Logical Problems Research Articles

Free Will, the Holocaust, and The Problem of Evil

In this paper, I ask whether the occurrence of the Holocaust is good reason to doubt the existence of God. To do so, I will explore different varieties of the problem of evil to determine exactly what kind of argument the problem of the Holocaust is. I will then explore proposed solutions to the relevant varieties of the problem of evil to see if they can solve the problem of the Holocaust. The logical problem of the Holocaust, I will argue, can only be solved at the cost of embracing an unorthodox (heretical?) “open” view of God. The evidential problem of the Holocaust can be solved, but only at the cost of embracing a deistic view of God that would entail that he might as well not exist. What’s more, both solutions are rooted in the idea of free will. Consequently, either the theist will have to answer the myriad of arguments which suggest that libertarian free will doesn’t exist, or embrace a compatibilist notion of free will which renders the above solutions moot and turns the problem of the Holocaust into a version of the logical problem of natural evil—a problem which has not yet been satisfactorily solved.

Why Does Propositional Quantification Make Modal and Temporal Logics on Trees Robustly Hard?

Adding propositional quantification to the modal logics K, T or S4 is known to lead to undecidability but CTL with propositional quantification under the tree semantics (tQCTL) admits a non-elementary Tower-complete satisfiability problem. We investigate the complexity of strict fragments of tQCTL as well as of the modal logic K with propositional quantification under the tree semantics. More specifically, we show that tQCTL restricted to the temporal operator EX is already Tower-hard, which is unexpected as EX can only enforce local properties. When tQCTL restricted to EX is interpreted on N-bounded trees for some N >= 2, we prove that the satisfiability problem is AExpPol-complete; AExpPol-hardness is established by reduction from a recently introduced tiling problem, instrumental for studying the model-checking problem for interval temporal logics. As consequences of our proof method, we prove Tower-hardness of tQCTL restricted to EF or to EXEF and of the well-known modal logics such as K, KD, GL, K4 and S4 with propositional quantification under a semantics based on classes of trees.

Analysis of A* Algorithm Optimization and Breadth First Search in the Water Teapot Game

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a branch of computer science that focuses on learning how computers can work or perform as well as humans or even better than humans. The development of artificial intelligence can be used as a benchmark for technological developments. Many problems can be solved using this artificial intelligence concept. One of them is a water jug ​​logic game. The water jugs problem is a game requiring converting a situation into another desired situation using a certain set of operations. The objective of this game is for players to develop their deductive reasoning skills by figuring out how to move x litters of water from one teapot to another. To accomplish this, they will refer to the beginning value that has to be filled in each teapot and the end value that needs to be filled in each teapot. Using the A* algorithm and the Breadth-First Search (BFS) algorithm, which both fall under the umbrella of artificial intelligence, it is possible to find a solution to this issue. The A* algorithm is a Best First Search algorithm that combines Uniform Cost Search and Greedy Best-First Search, while the Breadth-First Search algorithm is a graph search algorithm that performs a wide search at each level. This study analyzed the effectiveness of the A* and BFS algorithms in solving the water jug ​​logic problem, both from the number of steps and the time required for completion. The results of the tests were carried out, and it is known that the BFS algorithm is more effective than the A* algorithm because the BFS algorithm can provide a number of alternative solutions to the water jug ​​logic problem with various conditions.

W.V.O. Quine’s “Indeterminacy Thesis of Radical Translation” and the Logic Problem in the Expression of African Thoughts

