Stakeholders In Processes Research Articles

The Effect of Using Charts in Financial Reports in Commercial Banks in Saudi Arabia

This thesis examines the impact of using charts in financial reports within the commercial banking sector in Saudi Arabia. The study focuses on the effectiveness of data visualization tools, such as graphs and charts, in enhancing the readability, comprehension, and decision-making process for stakeholders. Financial reports play a crucial role in informing stakeholders about a bank's financial performance and facilitating informed decision-making. The research investigates how the inclusion of charts in financial reports influences stakeholders' perceptions, including investors, analysts, and managers, regarding the economic performance of commercial banks. The study also explores the potential benefits and limitations of incorporating charts in financial reporting. A mixed-methods approach, combining qualitative and quantitative research methods, is employed. The research involves surveys administered to stakeholders and interviews with key informants, including financial analysts, managers, and regulators. The total participants were 317 responses. The majority of responses agreed that there is a significant effect of using charts in financial reports in commercial banks in Saudi Arabia. The findings of this study contribute to the existing knowledge on the use of charts in financial reports and provide insights into their implications for the banking industry in Saudi Arabia, offering recommendations for enhancing the presentation of financial data using charts.

Designing interagency responses to wicked problems: A viable system model board game

Government agencies struggle to address wicked problems because they are open-ended, highly interdependent issues that cross agency, stakeholder, jurisdictional, and geopolitical boundaries. While both quantitative modelling and qualitative problem structuring methodologies have been used to support interagency decision making in the past, co-designing an effective interagency organization to collaboratively tackle wicked problems is more challenging. Few approaches have been developed to enable such efforts. This paper explains how the viable system model (VSM) was implemented through a board game, which was employed to co-design an interagency meta-organization that would be capable of more effectively collaborating to jointly address a wicked problem: international organized drug crime and its interface with local gangs in Chicago, USA. The board game was developed to make the VSM easier for the participants to learn, given that the cybernetic language and engineering-influenced diagrams in the original literature can be off-putting to leaders and managers. The board game was used as the final stage of a multi-method, systemic approach, which involved boundary critique and problem structuring as well as deployment of the VSM. The research findings indicate that the VSM board game, used as part of a larger mixed-methods systemic intervention, contributes to building trust in the value of systems thinking amongst the participants, and sets up a rich context for collaboration on multi-agency co-design. The game therefore offers significant promise as part of the co-design of interagency responses to wicked problems because it creates an embodied process for stakeholders to learn about the VSM. It also reduces the work involved in this learning. Thus, the game enables an effective appropriation of the VSM language and criteria.

Stakeholder Engagement and Determination of Priority Strategies in Quality Improvement in Higher Education

Stakeholder management is vital to the project's success because the strategies, plans, methods and processes for stakeholders determine the success of implementing sustainable construction. This study aims to analyze the quality improvement of tertiary institutions in optimizing stakeholder involvement and determining quality improvement priority strategies. The research method used is qualitative, with the NVivo 12 application analysis. This research was conducted at the Pacific University (UNIPAS) Morotai. The study results show that through stakeholder involvement, Pacific University Morotai is committed to developing the potential of Morotai's human resources for the development and progress of the Morotai Island Regency area. As well as the proposed quality improvement priority strategy is also inseparable from the proposed derivative strategy in quality improvement within the Pacific University of Morotai itself. This derivative strategy can be effective, assuming the priority strategy can be implemented effectively.

Research on the Tripartite Evolutionary Game of Zero-Waste City Construction in China

The aim in mind in the construction of a zero-waste city is to recycle municipal solid waste in a more reasonable way in order to achieve the sustainable development of the urban environment. This goal is widely used internationally as a green development concept in urban management. However, when only the government takes the lead in the construction process, neglecting to engage and guide the participation of the public and of enterprises, the realization of a zero-waste city becomes challenging. Therefore, effective collaboration among all stakeholders would be a more effective approach to dealing with solid waste and creating an eco-friendly and livable urban environment. In this study, we adopted an evolutionary game model and selected three typical stakeholders—the government, the public, and enterprises—in order to examine the choice of tripartite strategies and their primary influencing factors based on prospect theory. This study found the following: (1) the selection of tripartite strategies at different stages of a zero-waste city’s construction is influenced by the expected benefits and costs; (2) the government’s leading role and related subsidies can promote the enthusiasm of enterprises and the public to participate in the construction of a zero-waste city; (3) tripartite participation in a zero-waste city’s construction can maximize benefits, and after a sustainable development model has been established, each stakeholder can choose to participate actively, even without government intervention; and (4) the construction of a zero-waste city requires long-term exploration and practice, and China is currently in a transition period from government-led to government-directed planning. Establishing a perfect reward and punishment mechanism is beneficial in promoting the active participation of the public and of enterprises. The authors of this paper studied the game process of stakeholders at each stage of a zero-waste city’s construction through prospect theory and explored the influences of important parameters on the strategic choice of each subject at the current stage by conducting numerical simulations, which has implications for the construction and sustainable development of a zero-waste city.

