Logical Problems Research Articles

Using LEGO MINDSTORMS in Primary Schools: Perspective of Educational Sector

Programming is a great means for kids to learn different skills such as logical thinking and problem solving. LEGO MINDSTORMS This study explores the readiness and viability of teaching program-ming schools in Saudi primary schools using LEGO MINDSTORMS.LEGO MINDSTORM was chosen as it is a good tool for LEGO MINDSTORMS playing and education. This study conducted a survey to investigate the opinions of education officials and education managers toward the viability of using LEGO MINDSTORMS to teach students programming concepts in primary schools. The samples were from the ministry of education. The ministry’s members gave recommendations on how LEGO MINDSTORMS can be introduced to the primary school students and identified some of the obstacles that may delay this process. Based on the survey. The survey results showed that more than half of the members agree that primary school students should introduce programming skills. The results also showed that most of them prefer Scratch software over LEGO MINDSTORM to teach programming.Programming is a great means for kids to learn different skills such as logical thinking and problem solving. LEGO MINDSTORMS This study explores the readiness and viability of teaching program-ming schools in Saudi primary schools using LEGO MINDSTORMS.LEGO MINDSTORM was chosen as it is a good tool for LEGO MINDSTORMS playing and education. This study conducted a survey to investigate the opinions of education officials and education managers toward the viability of using LEGO MINDSTORMS to teach students programming concepts in primary schools. The samples were from the ministry of education. The ministry’s members gave recommendations on how LEGO MINDSTORMS can be introduced to the primary school students and identified some of the obstacles that may delay this process. Based on the survey. The survey results showed that more than half of the members agree that primary school students should introduce programming skills. The results also showed that most of them prefer Scratch software over LEGO MINDSTORM to teach programming.

Hybrid architecture based on two-dimensional memristor crossbar array and CMOS integrated circuit for edge computing

The fabrication of integrated circuits (ICs) employing two-dimensional (2D) materials is a major goal of semiconductor industry for the next decade, as it may allow the extension of the Moore’s law, aids in in-memory computing and enables the fabrication of advanced devices beyond conventional complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. However, most circuital demonstrations so far utilizing 2D materials employ methods such as mechanical exfoliation that are not up-scalable for wafer-level fabrication, and their application could achieve only simple functionalities such as logic gates. Here, we present the fabrication of a crossbar array of memristors using multilayer hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as dielectric, that exhibit analog bipolar resistive switching in >96% of devices, which is ideal for the implementation of multi-state memory element in most of the neural networks, edge computing and machine learning applications. Instead of only using this memristive crossbar array to solve a simple logical problem, here we go a step beyond and present the combination of this h-BN crossbar array with CMOS circuitry to implement extreme learning machine (ELM) algorithm. The CMOS circuit is used to design the encoder unit, and a h-BN crossbar array of 2D hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) based memristors is used to implement the decoder functionality. The proposed hybrid architecture is demonstrated for complex audio, image, and other non-linear classification tasks on real-time datasets.

Museum of Outstanding Figures in Ukrainian Culture

This paper deals with a famous problem of epistemic logic – logical omniscience. Logical omniscience occurs in the logical systems where the axiomatics is complete and consequently an agent using inference rules knows everything about the system. Logical omniscience is a major problem due to complexity problems and the inability for adequate human reasoning modeling. It is studied both informal logic and philosophy of psychology (bounded rationality). It is important for bounded rationality because it reflects the problem of formal characterization of purely psychological mechanisms. Paper proposes to solve it using the ideas from the philosophical bounded rationality and intuitionistic logic. Special regions of deductible formulas developed according to psychologistic criterion should guide the deductive model. The method is compared to other ones presented in the literature on logical omniscience such as Hintikka’s and Vinkov and Fominuh. Views from different perspectives such as computer science and artificial intelligence are also provided.