Western missionaries, ethnographic and anthropological scholars arrived in Africa, quizzed the pre-colonial African, and adjudged her, pre-critical and pre-logical, since the latter could not disclose or express thoughts according to the dictates or criteria initiated by the former. The criteria are the former’s language and logic. The West’s fundamental but implicit aim is to unearth African equivalents of Western concepts and the failure to discern these have placed the contemporary African in a status quo where she is on the intellectual defensive. Through the method of conversational philosophy, this research interrogates the linguistic and logical assumptions with which the West quizzed pre-colonial Africans. Whereas it invokes and concedes to William Van Orman Quine over the indeterminacy in meaning while translating word for word, from one language to the other, this research goes on to reinforce how the inadequate classical bivalent logic, which undergirds their assessment of African thoughts, is the culprit. After exploring the character of this intellectual misappropriation, this study invokes Gottlob Frege’s discourse on the tandem between logic and language, to foreground that the failure of comprehension whilst translating is not traceable to pre-colonial Africans but to the Western ethnographic and anthropological scholars via the excessive reliance on the background classical logic that underpins thought in that tradition. From this leaning, it becomes clear that the pre-colonial African is neither pre-critical nor pre-logical but intellectually unique in ways beyond the comprehension of the West.

Causal Connections, Logical Connections, and Skeptical Theism: There Is No Logical Problem of Evil

In this paper, I consider Sterba’s recent criticism of skeptical theism in context of his argument from evil. I show that Sterba’s criticism of skeptical theism shares an undesirable trait with all past criticisms of skeptical theism: it fails. This is largely due to his focus on causal connections and his neglect of logical connections. Because of this, his argument remains vulnerable to skeptical theism.

“I feel like it is asking if he is a stalker … but I also feel like it is asking if he cares”: exploring young South African women and men’s perceptions of the Sexual Relationship Power Scale

BackgroundGender inequity and the subsequent health impacts disproportionately affect communities in the Global South. However, most gender equity measures, such as Pulerwitz’ (2000) Sexual Relationship Power Scale (SRPS), are developed and validated in the Global North and then applied in Global South settings without investigation of context applicability or validity. This study examines the SRPS’ validity evidence, comprehensiveness, and contemporary relevance for young South African women and men.MethodsBetween 2019 and 2021, 38 cognitive interviews (CIs) were conducted among previous participants of a South African youth cohort study ‘AYAZAZI’ (2015–2017) to explore youth’s perceptions of the SRPS. The SRPS measures women’s perceptions of their partner’s controlling behaviours, and men’s perceptions of their own controlling behaviours. Using CIs, participants responded to a 13-item adaptation of the SRPS for use among South African youth (strongly agree-strongly disagree), and then were asked to think-aloud their reasoning for responses, their understanding and perceived relevance of each item, and made overall suggestions for scale adaptations. An item appraisal coding process was applied, whereby Cognitive Coding assessed the types of cognitive problems youth had with understanding the items, and Question Feature Coding assessed which item features caused problems for participant understandings. Finally, youth recommendations for scale adaptations were summarized.ResultsOverall, 21 women and 17 men aged 21–30 participated in CIs in Durban and Soweto, South Africa. Cognitive Coding revealed 1. Comprehension issues, and 2. Judgements related to items’ applicability to lived experiences and identities (e.g., being unmarried). Question Feature Coding revealed items’ 1. Lack of clarity or vagueness in wording and 2. Logical problems in assumptions leading to multiple interpretations (e.g., item ‘my partner always need to know where I am’ interpreted as both controlling and caring behaviour). Multiple, overlapping issues revealed how many items failed to “fit” within the present-day living realities of South African youth. Youth recommended several item adaptations and additions, including strength-based items, to existing measures of gender equity and relationship power.ConclusionGiven identified issues, several adaptations including revising items to be more inclusive, contemporary, context specific, relational, and strength-based are needed to validly measure gender equity and power dynamics within the relationships of South African youth.

Enumerating teams in first-order team logics

We start the study of the enumeration complexity of different satisfiability problems in first-order team logics. Since many of our problems go beyond DelP, we use a framework for hard enumeration analogous to the polynomial hierarchy, which was recently introduced by Creignou et al. (Discret. Appl. Math. 2019). We show that the problem to enumerate all satisfying teams of a fixed formula in a given first-order structure is DelNP-complete for certain formulas of dependence logic and independence logic. For inclusion logic formulas, this problem is even in DelP. Furthermore, we study the variants of this problem where only maximal or minimal solutions, with respect to cardinality or inclusion, are considered. For the most part these share the same complexity as the original problem. One exception is the cardinality minimum-variant for inclusion logic, which is DelNP-complete, the other is the inclusion maximal-variant for dependence and independence logic, which is in Del+NP and DelNP-hard.