The Formation of Reputation in CSR Disclosure: The Role of Signal Transmission and Sensemaking Processes of Stakeholders

A growing number of companies are issuing corporate social responsibility (CSR) reports to publicize their commitment to sustainable development. However, skepticism remains among stakeholders about firms’ CSR information, which could hinder the success of worldwide CSR campaigns. Our paper examines mechanisms of how CSR disclosure resonates with stakeholders and influences their attitudes towards firms. Extending the current knowledge of CSR signaling effects, this paper provides a framework illustrating the interplay between CSR signaling properties and readers’ sensemaking processes, thereby predicting how corporate reputation is shaped through CSR communication. In order to test our theoretical hypotheses, a survey was conducted on 53 firms with 1521 respondents. The results show that the better the readers’ comprehension of a CSR report is, the stronger the signals of authenticity and corporate social performance (CSP) they perceive, the better the report value and value fit are recognized, and eventually, the more trust they hold for the firm. The relationship between comprehension of CSR reports and trust is partially mediated by the signaling-sensemaking process. Our research contributes to the literature on micro-foundations of strategic CSR by applying signaling theory in the context of CSR disclosure. The research findings have practical implications for firms’ CSR disclosure strategies.

Prototyping in smart product design: Investigating prototyping tools to support communication in the early stage smart product development

ABSTRACT Smart product design (SPD) is more complex than traditional product design (TPD), requiring intense interdisciplinary collaboration. It is well understood that prototypes are an effective means to facilitate communicating design concepts. However, there is limited research concerning prototyping preferences of design disciplines involved in SPD. The research explores the use of prototyping in smart product development. Specifically, it aims to understand the preferences and dimensions of fidelity of different prototyping tools that can support communication in the SPD process for various stakeholders. This paper presents two surveys. The first investigates the use of prototyping tools by different disciplines involved in SPD versus TPD. The second compares elements of key prototyping tools used across disciplines within SPD. Results show that the interactivity and environment dimensions of fidelity of prototyping tools motivate differences in preference between SPD and TPD. Moreover, user depiction and contextual information are key elements of prototyping that support designers in communicating interactive and environmental qualities of SPD concepts.

Sustainability performance efficiency in the banking sector

Traditional sustainability reporting is based on an internally developed methodology and does not fully cope with the sustainability performance evaluation, especially from an external perspective. This study aims to fill this gap by offering a tool that may be used to assess the company’s performance based on the results presented to external users. For this purpose, a two-stage data envelopment analysis (DEA) is proposed, that enables a comparison of the sustainability performance disclosed in non-financial reports in the banking industry in Poland, Croatia, and Romania. The findings of our study identify differences between the efficiency of sustainability performance in the banking sectors of all three countries. The proposed approach to compare hard-to-compare sustainability performance may significantly contribute to the decision-making process for stakeholders and, therefore, to the advancement of sustainability performance measurement research.

From scenario to roadmap: Design and evaluation of a web-based participatory watershed planning system for optimizing multistage implementation plans of management practices under stepwise investment