ATHANASE JOJA – OUTSTANDING PERSONALITY OF THE ROMANIAN CULTURE

"Concerned with philosophy, history and logic alike, Athanase Joja has written a treatise on logic which is the fundamental landmark of the current logic research. The second half of the twentieth century is marked by the appearance of its four volumes of logic. The volumes include a history of logic, problems of systematic logic and logic of science, which reveals his logical vision, but also his philosophical one. He manages to develop a complex theory of the history of logic, capitalizing on the conceptions of classical and modern philosophers, through a proper hierarchy and interpretation, corresponding to an integrative conception. He gives ample space to some complex, vast and difficult-to-match problems. He has been questioning himself constantly and he sought pertinent answers to problems of logic, epistemology and ontology, in order to capture some generally valid truths. The history of ancient thought, Greek philosophy and especially Aristotelian thought were analysed, systematized and discussed in his own manner, a fact which led Constantin Noica to contribute to the publication of two of his History of Ancient Thought volumes. About him, Ion Ianoși stated that through his texts he proves a certain aesthetic sensitivity and receptivity to artistic values. The present study, based on a careful documentation, aims to configure an image as close as possible to the reality of the great thinker Athanase Joja. Particularly critical of his own writings, he provoked a relatively low cognitive interest in his research; this explains the fact that his work is insufficiently known and valued. However, the 21st century has begun with a globally manifest desire to capitalize on and reinterpret the knowledge of the forerunners. In this regard, we note the fact that his life and work were evoked, in 2004, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of his birth. In the public life, he played an important role in promoting scientific values and contributed to the establishment of prestigious international scientific publications and events, which would capitalize on the results of Romanian scientific research. We consider that any attention paid to Athanase Joja’s work is an approach that is part of the global cultural trends of the 21st century."

Conceptual Problems in Bell’s Inequality and Quantum Entanglement

The description of the microscopic world in quantum mechanics is very different from that in classical physics, and there are some points of view that are contrary to intuition and logic. The first is the problem of reality; quantum mechanics believes the behavior of micro particles is random and jumping. The second is the loss of certainty; the conjugate physical variables of a system cannot be determined synchronously, they satisfy the Heisenberg uncertainty principle. The third is the non-local correlation. The measurement of one particle in the quantum entanglement pair will influence the state of the other entangled particle simultaneously. In this paper, some concepts related to quantum entanglement, such as EPR correlation, quantum entanglement correlation function, Bell’s inequality and so on, are analyzed in detail. Analysis shows that the mystery and confusion in quantum theory may be caused by the logical problems in its basic framework. Bell’s inequality is only a mathematical theorem, but its physical meaning is actually unclear. The Bell state of quantum entangled pair may not satisfy the dynamic equation of quantum theory, so it cannot describe the true state of microscopic particles. In this paper, the correct correlation functions of spin entanglement pair and photonic entanglement pair are strictly derived according to normal logic. Quantum theory is a more fundamental theory than classical mechanics, and they are not equal relation in logic. However, there are still some unreasonable contents in the framework of quantum theory, which need to be improved. In order to disclose the real relationship between quantum theory and classical mechanics, we propose some experiments which provide intuitionistic teaching materials for the new interpretation of quantum theory.

V. SESEMAN’S “PURE KNOWLEDGE” CONCEPT

Although the concept of “pure knowledge” is one of the most interesting and singular concepts in the philosophical work of Vasily Seseman (1884-1963), it can only be presented after a comprehensive analysis of the philosopher’s numerous works devoted to ontological, epistemological and logical problems. Seseman believes that the main philosophical trends at the beginning of the twentieth century, namely neo-Kantianism, intuitionism and phenomenology, could not present this concept, although they did try. According to the philosopher, the main reason for the inability of neo-Kantianism, intuitionism and phenomenology to start talking about pure knowledge is their inability to assert the essential difference between objective and non-objective knowledge. Sesemann pays special attention when substantiating his concept of “pure knowledge” to the difference between his approach and that of the founder of modern phenomenology. The philosopher points out that even Husserl, who concentrated attention on the specifics of inner experience, puts this specific, in the end, in dependence on the process of cognition and reflection, completely ignoring its ontological foundations. While pure knowledge, according to Seseman, is neither non-objective, nor objective knowledge, nor non-objective, nor objective being, it, in fact, is non-knowledge and non-being. It is precisely this understanding by the philosopher of this phenomenon that allows him to characterize pure knowledge as premiseless and limitless and, in general, as free from any ontological or epistemological determinations. However, on the other hand, Sesemann insists that the phenomenon of pure knowledge has the meaning of not just a regulatory idea, an infinitely distant ideal, but also a real constitutive meaning, as a principle that reveals and determines the human striving for knowledge as an interconnected and necessary process that ascends from the onto-gnoseological stage of non-objective knowledge to the epistemological, and then the logical stage of objective knowledge.

Alternativelessness: On the Beginning Problem of Hegel's Logic

Recent discussions concerning the beginning problem of Hegel’s Logic have reached the agreement that any promised interpretation of the beginning of the Logic must reject opposition between the immediacy and mediation and embrace their unity instead. It is how this unity is understood that divides interpreters. Either the mediation precedes the immediacy and justifies it first, or a somewhat one-sided immediacy occurs first and waits to be mediated later in a circular justification. However, both concepts are confronted with their own difficulties. To avoid these difficulties, I propose that the pure immediacy or pure being is justified to be the Logic’s beginning in virtue of its alternativelessness. Only it can measure up to the rigorous requirement implied by the nature of the beginning.