STUDY THE LOGIC OF MODERN PSYCHOLOGY FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PHILOSOPHY

BackgroundPsychology and logic have similar disciplinary backgrounds. When searching for “psychology” or “logic”, there are many academic papers. When searching for relevant keywords, there are even more papers. However, searching the database for “the relationship between psychology and logic” will only find dozens of papers. This study focuses on the relationship between psychology and logic. Although the breadth and depth of the current research field of psychology are unprecedented, the results of retrieval and review show that there is little research on psychology from the perspective of philosophy. Philosophy is the basis of the initial existence of psychology and logic, and nature has the nature of both. Due to the progress and development of science, psychology and logic were separated and integrated with each other. This study attempts to explore the logic problem from the perspective of psychology, and to explore the further research of psychology from the perspective of logic problem. It is more beneficial for individuals to construct a specific method through philosophy emotion regulation.Research Objects and MethodsThis paper studies the logical problems in psychology from the perspective of philosophy. The basic problems of philosophy, especially the basic problems of modern philosophy, including existence and thinking, human psychology, thought and consciousness, are the subjective reflection of the objective world. The subjective reflection in the human brain is the processing and completion of everything in the objective world. Broad and indirect reflection must be inseparable from logic. Thinking plays a leading role in thinking. What to think, how to think and to what extent. They are the reflection of human mental state. The development of thinking measurement tools and the addition of psychoanalytic indicators can explore people's mental changes from the data. This paper proposes to take thinking as a bridge between psychology and logic, in order to attract people's attention to the research on the spiritual level of psychology. At the same time, in order to investigate the individual's performance in logical philosophy, a coping style scale was compiled. By consulting relevant literature, forming an open-ended questionnaire, sorting out the recovered effective scale and analyzing the data semantics, and compiling the initial measurement table of stress coping style on the basis of previous theoretical ideas; Secondly, it makes a preliminary test according to the items of the scale, and analyzes the data through item analysis, exploratory factor analysis and reliability test; Finally, the formal scale is formed, the formal scale is tested and restored, and confirmatory factor analysis and reliability and validity test are carried out.ResultsThis study starts from the foundation, further analyzes logic, and finds the common ground between psychology and logic, that is, thinking. Psychology is inseparable from thinking, and logic needs the concrete embodiment of thinking. Because thinking leads to logical problems in psychology, they are inseparable in form and content. The basic conclusion of this study is to clarify the most basic logical problems in psychology, which may be of great significance to promote the research of psychological phenomena and the application of logical tools. At the same time, the correlation analysis between emotion regulation ability and mental health behavior in philosophical logic shows that the mediating effect of life events on anxiety through emotional response is regulated by philosophical logic. When the individual's philosophical logic belongs to the average level (U = 0), the indirect effect of life events on anxiety through emotional response accounts for 48.3% of the total effect. When the level of individual psychological elasticity is high (U = 1), the indirect effect accounts for 47.9% of the total effect, that is, the higher the psychological elasticity is, it can adjust the impact of life events on anxiety through coping styles and reduce it; On the contrary, when the level of individual psychological elasticity is low (U = - 1), the indirect effect accounts for 48.8% of the total effect, that is, the lower the psychological elasticity is, it will increase when adjusting the impact of life events on anxiety through coping styles. It can be seen that psychological elasticity can effectively regulate the impact of life events and coping styles on anxiety.ConclusionThe scientificity and perfection of the measurement tools in this research center limit the accuracy of studying thinking from the perspective of psychology, and the modern logic tools describing the scientificity and perfection of thinking also limit the accuracy of studying thinking from the perspective of logic Solve these two problems and complete thinking research.