Planning multistage implementation plans, or roadmaps, based on the spatial distribution of a best management practice (BMP) scenario is essential for achieving watershed management goals under realistic conditions, such as stepwise investment plans that involve multiple stakeholders, including investors, economic and environmental beneficiaries. The state-of-the-art BMP roadmap optimization method can address this need for optimization but is over-specialized and complex to non-expert stakeholders. This study designed a user-friendly web-based participatory watershed planning system to assist a diverse group of stakeholders in reaching a consensus on optimal roadmaps. The participatory process of stakeholders includes iteratively proposing stepwise investment constraints, submitting roadmap optimization tasks, analyzing spatiotemporal results from multiple perspectives, and selecting preferred roadmaps. The proposed system design separates the participatory process of non-expert stakeholders from the specialized modeling process of constructing simulation-optimization tools for BMP roadmaps, which is done in advance by professional modelers and encapsulated as webservices on the server side. The webservices expose a small set of essential parameters to lower barriers to use. The interactive participatory process is presented to stakeholders through web browsers with an easy-to-use interface. The system design was evaluated by implementing an agricultural watershed planning system for soil erosion reduction and conducting a role-playing experiment involving three groups of stakeholders with different standpoints in proposing investment constraints. The experimental results show that the optimal roadmap sets exhibit progressive improvements across three-round optimizations started by different stakeholders, effectively capturing the varying perspectives of stakeholders and facilitating consensus-building among them. The idea of system design and example implementation can serve as a valuable reference for developing related user-friendly environmental decision support systems.

Adapting to sea level rise: participatory, solution-oriented policy tools in vulnerable Mediterranean areas

The coasts of the Mediterranean basin are exposed to the ongoing effects of climate change and anthropogenic pressure. Low elevated coastal plains, river deltas, lagoons and reclamation areas are experiencing beach retreat, coastal erosion and marine flooding. This makes them particularly vulnerable to sea level rise (SLR), which is expected to increase up to 1 m by 2100 AD, according to the projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. In this study, selected stakeholders from four Mediterranean coastal areas that are highly vulnerable to the impacts of SLR have been engaged through a structured participatory process for the development of solution-oriented, case-specific and site-specific Policy Tools to address SLR. The developed Policy Tools for the Venice Lagoon, the Metaponto reclamation area and the Basento river mouth, in Italy, the Ebro River Delta in Spain, and the coastal plain of Chalastra, near the Axios River Delta, in Greece, contain relevant, effective and implementable actions stemming from stakeholder interaction and consensus building. The interconnected stakeholder engagement steps employed in this study identified relevant issues that should be considered when defining SLR adaptation policies to bridge knowledge and perception gaps, facilitate knowledge exchange and foster social learning through structured science communication on SLR. This participatory stakeholder process can lay the foundations for more extensive participation in public processes through which the resulting Policy Tools can materialise into collectively accepted, concrete actions to help vulnerable areas adapt to the expected SLR and consequent coastal hazards by the end of this century.

Concept and study protocol of the process evaluation of a pragmatic randomized controlled trial to promote physical activity in outpatients with heterogeneous mental disorders—the ImPuls study

BackgroundEvidence suggests that patients suffering from different mental disorders benefit from exercise programs combined with behavior change techniques. Based on this evidence, we have developed an exercise program (ImPuls) specifically designed to provide an additional treatment option in the outpatient mental health care system. The implementation of such complex programs into the outpatient context requires research that goes beyond the evaluation of effectiveness, and includes process evaluation. So far, process evaluation related to exercise interventions has rarely been conducted. As part of a current pragmatic randomized controlled trial evaluating ImPuls treatment effects, we are therefore carrying out comprehensive process evaluation according to the Medical Research Council (MRC) framework. The central aim of our process evaluation is to support the findings of the ongoing randomized controlled trial.MethodsThe process evaluation follows a mixed-methods approach. We collect quantitative data via online-questionnaires from patients, exercise therapists, referring healthcare professionals and managers of outpatient rehabilitative and medical care facilities before, during, and after the intervention. In addition, documentation data as well as data from the ImPuls smartphone application are collected. Quantitative data is complemented by qualitative interviews with exercise therapists as well as a focus-group interview with managers. Treatment fidelity will be assessed through the rating of video-recorded sessions. Quantitative data analysis includes descriptive as well as mediation and moderation analyses. Qualitative data will be analyzed via qualitative content analysis.DiscussionThe results of our process evaluation will complement the evaluation of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness and will, for example, provide important information about mechanisms of impact, structural prerequisites, or provider qualification that may support the decision-making process of health policy stakeholders. It might contribute to paving the way for exercise programs like ImPuls to be made successively available for patients with heterogeneous mental disorders in the German outpatient mental health care system.Trial registrationThe parent clinical study was registered in the German Clinical Trials Register (ID: DRKS00024152, registered 05/02/2021, https://drks.de/search/en/trial/DRKS00024152).

