional difference between these flakes knapped outside and those produced on-site. A first step to solving this issue is the evaluation of the potential of these tools for use-wear analysis. Thirty-seven flakes were selected for this study prioritizing the state of surface preservation. To provide reliable data with which to compare the archeological traces, we have performed a specific experimental program using the main chert varieties identified in the archeological sample. Digital 3D, optical, and scanning electron microscopies were combined to characterize wear patterns in a mobile toolkit. Our preliminary results show that, despite the significant patination on some of the pieces, a limited array of tools have a good state of surface preservation and show use-wear evidence related to a variety of butchery activities.

Extraction and microencapsulation of tuna virgin fish oil with mangrove fruit extract fortified into extrusion cereals

Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids (LCn-3FA) originally from fish have been recognized plays an important role in improving health status. Fortification these LCn-3FAs into foodstuffs will enhance their nutritional and functional value, however, their vulnerability, particularly to oxidation, requires extra protection. The goals of the research were to produce tuna eyes extra virgin fish oil (EVFO) microcapsules rich in DHA protected by mangrove fruit extract as a natural antioxidant and to obtain an extruded cereal with EVFO microcapsules. EVFO was extracted using cool centrifugation, microencapsulated by maltodextrin and arabic gum, and the cereal was formulated as extrusion flake products. The proportion of EVFO extracted from tuna eyes was 10.3596±0.73%. Mangrove fruit extract had a strong antioxidant activity with IC50 of 53.28 ppm. The best microcapsules were gained from arabic gum-maltodextrin coating material and the addition of 4000 ppm of mangrove fruit extract, which had an efficiency value of 93.71%, and round shape with size 6.26 μAm. Cereal with 35 g serving sizes and the addition of 3.6% EVFO microcapsules contributed approximately 134 kcal, 100 mg DHA, and 125 mg omega-3 increasing the great nutritional value.

The Middle Palaeolithic Assemblage with Bahari Technique from the Site 21b in Deir el‑Bahari (Western Thebes), Upper Egypt

In the 1970s, the authors of this paper explored the Site 21b, situated in the north-western fringe of the Deir el-Bahari Valley, in the Theban Massif (Upper Egypt). Based on the significant variability in the state of preservation of artefacts’ surfaces, six series of artefacts were identified, corresponding to the Middle Palaeolithic and Pre-Dynastic assemblages. The most detailed analysis was performed for the inventory of the series 2, which was ascribed to a previously unknown industry with the Levallois technique and Mousterian discoidal cores. This industry is also characterised by an occurrence of a specific manner of obtaining flakes from globular and thick, flattened, lens-like nodules, abundantly occurring in the local Lower Eocene limestone. This manner of flake production was called the Bahari technique. Due to the occurrence of sidescrapers, Mousterian points, denticulated and notched pieces, the chronology of this series was determined as Middle Palaeolithic.

Desenvolvimento da AET quando o trabalho prescrito não está claro: o caso de uma indústria alimentícia

A Ergonomia vem alcançando atenção ao contribuir em melhorias no setor alimentício, principlamente na obtenção de ambientes mais adequados, confortáveis e seguros. Neste contexto, o presente objetiva apresentar a aplicação de uma Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho (AET) em uma indústria de alimentos no extremo sul do Brasil. Para isso, buscou-se primeiramente apoio téorico para compreender o cenário estudado. A seguir, foi desenvolvida uma AET considerando o caminho metodológico proposto por Iida e Guimarães (2016). Os resultados permitiram identificar desafios importantes para a empresa, principalmente no tocante à Ergonomia Física e Ergonomia Organizacional. As ações de melhoria de menor investimento financeiro foram propostas e implementadas, contribuindo em vários pontos, integrando melhoria do conforto do trabalhador concomitante à maior eficiência do processo. Investimento mais onerosos e complexos foram direcionados para discussões posteriores no âmbito da gerência da empresa e fora do escopo de abrangência do presente trabalho.