Possibilities of simulation modeling in the practice of the healthcare system

Introduction. This article presents the experience of five years of using simulation modeling to optimize work in the field of healthcare organization. Works are considered on the example of organizing the process of a three-level system for organizing emergency medical care in the regions, and examples of the practical application of computer modeling to improve the work of an inpatient emergency department are presented.The objective was to study various methods and approaches to the implementation of simulation modeling used in practice in the healthcare system. Consider the possibilities of simulation modeling on the FlexsimHC platform.Methods and materials. The analysis of methods and software used to create a simulation model in the healthcare sector was carried out. The main possibilities of using process modeling on the FlexsimHC platform were considered on the example of designing work inside and outside the hospital.Results. After a series of experiments in the virtual space, the data obtained were put into practice. On the example of the completed project of the simulation model of the region, a real way to optimize the emergency medical care in the region was proposed. Experiments were also carried out on models of an inpatient emergency department, the results of which revealed ways to optimize the workflow aimed at reducing the duration of stay inside the department, at an adequate distribution of patient flows, allowing timely implementation of all necessary medical and diagnostic measures without additional burden on medical personnel.Conclusion. Simulation modeling is the key to solving the logical problems of modern planning, allowing to reduce the risks of logistics errors in real time.

Formula Synthesis in Propositional Dynamic Logic with Shuffle

We introduce the formula-synthesis problem for Propositional Dynamic Logic with Shuffle (PDL || ). This problem, which generalises the model-checking problem againsts PDL || is the following: given a finite transition system and a regular term-grammar that generates (possibly infinitely many) PDL || formulas, find a formula generated by the grammar that is true in the structure (or return that there is none). We prove that the problem is undecidable in general, but add certain restrictions on the input structure or on the input grammar to yield decidability. In particular, we prove that (1) if the grammar only generates formulas in PDL (without shuffle), then the problem is EXPTIME-complete, and a further restriction to linear grammars is PSPACE-complete, and a further restriction to non-recursive grammars is NP-complete, and (2) if one restricts the input structure to have only simple paths then the problem is in 2-EXPTIME. This work is motivated by and opens up connections to other forms of synthesis from hierarchical descriptions, including HTN problems in Planning and Attack-tree Synthesis problems in Security.

Виробництво зернових на принципах циркулярності: перспективні технології та їх стимулювання

Abstract. Introduction. The high level of grain production in Ukraine has been achieved thanks to the achievements of genetics, agronomy, mechanization and other innovations. Its growth faces the problem of limited arable land and natural resources. The future increase in grain production should be achieved mainly by using fewer natural resources. Overcoming the above challenges is possible through the implementation of a circular economy strategy. Purpose. The purposes of the article are: 1) the analysis of the current state of the circularity of grain production in Ukraine; 2) the identification of key current and future technological innovations that could ensure circularity; 3) to identify the necessary policy changes to encourage the use of these technologies. Results. The following methods were used in the research process: abstract-logical (problem statement, substantiation of conclusions); monographic (analysis of the evolution of scientific works of domestic and foreign scientists on the problems of the circular economy); dialectical knowledge. The key differences between the linear and circular economy are identified. The peculiarities of the circular economy are highlighted. It is emphasized that the circularity of the system and sustainability are interrelated concepts. It is determined that the circular economy is a set of economic tools and methods used to ensure the sustainable development of the grain production system. Promising technologies that can be applied in the production of grain are analyzed. The implementation of a circular model requires a change in modern business models. The main measures of the state regulatory policy on support and stimulation of such business models are analyzed. Conclusions. The theoretical foundations of the circular economy for the grain production have been developed. It ensures sustainable development by optimizing the use of resource potential and innovative business models with systematic state support. The introduction of the circular economy model in the production of grain crops will contribute to the implementation of sustainable economic development of the agricultural sector of the economy.