Yes we can? Effects of a participatory visioning process on perceived climate efficacy

Lack of perceived efficacy can be an important barrier to climate mitigation action at various scales. Here, we study how a participatory visioning process, the Climate Modernity workshop in Styria, Austria, affected participants' efficacy outcomes. To this end, we conducted two survey waves eliciting self- and response efficacy regarding possible mitigation measures. We estimate difference-in-differences models and corroborate the findings using qualitative participant feedback. The results indicate that the intervention tended to decrease personal self-efficacy, in particular with regard to controversial topics like the transformation of the transport system. This suggests that participatory stakeholder processes can draw attention to the conflict potential and complexity of specific mitigation policies, decreasing the perceived feasibility of implementing them. The workshop, however, tended to increase particpants' personal response efficacy, particularly regarding voting for pro-environmental candidates. Accordingly, participatory processes could raise trust in the democratic process and in the effectiveness of making a green voting decision.

The effect of different periods of unconventional monetary policies on Japanese financial markets

PurposeThis study aims to examine to what extent the Japanese financial markets are affected by the four periods of unconventional monetary policies (UMP) implemented by the Bank of Japan from 2013 to 2020.Design/methodology/approachUsing the daily 10-year term spread as a proxy for monetary easing policy, this study uses four sub-sample periods from 2013 to 2020 to look into the effectiveness of UMP on the Japanese financial markets.FindingsOur result shows that not all of the Bank of Japan's unconventional monetary policies are equally effective in influencing the Japanese financial markets. In particular, the QQE policy implemented from April 2013 to October 2014 effectively influenced the stock market, banking sector and foreign exchange market. However, the financial market impact of monetary policy is muted during the QQE expansion period. Likewise, the QQE with a negative interest rate policy influences only the banking sector. Finally, the QQE with its yield curve control policy effectively impacts the financial markets.Research limitations/implicationsThis research can be expanded by studying the international spillover effect of the Bank of Japan's UMP on the financial markets in Asian countries.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study enable investors to understand the causal relationship between the Bank of Japan's UMP and the financial market indicators, thereby helping them to position their portfolio investments. From the policy perspective, the finding is useful to inform the Bank of Japan on which policy is relatively effective in affecting the financial markets. In light of the empirical finding, the Bank of Japan should continue to pursue the QQE YCCP or revert to the initial QQE policy, as the two policies are relatively more effective than the QQE expansion and QQE NIRP in affecting the Japanese financial markets.Social implicationsThe empirical finding highlights the importance of controlling for the impact of different QQE policies in the model. Future research may consider conducting sub-sample analysis to cater to the different QQE policy regimes. This approach provides a clearer picture and valid inferences on the financial market impact of each QQE policy.Originality/valueThis study provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of Bank of Japan's QQE on the Japanese financial markets. For the market participants, the findings of this study suggest that investors should closely gauge the development of the unconventional monetary policies of the Bank of Japan because the monetary easing policy influences the decision-making process of commercial banks, pension funds, mutual funds, retail investors and other stakeholders in the financial markets. The policy twist will have future ramifications for their loan, investment and retirement fund portfolios.

Hands across the Water: How the 57-Year Dispute over the Edwards Aquifer Began, Persisted, and Was Resolved

The Edwards Aquifer is the primary source of water for a region in South-Central Texas that includes San Antonio and irrigated agriculture to the west. The aquifer also contributes to surface water flow in the Guadalupe River through Comal and San Marcos Springs, which are home to endangered aquatic species. In 1956, during the multiyear Texas drought of record, Comal Springs ceased to flow initiating a multi-decadal transboundary water dispute over the aquifer. This dispute pitted urban, agricultural, and environmental interests and surface water right holders against one another. In 1993, a federal district court ruled that the Endangered Species Act required that adequate flows from the springs be ensured for the endangered species. The Texas Legislature responded to the court by establishing the Edwards Aquifer Authority to regulate groundwater withdrawals. In 2007, with a key deadline looming to create a species protection plan, the Texas Legislature intervened again and mandated that the rival regional water interests engage in a stakeholder process to develop the plan. That process, which was called the Edwards Aquifer Recovery Implementation Program, resulted in a diverse group of parties with opposing interests collaborating to develop, approve, fund, and implement the landmark Edwards Aquifer Habitat Conservation Plan, which is in its 10th year of implementation.