Impact of bakery mix ingredients on the quality and biological value of bread

Bread is a product of daily consumption. That is why development of functional bakery products is important. New recipes and technologies using enriching additives allow expanding the range and improve physiology of bakery products. The goal of this research was to identify the impact of bakery mix ingredients on the quality and biological value of bread. The objectives of the research: to identify technological qualities of flour and flakes, study the possibility of using flakes for bakery mixtures in bread production; assess the impact of flakes on the quality and biological value of wheat bread. The objects of the studies: mixture of 5 corns (oat, wheat, rye, barley, millet flakes). To identify the impact of flakes on the quality of wheat bread, two bread samples were made – control sample without flakes and testing sample with mixture of 5 corns. The proportion of flakes was 10% of the total mass of flour and flakes. This study used a method of complex evaluation with complex indicators of quality combinations which were supposed to consider the importance of each criterion. Every single indicator of quality was characterized by two parameters: relative ratio and weightiness. The used complex evaluation method allowed making a conclusion about the practicability of using flake products in bread production. Studies show that in case of adding mixed flakes in the amount of 10% from the total mass of flour when making wheat bread, the quality can be improved and the biological value of bread can be increase.

Modes of tempering treatment in the production of small corn flakes under laboratory conditions

Modes of tempering treatment in the production of small corn flakes under laboratory conditions

Kadar Zat Besi (Fe) dan Daya Terima Flakes Talas (Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott) dengan Substitusi Bayam (Amaranth sp.)

Flakes is a type of practical cereal food product that can be used for breakfast. Flakes product development is needed to improve physical, chemical and nutritional quality characteristics. Taro as a source of local food can be processed for basic ingredients of flakes. The combination of taro and spinach is expected to be an alternative diversification of flakes products that can be a source of Fe and can be accepted by panelists. The purpose of this study is to analyze the levels of Fe in taro flakes products with spinach substitution. The study was conducted by making variations oftaro-based flakes with different percentages of spinach paste substitution, namely: SB1 (100: 0); SB2 (90:10); SB3 (80:20); SB4 (70:30). The results of the analysis of iron flakes content in a row are 20.56; 25.83; 30.77; and 34.25 mg/kg, while the results of the acceptability analysis showed that flakes with spinach substitution of 0% (SB1) was more acceptable both in the aspect of aroma, taste, texture, color, and overall.Keyword: flakes, taro, spinach, iron, acceptability

Techno-functional analysis of small recycled flakes from Late Acheulian Revadim (Israel) demonstrates a link between morphology and function

Revadim is a multi-layered Late Acheulian site in the Levant which has yielded rich lithic assemblages comprising dozens of handaxes, as well as many thousands of other items, mostly flakes. The techno-functional study presented here focuses on Layer C3, the densest layer at the site in terms of flint artefacts and animal bones. The lithic assemblage is characterized by an intense production of flakes, including a specific lithic recycling trajectory oriented towards the production of small flakes from existing flakes (Cores-On-Flakes). In this study, two categories of artefacts are sampled: the flakes used as cores for the production of new blanks (termed here COF-FFs) and the small flakes produced from them (termed BPFCs or products of recycling). Use-wear analysis conducted mainly at a low magnification, combined with residue analysis and a typo-technological characterization of the artefacts demonstrated that the small flakes produced from these COF-FFs were the desired end-products of this lithic trajectory, with a rather high percentage of used items while the COFs were rarely used, confirming their role as cores. The characterization of the used edges suggests a correlation between the activities performed and the different types of small flakes produced. Our results demonstrate the existence of a well-defined link between small flakes form and functionality, highlighting the capability of the Revadim Lower Paleolithic hominins to produce artifacts with pre-determined size, morphology, and specific utilizable edge features, suitable for the execution of anticipated targeted tasks.

Mass production of 2D materials by intermediate-assisted grinding exfoliation.