The Drawbacks of Prophecy in Guiding Mankind, A Critique of Islamic Doctrine of Prophethood

The belief in the prophethood and sending prophets by God to guide mankind is one of the common beliefs of divine religions. According to Islamic theologians, divine knowledge and wisdom necessitate the sending of prophets to guide mankind. This study aims to determine the logical challenges associated with this idea, and whether such a thing is expected from God taking into account His attributes. The drawbacks and challenges of prophecy in the guidance of mankind include the logical problem of miracles' indication of prophecy, the inconsistency of miracles with the claims of prophecy, the temporal and linguistic mismatch between prophets and humans, human fallibility, the prophet's interregnum in the world, the problem of exegesis of the scriptures, and the problem of multiplicity of religions and sects. On the contrary, it appears that All-wise God could have used better, simpler, and more effective ways to guide mankind, such as spiritual and instinctive guidance, direct guidance, the sending of a single eternal prophet, and angelic guidance. As a result of the numerous logical and practical flaws in the use of prophecy to guide mankind, the author believes that it seems unlikely and unacceptable that All-wise and All-knowing God has sent prophets for human guidance, and that another justification must be sought for prophecy.

Pre-Critical Kant on Traditional Logic: What is the Mistake in Syllogistic Theory?

Immanuel Kant held nearly two decades before (1762) the beginning of his ‘Critical period’ (1781) that the traditional tripartite/quadripartite division of the figures in categorical syllogistic remained a ‘mistaken subtlety’ (falsche Spitzfindigkeit), given (i) that the Aristotelian perfect moods were the only ‘pure’ patterns of reasoning that exemplify the term order – called the first figure – prescribed by the general rule of ratiocination per se, and (ii) that every imperfect mood in the same theory could be ‘reduced’ to one of those four. There really are sheer logical problems, already noted in the literature, in Kant’s reading of the standard reductive scheme for categorical syllogistic as a set of instructions for restoring the first figure within the premises of a given imperfect mood. However, the real issue is the way Kant benefits from these points to justify his ‘mistaken subtlety thesis’ (MST), which translates in turn into the issue of the correct interpretation of the thesis itself. This paper aims to show that, contrary to appearance, MST might fail to make any definite sense; to that end, it first presents and evaluates Kant’s own special conception of judgment and reasoning that centers around the notion of syllogistic mediation, on which basis Kant states MST; then it shows that a tenable reading of MST answering to the Kantian conception and to common facts about inference and deduction cannot be made. The paper concludes by proposing to connect this negative result to Kant’s wavering between descriptive and prescriptive perspectives on purely logical matters.

The Effect of Mathematical Logical Intelligence on Mathematical Problem Solving Ability through Contextual Approach

The purpose of this study was to prove that there is a correlation between mathematical logical intelligence and mathematical problem solving ability through a contextual approach and to prove that is a significant effect of mathematical logical intelligence on mathematical problem solving ability through a contextual approach. The sample used was 31 students of class VIII B MTs Tauhidiyah Sulang with the material used is polyhedron. The learning process in this study was based on lesson plans with a contextual approach, while the data were obtained through mathematical logical intelligence instruments and mathematical problem solving ability tests. After the data was collected and analyzed using two techniques, namely simple linear correlation and simple linear regression, the conclusions were: 1) There is a positive correlation and significant (r = 0.417) between mathematical logical intelligence and problem solving ability through a contextual approach. 2) There is a significant effect of mathematical logical intelligence on mathematical problem solving ability through a contextual approach of 17.4% which is explained by the regression line equation Y=3.360+0.265X, which means that the mathematical problem solving ability variable has a consistent value a 3.360 and it can be said that for every increase 1 unit of mathematical logical intelligence value increase 0.265 trought contextual approach.