Optimal site selection of electric vehicle charging stations exploiting multi-criteria decision analysis: The case of Greek municipalities

The opportunities created in the Greek electric vehicle (EV) market have allowed potential investors to participate in the development of the EV charging infrastructure of the country. Yet, the decision process of relevant stakeholders for strategic investments is challenging, involving the identification of the most promising charging sites from a set of multiple alternative locations of various features that may significantly affect their business competitive advantage. This paper attempts to facilitate decision making in such settings using a comprehensive, yet thorough multi-criteria decision analysis framework. The proposed approach is validated considering ten Greek municipalities of different characteristics. The results show- case the overall strengths of the proposed approach and its utility in the strategic planning process of potential investors.

Integrated systematic planning and adaptive stakeholder process support a 10‐fold increase in South Africa's Marine Protected Area estate

AbstractSouth Africa sought to implement an ecologically representative Marine Protected Area (MPA) network to achieve biodiversity and fisheries management goals with least impact on offshore stakeholders. The result was the declaration of a spatially efficient network representing 131 of 150 marine ecosystem types (87%) in 5.4% of ocean area. We outline the 15‐year process from planning to implementation of 20 new MPAs, including contentious areas recognized as important for conservation decades ago. Systematic Conservation Planning (SCP) supported by 532 data layers and an inclusive stakeholder process identified priority areas, reduced conflict and guided complex trade‐offs. Multiple scenarios and iterative improvements increased transparency, supported ocean zonation and achieved balanced compromises while maintaining conservation objectives. Key challenges, enabling factors and lessons are shared. We demonstrate that flexible, evidence‐based SCP together with adaptive social processes that are alert to opportunities can support implementation of representative MPA networks aligned to ocean economy goals.

Modeling Soil Organic Carbon Dynamics of Arable Land across Scales: A Simplified Assessment of Alternative Management Practices on the Level of Administrative Units

Regional assessments of soil organic carbon (SOC) trends and the carbon sequestration potential of alternative management practices (AMP) are highly relevant for developing climate change mitigation strategies for the agricultural sector. Such studies could benefit from simplified SOC modeling approaches on the scale of administrative units as this often corresponds to the level of policy-making and data availability. However, there is a risk of systematic errors in such scaling operations. To overcome this problem, we performed a scaling experiment where we simulated the SOC dynamics of the arable soils of the State of Saxony (Germany) across a series of scales using the CANDY Carbon Balance (CCB) model. Specifically, we developed model set-ups on four different administrative levels (NUTS1, NUTS2, NUTS3, and LAU) and evaluated the simulation results of the upscaled models against a 500 m grid-based reference model. Furthermore, we quantified the carbon sequestration potential of selected AMP scenarios (addressing field grass, cover crops, and conservation tillage) across all scales. The upscaled model set-ups adequately simulated the SOC trends of Saxon arable land compared to the grid-based reference simulation (scaling error: 0.8–3.8%), while providing significant benefits for model application, data availability and runtime. The carbon sequestration potential of the AMP scenarios (1.33 Mt C until 2050) was slightly overestimated (+0.07–0.09 Mt C) by the upscaled model set-ups. Regardless of the scale of model set-up, we showed that the use of aggregated statistical input data could lead to a systematic underestimation of SOC trends. LAU and NUTS3 levels were shown to be a suitable compromise for effectively quantifying SOC dynamics and allowed for an acceptable spatial prioritization of AMPs. Such simplified, scale-adapted assessments are valuable for cross-regional comparisons and for communication to and among decision-makers, and might provide a quantitative basis for discussions on the effectiveness of AMPs in various stakeholder processes.