Г. Гобәйдуллинның 1913 елда «Мәктәп» журналында басылып чыккан мәкаләләренә анализ

The paper analyses the articles of the famous Tatar historian G. Gubaydullin published in his student years in the magazine “Maktap” (1913). The articles are devoted to the problems of teaching logic and history in Tatar madrasas at the beginning of the twentieth century. The introduction of new secular subjects into the learning process was especially relevant for the national school. Moreover, new teaching methods were developed in the absence of school textbooks in the Tatar language. Gubaydullin, as a future professional historian, understood full well the importance of humanitarian subjects, especially history and logic, in the formation of national identity of young people. In the article “Din madrasalarenda tarikh ukytu” (“Teaching history in religious madrassas”) he discusses the methodological recommendations for teachers and shakirds. The recommendations were important because Tatar educators had no experience in teaching history. Logic was studied in old-fashioned madrasas, but after the 1905 revolution the training programs were changed and there was a demand for a new textbook which would meet the requirements of the era. The historian writes about this issue in the article “Din madrasalarenda mantyk” (“Logic in religious madrassas”). At the beginning of the new century, the Tatar public had heated discussions about the concept of “nation”. G. Gubaydullin expressed his opinion about the preservation of the unity of the Turkic peoples in the article “Iske tel ham millat” (“Old language and nation”). He considered it necessary to introduce a new school subject – the Chagatay language for a better understanding of the ancient Turkic literature. The analysis of these articles gives an idea of the scholar’s views on national pedagogy.

What is Artificial Intelligence?

Artificial intelligence (AI) is the ability of a machine or computer system to simulate and perform tasks that would normally require human intelligence, such as logical reasoning, learning, and problem solving. Artificial intelligence is based on the use of machine learning algorithms and technologies to give machines the ability to apply certain cognitive abilities and perform tasks on their own autonomously or semi-autonomously. Artificial intelligence is distinguished by its degree of cognitive capacity or by its degree of autonomy. By capacity it can be weak or limited, general or superlative. Due to its autonomy, it can be reactive, deliberative, cognitive, or totally autonomous. As artificial intelligence improves, many processes are becoming more efficient and tasks that seem complicated today will be performed more quickly and accurately.

The Italian Puzzle of the European Youth Guarantee

Focusing on the European Youth Guarantee (YG), this chapter explores why the funds for a specific EU co-financing 2014‒20 programme actually got to be spent in Italy—completely and on time. Thanks to a methodology that combines a set of indicators—spending input and output, regional divide proxies, the positive exit of young beneficiaries, outcomes, target achievement, the penetration rate of actions, and the logical framework approach to detecting problems and finding solutions—the chapter analyses why the same initiative may, in certain areas of the country, provide counterexamples to the overall mapping of the spending of EU funds, due to regional economic and social gaps and unclear multilevel governance, targets and sets of indicators. By conducting a multidimensional exercise, the chapter shows that an evaluation focused on national data input and output does not reveal the real impact of the YG on the country. It argues that national monitoring does not necessarily reveal the limits and causes of the efficiency and effectiveness of such an initiative. Lack of spending, late spending, low target achievement and misdirection of resources are examined in order to shed light on the effectiveness of YG measures in facilitating young individuals’ transition into the labour market. While a macro-regional and regional analysis of input, output and outcome data will show how the Youth Guarantee success is mainly linked to the development of local youth labour markets, the logical framework problem tree will help identify the primary causes of the limited impact of the national YG scheme and identify efforts to be made to remove these causes. Such a removal would in the future increase the impact of the YG if accompanied by a higher level of management skills among the Public Employment Services personnel involved and the full digitalisation of the public bodies involved in the process.

Circuitree: A Datalog Reasoner in Zero-Knowledge

Driven by the increased consciousness in data ownership and privacy, zero-knowledge proofs (ZKPs) have become a popular tool to convince a third party of the truthfulness of a statement without disclosing any further information. As ZKPs are rather complex to design, frameworks that transform high-level languages into ZKPs have been proposed. We propose Circuitree, a Datalog reasoner in zero-knowledge. Datalog is a high-level declarative logic language that is generally used for querying. Furthermore, as a logic language, it can also be used to solve logic problems. An application using Circuitree can efficiently generate ZKPs, based on Datalog rules and encrypted data, to prove that a certain conclusion follows from a Datalog ruleset and encrypted input data. Compared to existing frameworks, which generally use their own limited imperative languages, Circuitree uses an existing high-level declarative language. We point out several applications for Circuitree, including EU Digital COVID Certificates and privacy-preserving access control for peer-to-peer (p2p) networks. Circuitree’s performance is evaluated for access control in a p2p network. First results show that our approach allows for fast proofs and proof verification for this application.