Game Semantics, Quantifiers and Logical Omniscience

Logical omniscience states that the knowledge set of ordinary rational agents is closed for its logical consequences. Although epistemic logicians in general judge this principle unrealistic, there is no consensus on how it should be restrained. The challenge is conceptual: we must find adequate criteria for separating obvious logical consequences (consequences for which epistemic closure certainly holds) from non-obvious ones. Non-classical game-theoretic semantics has been employed in this discussion with relative success. On the one hand, with urn semantics [15], an expressive fragment of classical game semantics that weakens the dependence relations between quantifiers occurring in a formula, we can formalize, for a broad array of examples, epistemic scenarios in which an individual ignores the validity of some first-order sentence. On the other hand, urn semantics offers a disproportionate restriction of logical omniscience. Therefore, an improvement of this system is needed to obtain a better solution of the problem. In this paper, I argue that our linguistic competence in using quantifiers requires a sort of basic hypothetical logical knowledge that can be formulated as follows: when inquiring after the truth-value of ∀xφ, an individual might be unaware of all substitutional instances this sentence accepts, but at least she must know that, if an element a is given, then ∀xφ holds only if φ(x/a) is true. This thesis accepts game-theoretic formalization in terms of a refinement of urn semantics. I maintain that the system so obtained (US+) affords an improved solution of the logical omniscience problem. To do this, I characterize first-order theoremhood in US+. As a consequence of this result, we will see that the ideal reasoner depicted by US+ only knows the validity of first-order formulas whose Herbrand witnesses can be trivially found, a fact that provides strong evidence that our refinement of urn semantics captures a relevant sense of logical obviousness.

A Landscape of Logics beyond the Deduction Theorem (and Moore’s Paradox)

Philosophical issues often turn into logic. That is certainly true of Moore’s Paradox, which tends to appear and reappear in many philosophical contexts. There is no doubt that its study belongs to pragmatics rather than semantics or syntax. But it is also true that issues in pragmatics can often be studied fruitfully by attending to their projection, so to speak, onto the levels of semantics or syntax — just in the way that problems in spherical geometry are often illuminated by the study of projections onto a plane. To begin I will describe a potentially vast landscape of logics of a certain form, with some illustrations of how they appear naturally in response to some problems in philosophical logic. Then I will turn Moore’s Paradox into logic, within that landscape, and show how far it can be illuminated therein.

For the Sake of Argument: Defending debate

For the Sake of ArgumentDefending debate Becca Rothfeld (bio) first affirmative constructive (eight minutes) the round would open with fumbling, throat-clearing, the tapping of feet or fingers against tables or tubs—those unwieldy plastic bins we filled with research about free-trade agreements or French social theory that I would lug along the corridors of high schools deserted for the weekend. By mid-morning, I'd already be moving in the miasma of competing pungencies: the stink of sour sweat, the scrubbed floors' bright institutional tang, the greasy reek of the sandwich I had eaten for breakfast. My destination was a classroom rendered thrilling by its foreignness, for I was far from my high school in Washington D.C., perhaps in a state as [End Page 47] distant and exotic as Texas or Illinois. Here, with our tubs stacked around us, we would take our places at vacant desks, pens in hand, arranged in teams of two. At last, a spindly figure ensconced in an ill-fitting suit would lurch into eight minutes of declamation. "CONTENTION ONE!" the speaker would gasp, and we were off to the races. In the popular imagination, debate tournaments take place on brightly lit stages; participants are future politicians, commanding rhetoricians with pinched loafers and good posture and a patina of prep-school polish. In fact, most debates are staged in generic high school classrooms with chewed gum nubbed under the tables and walls papered with motivational posters. Some kinds of debate, among them extemporaneous (extemp), public forum (PF) and Lincoln-Douglas (LD) obliquely resemble the public ideal, at least insofar as their practitioners try to sound like lawmakers and win largely on the basis of their dramatic delivery (or so thought those of us who prided ourselves, perhaps unduly, on our argumentative rigor). Not so when it came to policy debate, the only sort offered at my school, the sort of debate that I loved helplessly, with the unreserved ardor unique to adolescence. Participants would speak at a rate of something like five hundred words a minute in an effort to cram as many ideas as possible into speeches with strict time limits. Then, too, policy debate was so scholastic as to be largely unintelligible to an amateur audience: it was like a logic problem working itself out in real time. But this was precisely what I loved about it—that the various arguments stood in necessary relation to one another not in virtue of their content but in virtue of their form. All the attacks and parries, all the ornate maneuvering, crafted a conceptual filigree that I adored immediately and irreversibly and that removed me from my workaday life—even when, on the face of it, I was only yelling in a classroom that looked exactly like the one where I doodled through algebra or biology each week. Policy debates bore little resemblance to the public contests of charisma that the word summoned for people like my parents, who [End Page 48] didn't understand why I couldn't deliver a winning discourse at a normal or at least comprehensible speed, why I insisted on gulping and glugging in a form as technical, as rigidly structured, as a sestina. Policy debate rounds all began with the so-called first affirmative constructive (1AC), the eight-minute speech in which the speaker described the status quo as dire and proposed a policy that could serve as a remedy. In 2008-9, when I was a junior and maximally saturated in the cultish culture of the enterprise, the resolution that the council of affiliated schools settled on stated: "The United States federal government should substantially increase alternative energy incentives in the United States." We were not expected to defend or dispute the resolution in all its tantalizing generality, but rather to choose some specification of it, "the plan." The affirmative team might propose, specifically, that the government should offer tax credits for companies that contrived to reduce emissions by twenty percent within the next five years. Not passing the plan, we would claim, would culminate in various doomsday scenarios, almost all of them resulting in nuclear war. "Link!" the ill-fitting suit would shout...