The impact of behavior safety management system on coal mine work safety: A system dynamics model of quadripartite evolutionary game

Employees’ unsafe behavior is the main cause of coal mine accidents, and an effective and efficient coal mine behavior safety management (CMBSM) system is critical to ensuring coal mine work safety. To explore the impact of CMBSM system on coal mine work safety, a four-player evolutionary game model of the CMBSM system including organizations, managers, coal miners, and groups is developed. Then, the behavior strategy interactions and evolution processes of stakeholders in the CMBSM system are analyzed in combination with system dynamics modeling. Moreover, the impacts of key parameters on the decision-making behavior of stakeholders are analyzed based on the distribution proportion of rewards and penalties in the context of organization incentives applied for Chinese coal mines. The results are as follows. First, the initial strategy combinations affect the overall stability of the CMBSM system. Second, the quadripartite evolutionary game applied for the CMBSM system has a long-term rebound effect under the static reward proportion strategy. Then, the positive incentive behaviors of organizations cannot be maintained for a long time under the static penalty proportion strategy. Finally, the CMBSM system can evolve to the best stable state under the combined dynamic reward and dynamic penalty proportion strategies. Some behavior safety management strategies that can improve coal mine work safety are offered based on the results. More importantly, the results confirm the importance of strengthening behavior safety management for coal mine work safety and raise new avenues for safety management in other industries.

Development of Stakeholder Engagement Strategies to Improve Sustainable Construction Implementation Based on Lean Construction Principles in Indonesia

Stakeholder management has an important role in the success of the project because the strategies, plans, methods, and processes for stakeholders greatly determine the success of sustainable construction implementation. Lean construction is one of the principles in implementing sustainable construction by maximizing value and minimizing waste to increase productivity. This study aims to analyze the stakeholder engagement assessment matrix in lean construction, analyze the drivers and barriers in lean construction, and develop stakeholder engagement strategies to improve the implementation of sustainable lean construction. For this study, a questionnaire survey with 61 respondents was used. The data analysis method uses the Certainty Index, RII, Fuzzy AHP, and Fuzzy-TOPSIS. The findings of this research show that there are engagement gaps among stakeholders such as owners, contractors, consultants, subcontractors, architects, the government, local governments, and NGOs. There is no engagement gap between project suppliers and investors. The highest barrier to implementing sustainable lean construction is a lack of knowledge and skills in using lean tools and principles, while the highest driver to implement sustainable lean construction is improved time efficiency and process standardization. The best strategy for increasing stakeholder engagement is by having governments develop regulations and standardize green and sustainable materials.

Monitoring and Assessment Heritage Tool: Quantify and classify urban heritage buildings

Urban areas and historical centres are exposed to climate change, decay, human threats, among other menaces, which jeopardize their safeguard. Besides, in general, stakeholders, or decision-makers, do not require interventions to be sustained by previous evaluations of their impact in the urban heritage. To fill this gap, the international organizations in charge of the protection of cultural heritage (e.g., UNESCO, ICOMOS, ICCROM), in line with what happens with the environment, request a holistic and integrated evaluations, regarding heritage impact assessment to maintain the urban heritage.The paper proposes a Monitoring and Assessment Heritage Tool (MAHT) to collect data concerning heritage, technical and social dimensions of urban heritage buildings. This tool aims to create shared databases, using a systematic assessment and monitoring to identify attributes and transformations, especially regarding physical features of urban fabrics and buildings, and the quality of life of citizens. It involves data analysis, supported by statistical procedures, which underline complementarity dimensions, and combined indicators, i.e., distinct levels of quantitative information. Finally, the paper concludes that, as a holistic assessment tool, MAHT contributes to catalogue buildings in cities, providing structured and systematised data, to support the decision-making processes of the different stakeholders at different urban heritage levels.

Embedded 3D reconstruction of dynamic objects in real time for maritime situational awareness pictures

Assessing the security status of maritime infrastructures is a key factor for maritime safety and security. Facilities such as ports and harbors are highly active traffic zones with many different agents and infrastructures present, like containers, trucks or vessels. Conveying security-related information in a concise and easily understandable format can support the decision-making process of stakeholders, such as port authorities, law enforcement agencies and emergency services. In this work, we propose a novel real-time 3D reconstruction framework for enhancing maritime situational awareness pictures by joining temporal 2D video data into a single consistent display. We introduce and verify a pipeline prototype for dynamic 3D reconstruction of maritime objects using a static observer and stereoscopic cameras on an GPU-accelerated embedded device. A simulated dataset of a harbor basin was created and used for real-time processing. Usage of a simulated setup allowed verification against synthetic ground-truth data. The presented pipeline runs entirely on a remote, low-power embedded system with ∼\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sim $$\\end{document}6 Hz. A Nvidia Jetson Xavier AGX module was used, featuring 512 CUDA-cores, 16 GB memory and an ARMv8 64-bit octa-core CPU.