On the Role of Depth Predictions for 3d Human Pose Estimation

Following the successful application of deep convolutional neural networks to 2d human pose estimation, the next logical problem to solve is 3d human pose estimation from monocular images. While previous solutions have shown some success, they do not fully utilize the depth information from the 2d inputs. With the goal of addressing this depth ambiguity, we build a system that takes 2d joint locations as input along with their estimated depth value and predicts their 3d positions in camera coordinates. Given the inherent noise and inaccuracy from estimating depth maps from monocular images, we perform an extensive statistical analysis showing that given this noise there is still a statistically significant correlation between the predicted depth values and the third coordinate of camera coordinates. We further explain how the state-of-the-art results we achieve on the H3.6M validation set are due to the additional input of depth. Notably, our results are produced on neural network that accepts a low dimensional input and be integrated into a real-time system. Furthermore, our system can be combined with an off-the-shelf 2d pose detector and a depth map predictor to perform 3d pose estimation in the wild.

LOGICAL TASKS

This article discusses non-standard logical problems encountered in the mathematical Olympiad and methods of their solution. Special attention is paid to familiarization with the ways of solving logical problems and the peculiarities of teaching this topic. Forming the skills of solving logical problems, we develop in the student the qualities of curiosity, perseverance, versatility. The main purpose of setting logical problems at the Mathematical Olympiad is the independent solution of problems and the development of students' curiosity.At the mathematical Olympiad, it is rather more difficult for schoolchildren to solve logical problems. Therefore, a professionally qualified teacher should be able to teach his students effective methods of solving problems.

CREATIVE THINKING OF PROSPECTIVE MATHEMATICS TEACHER BASED ON LEARNING BARRIERS AND SELF-EFFICACY

Mathematical creativity forms the basis for logical thinking, spatial thinking, and problem formation. This study aims to analyze the creative thinking profile of prospective mathematics teacher candidates based on self-efficacy and learning barriers from prospective mathematics teachers. This research approach was qualitative. The qualitative part uses the descriptive analysis method. The instruments in this research were the self-efficacy questionnaire, learning barrier questionnaire, creative thinking test, and interviews. The sample of this research was carried out on 150 prospective mathematics teachers. Prospective teachers are given a self-efficacy questionnaire, learning barriers, creative thinking test. Furthermore, the subject is selected according to the level of self-efficacy and learning barriers. Selected subjects were given a written test, and an interview was conducted. The selected subjects in this study amounted to six people. The criteria for the selected subject were two subjects who have high self-efficacy and low learning barriers, two subjects who have moderate self-efficacy and moderate learning barriers, and two subjects who have low self-efficacy with criteria being hampered in learning. The results showed that, First, subjects with high self-efficacy and low learning barriers are included in creative but do not include all indicators of creative thinking. Second, subjects with moderate and low self-efficacy with moderate and high learning barriers are quite creative. This second result showed that the subject has an average value of good creative thinking indicators for all indicators of creative thinking. This study concluded that self-efficacy and student learning barriers were linear with their creative thinking. The results of this study are important as a basis for teachers that not all students are smart. So that the learning process must still pay attention to the condition of students, especially learning barriers and self-ability.

Paradoxical Aspects of the Russellian Conception of Existence

In this paper, the authors try to clarify the relations between Meinong’s and Russell's thoughts on the ontological ideas of existence. The Meinongian theory on non-existent objects does not in itself violate the principle of non-contradiction, since the problem that this hypothesis offers to the theory of definite descriptions is not so much a logical problem as an ontological problem. To demonstrate this we will establish what we believe are the two main theses basic to the theory of descriptions: the epistemological thesis and logical thesis.

On decidability of concept satisfiability in Description Logic with product semantics

The aim of the present paper is to prove that concept validity and positive satisfiability with an empty ontology in the Fuzzy Description Logic IALE, under standard product semantics and with respect to quasi-witnessed models, are decidable. In our framework we are not considering reasoning tasks over ontologies. The proof of our result consists in reducing the problem to a finitary consequence problem in propositional product logic with Monteiro-Baaz delta operator, which is known to be decidable. Product FDL and first order logic are known not to enjoy the finite model property, so we cannot restrict to finite interpretations. Thus, in order to obtain our result, we need to codify infinite interpretations using a finite number of propositional formulas. Such result was conjectured in [10], but the proof given was subsequently found incorrect. In the present work an improved reduction algorithm is proposed and a proof of the same result is provided.