Marketing analysis of the domestic pharmaceutical market of antiherpetic medicines

Aim. To conduct the marketing research of the pharmaceutical market of Ukraine in the segment of medicinal products (MP) used for the treatment and prevention of infections caused by HSV-1 and HSV-2.
 Materials and methods. To achieve this aim, methods of logical and meaningful problem formation, desk marketing research, content analysis of publications in scientific and practice-oriented medical and pharmaceutical literature, comparative analysis were used.
 Results. The paper presents the results of the marketing analysis of the Ukrainian pharmaceutical market of antiherpetic MP. For the study, according to the ATC classification, 5 groups of medicines registered at the domestic market were selected. In the drug package leaflets for these medicines herpes infection was one of the indications for use. As of October 1, 2021, the range of antiherpetic MP includes 194 trade names for systemic and local use. The market segmentation of these groups of medicines by manufacturing countries, drug form, conditions of dispensing, origin and composition was carried out. It has been found that the share of herbal medicinal products is 14.43 % (6 positions) and is represented by products for systemic use.
 Conclusions. The research of the market of antiherpetic medicines conducted can be considered as the basis for the search and development of new effective antiviral herbal medicinal products of domestic production for the local treatment of the herpes virus.

The logical problem of the incarnation: a new solution

AbstractThis article aims to provide a new solution to the Logical Problem of the Incarnation by proposing a novel metaphysical reconstrual of the method of reduplicative predication. This reconstrual will be grounded upon the metaphysical thesis of ‘Ontological Pluralism, proposed by Kris McDaniel and Jason Turner, and the notion of an ‘aspect’ proposed by Donald L. M. Baxter. Utilising this thesis and notion will enable the method of reduplicative predication to be further clarified, and the central objection that is often raised against this approach can be successfully answered.

One hundred years of Chinese dialectical logic: An academic history of logic relating to contemporary Chinese Marxism

The study of dialectical logic has a history of nearly one hundred years in China. It is significant for understanding both the growth of Chinese logic and the Sinicization of Marxism to review dialectical logic in the context of introducing the study of Marxism in China. Debates about dialectical logic in Chinese academic circles involve not only the problems of logic itself, but more importantly the understanding of Marxist philosophy. In the 1920s and 1930s, some Marxist researchers in China were influenced by the philosophers and logicians of the former Soviet Union, and they came very close to equating dialectical logic with Marxist dialectics. They also identified the formal logic originating from ancient Greece as metaphysics, praising the former and criticizing the latter. In the upsurge of Marxist philosophy in the 1950s and 1960s, Chinese logicians carried out normal and formal academic research on dialectical logic. During the period from the end of 1970s to the end of 1990s, the research and teaching of dialectical logic in China reached its heyday, and logicians performed comprehensive and detailed research on some critical issues, including the basic laws of dialectical logic, which they tried to formalize. Since the beginning of the 21st century, dialectical logic has ceased to prosper and has faded from the core field of the discipline of logic, although some honorable scholars still persist in studying it.