The scalable and high-efficiency production of 2D materials is a prerequisite to their commercial use. Currently, only graphene and graphene oxide can be produced on a ton scale, and the inability to produce other 2D materials on such a large scale hinders their technological applications. Here we report a grinding exfoliation method that uses micro-particles as force intermediates to resolve applied compressive forces into a multitude of small shear forces, inducing the highly efficient exfoliation of layer materials. The method, referred to as intermediate-assisted grinding exfoliation (iMAGE), can be used for the large-scale production of many 2D materials. As an example, we have exfoliated bulk h-BN into 2D h-BN with large flake sizes, high quality and structural integrity, with a high exfoliation yield of 67%, a high production rate of 0.3 g h−1 and a low energy consumption of 3.01 × 106 J g−1. The production rate and energy consumption are one to two orders of magnitude better than previous results. Besides h-BN, this iMAGE technology has been used to exfoliate various layer materials such as graphite, black phosphorus, transition metal dichalcogenides, and metal oxides, proving its universality. Molybdenite concentrate, a natural low-cost and abundant mineral, was used as a demo for the large-scale exfoliation production of 2D MoS2 flakes. Our work indicates the huge potential of the iMAGE method to produce large amounts of various 2D materials, which paves the way for their commercial application.

Path towards graphene commercialization from lab to market.

The ground-breaking demonstration of the electric field effect in graphene reported more than a decade ago prompted the strong push towards the commercialization of graphene as evidenced by a wealth of graphene research, patents and applications. Graphene flake production capability has reached thousands of tonnes per year, while continuous graphene sheets of tens of metres in length have become available. Various graphene technologies developed in laboratories have now transformed into commercial products, with the very first demonstrations in sports goods, automotive coatings, conductive inks and touch screens, to name a few. Although challenges related to quality control in graphene materials remain to be addressed, the advancement in the understandings of graphene will propel the commercial success of graphene as a compelling technology. This Review discusses the progress towards commercialization of graphene for the past decade and future perspectives.

A pH-dependent partial electrochemical exfoliation of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite for high areal capacitance electric double layer capacitor electrode

High electrolyte resistance severely limits the response time and energy efficiency of an electric double layer capacitor electrode. Vertically oriented graphene nanosheets (VOG) having open, straight channel morphology is a new, attractive morphology with low electrolyte resistance. While CVD remains the dominant synthesis method for VOG electrodes, electrochemical exfoliation of graphite, a facile, economical and scalable method for production of loose graphene flakes, can also provide a VOG electrode. Here we show, that the conditions of electrochemical exfoliation for producing VOG morphology is substantially different from using it to produce loose graphene flakes. In particular, a low pH solution leads to a better expansion of the graphite and substantially better VOG density while a high pH solution leads to the formation of loose graphene flakes. Sulfuric acid is better than other sulfate salt-based electrolyte solutions for the synthesis of a VOG electrode. The electrolyte concentration, exfoliation time, and current density also affect the electrode capacitance. The optimal process conditions provide a VOG electrode of areal capacitance 750 mF/cm2. A capacitor consisting of two identical VOG electrodes shows a volume capacitance density of 1.56 F cm−3 higher than most of the literature values for supercapacitors.

High Areal Capacitance of N‐Doped Graphene Synthesized by Arc Discharge

AbstractThe lack of cost effective, industrial‐scale production methods hinders the widespread applications of graphene materials. In spite of its applicability in the mass production of graphene flakes, arc discharge has not received considerable attention because of its inability to control the synthesis and heteroatom doping. In this study, a facile approach is proposed for improving doping efficiency in N‐doped graphene synthesis through arc discharge by utilizing anodic carbon fillers. Compared to the N‐doped graphene (1–1.5% N) synthesized via the arc process according to previous literature, the resulting graphene flakes show a remarkably increased doping level (≈3.5% N) with noticeable graphitic N enrichment, which is rarely achieved by the conventional process, while simultaneously retaining high turbostratic crystallinity. The electrolyte ion storage of synthesized materials is examined in which synthesized N‐doped graphene material exhibits a remarkable area normalized capacitance of 63 µF cm−2. The surprisingly high areal capacitance, which is superior to that of most carbon materials, is attributed to the synergistic effect of extrinsic pseudocapacitance, high crystallinity, and abundance of exposed graphene edges. These results highlight the great potentials of N‐doped graphene flakes produced by arc discharge in graphene‐based supercapacitors, along with well‐studied active exfoliated graphene and reduced graphene oxide.