Representation and Reasoning about Strategic Abilities with ω-Regular Properties

Specification and verification of coalitional strategic abilities have been an active research area in multi-agent systems, artificial intelligence, and game theory. Recently, many strategic logics, e.g., Strategy Logic (SL) and alternating-time temporal logic (ATL*), have been proposed based on classical temporal logics, e.g., linear-time temporal logic (LTL) and computational tree logic (CTL*), respectively. However, these logics cannot express general ω-regular properties, the need for which are considered compelling from practical applications, especially in industry. To remedy this problem, in this paper, based on linear dynamic logic (LDL), proposed by Moshe Y. Vardi, we propose LDL-based Strategy Logic (LDL-SL). Interpreted on concurrent game structures, LDL-SL extends SL, which contains existential/universal quantification operators about regular expressions. Here we adopt a branching-time version. This logic can express general ω-regular properties and describe more programmed constraints about individual/group strategies. Then we study three types of fragments (i.e., one-goal, ATL-like, star-free) of LDL-SL. Furthermore, we show that prevalent strategic logics based on LTL/CTL*, such as SL/ATL*, are exactly equivalent with those corresponding star-free strategic logics, where only star-free regular expressions are considered. Moreover, results show that reasoning complexity about the model-checking problems for these new logics, including one-goal and ATL-like fragments, is not harder than those of corresponding SL or ATL*.

The lattice and semigroup structure of multipermutations

We study the algebraic properties of binary relations whose underlying digraph is smooth, that is, has no source or sink. Such objects have been studied as surjective hyper-operations (shops) on the corresponding vertex set, and as binary relations that are defined everywhere and whose inverse is also defined everywhere. In the latter formulation, they have been called multipermutations. We study the lattice structure of sets (monoids) of multipermutations over an [Formula: see text]-element domain. Through a Galois connection, these monoids form the algebraic counterparts to sets of relations closed under definability in positive first-order logic without equality. We show one side of this Galois connection, and give a simple dichotomy theorem for the evaluation problem of positive first-order logic without equality on the class of structures whose preserving multipermutations form a monoid closed under inverse. These problems turn out either to be in [Formula: see text] or to be [Formula: see text]-complete. We go on to study the monoid of all multipermutations on an [Formula: see text]-element domain, under usual composition of relations. We characterize its Green relations, regular elements and show that it does not admit a generating set that is polynomial on [Formula: see text].

Progressing the development of a food literacy questionnaire using cognitive interviews.

Food literacy is the knowledge, skills and behaviours needed to meet food needs and determine intake and is conceptualised as eleven components under four domains of planning and managing, selecting, preparing, and eating. Previous measures of food literacy vary in their adherence to the conceptualisation and ability to capture totality of eating. This study aimed to determine items for inclusion and exclusion in a food literacy item pool and capture the general public's interpretation of everyday food literacy practices. Beginning with an item pool from previous studies, cognitive interviews were conducted using think-aloud and verbal probing methods. Data were first analysed for applicability, clarity, ambiguity and logic, then for emergent themes to ensure items captured the totality of the participant's eating. Australia. Australian residents over 18 years of age recruited via Facebook residential groups (n 20). Of the original 116 items, 11 items had limited applicability; 13 items had unclear references; 32 items had lexical problems and 11 items had logical problems. In total, 29 items were deleted, 31 retained and 56 revised. Thematic analysis revealed participants limited their responses to consider only conventional practices such as grocery shopping, cooking and planned meals rather than the totality of their eating. An additional eighty-four items were developed to address eating out, incidental eating occasions and inconsistencies between participants assumed correct knowledge and that of public health guidelines. This resulted in a refined 171-item pool. This study progresses the development towards a comprehensive, validated food literacy questionnaire.

Research on Application of Computer Recognition Technology in C Language Programming Modeling System

C language programming is more and more favoured by the majority of technical personnel in embedded systems. The application of C language technology in computer software programming can effectively avoid unnecessary language logic problems, ensure the smooth progress of programming work and effectively improve the quality and efficiency of programming. For the development of C language embedded system, the programming ideas of system software are explained, the functional module division based on hierarchical design is given, and the realization methods of project organization, program framework design, module reuse design, etc. in the software development process are clarified. To solve the contradiction between C language flexibility and application development engineering. Although it is introduced for the ARM platform, the basic experience and algorithms are also suitable for software design on other embedded platforms.