Problem-oriented Approach Research Articles

Методичний підхід до вибору напрямів просторового розвитку об’єднаних територіальних громад в умовах децентралізації та воєнного стану

The article is concerned with topical issues of spatial development of territorial communities of Ukraine in the context of decentralization, taking into account the uncertainty caused by martial law and the pandemic. The purpose of this article is to develop a methodical approach to substantiating the directions of spatial development of territorial communities based on the conception, principles, scientific methods, taking into account the criteria of their efficiency and factors of spatial development of territorial communities. To substantiate the directions of spatial development of territorial communities, a methodical approach is developed, which is based on a problem-oriented approach to substantiating the instrumentarium of spatial development of territorial communities and on a cognitive map of causal relationships of spatial development, a model of solutions to the problem of development of territorial communities, which takes into account development scenarios depending on the type of community. The criteria for the efficiency of spatial development of territorial communities can be the following: criteria for the potential of self-development of territorial communities (self-government, self-financing, self-organization); performance criteria – the results of the implementation of programs for the implementation of strategies for the development of territorial communities, development projects, etc. In order to ensure the vital functions of territorial communities under martial law and increase their ability to solve problems in the new realities, when substantiating the directions of spatial development of territories, the following should be taken into account: development of the potential of self-development of the territorial community; problem-oriented management of human resources of the community; organization of training for representatives of territorial communities on the implementation of mechanisms to support enterprises and internally displaced persons; formation of budgets of territorial communities during martial law and post-war status; preservation of the country’s intellectual potential in the post-war period; preservation of the country’s production potential, which will provide both the territorial communities with essential goods and the servicemen of the Armed Forces of Ukraine – with contemporary means of security and food products; financial support for community life; improvement of regulatory policy; ensuring economic and food security of territorial communities, etc.

Problem-oriented approach to political economy

The research paradigm of economics in China is facing great changes. In this article, we analyzed that dilemma of China's current major economics paradigms was inability to analyze and solve the economic problems for the neglect the importance of problem-oriented. The analysis on the two great flourishes of economics shows that theoretical innovation based on the problem-oriented approach in these two periods provide economic explanation for China's historical transformation. Chinese economists should adhere to the problem-oriented approach by generalizing typical facts, analyzing system characteristics, using modern economic analysis tools and producing original economic theories formed with uniqueness refined from major issues.

The infrastructure of the Internet services market of the future: analysis of the problems of formation

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that the Internet and various information and communication technologies have become an everyday element of human life, which opens the Internet services market to the possibility of access to a large group of potential consumers. The purpose of the study is to analyze factors and factors of a social and economic nature that influence the formation of the Internet services market and shape the trends of its further development in the future. To achieve the goal, the task of the study is to identify problems that hinder this process and ensure the effective activity of manufacturers and implementers of Internet services, compliance with the conditions of fair competition between them. When conducting the research, general and special methods of scientific knowledge were used: analysis and synthesis; induction and deduction; generalization; modeling and forecasting. The result of the research is the conclusion that the advantages of the Internet services market, which should be optimally used in shaping it for the future, can be determined by the permanence of information about them, the unlimited placement of it, the effectiveness of using advertising, the convenience of evaluating its effectiveness, promptness and communication with the consumer internet services online. The conclusions of the research are that to create an effective infrastructure of the Internet services market, it is necessary to solve the problems that exist at the current stage: the application of effective management solutions by enterprises that provide them; the use of a client-oriented and problem-oriented approach to meeting the needs of consumers; creation of conditions of fair competition for all manufacturers and implementers of Internet services; protection of personal data of their consumers.

A quantitative risk assessment to evaluate the efficacy of mitigation strategies to reduce highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, subtype H5N1 (HPAI H5N1) in the Menoufia governorate, Egypt

BackgroundThe poultry industry in Egypt has been suffering from endemic highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus, subtype H5N1 since 2006. However, the emergence of H9N2, H5N8, and H5N2 in 2011, 2016, and 2019 respectively, has aggravated the situation. Our objective was to evaluate how effective are the mitigation strategies by a Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) model which used daily outbreak data of HPAI-H5N1 subtype in Egypt, stratified by different successive epidemic waves from 2006 to 2016.ResultsBy applying the epidemiologic problem-oriented approach methodology, a conceptual scenario tree was drawn based on the knowledgebase. Monte Carlo simulations of QRA parameters based on outbreak data were performed using @Risk software based on a scenario-driven decision tree. In poultry farms, the expected probability of HPAI H5N1 prevalence is 48% due to failure of mitigation strategies in 90% of the time during Monte Carlo simulations. Failure of efficacy of these mitigations will raise prevalence to 70% with missed vaccination, while failure in detection by surveillance activities will raise it to 99%. In backyard poultry farms, the likelihood of still having a high HPAI-H5N1 prevalence in different poultry types due to failure of passive and active surveillance varies between domestic, mixed and reservoir. In mixed poultry, the probability of HPAI-H5N1 not detected by surveillance was the highest with a mean and a SD of 16.8 × 10–3 and 3.26 × 10–01 respectively. The sensitivity analysis ranking for the likelihood of HPAI-H5N1 in poultry farms due to missed vaccination, failure to be detected by passive and active surveillance was examined. Among poultry farms, increasing vaccination by 1 SD will decrease the prevalence by 14%, while active and passive surveillance decreases prevalence by 12, and 6%, respectively. In backyard, the active surveillance had high impact in decreasing the prevalence by 16% in domestic chicken. Whereas the passive surveillance had less impact in decreasing prevalence by 14% in mixed poultry and 3% in domestic chicken.ConclusionIt could be concluded that the applied strategies were not effective in controlling the spread of the HPAI-H5N1 virus. Public health officials should take into consideration the evaluation of their control strategies in their response.

Soft Skills in Software Engineering Technicians Education

The research work analyzes the problem of forming software engineering technicians’ soft skills, approaches to defining the list, detail and the maturity level of software engineering technicians’ soft skills and basic ways of their formation, in particular: development of new academic programs or individual innovative courses, the problem-oriented approach, the AGILE approach, gamification of learning, development of interdisciplinary courses, etc. The obtained data enable developing methodological recommendations to form software engineering technicians’ soft skills when studying the humanities and social sciences and experimentally investigating their efficiency.

Viability assessment of supplementary vocational education institutions based on staff satisfaction analysis

The tasks associated with the viability assessment of an organization are relevant for most companies in the current market environment. This can be explained by the fact that the solution of these problems makes it possible to see the state of the enterprise, its possible potential prospects at this juncture, to determine the further strategy, areas of work for successful long-term functioning in the future. The article is concerned with the study of the relevant measurable criteria required for the viability assessment of supplementary vocational education institutions. The methodological basis of the study includes the management concept based on a balanced scorecard, as well as a problem-oriented approach, taking into account the specifics of the activities of institutions providing supplementary vocational education services. Eight groups of criteria for viability assessment of supplementary vocational education institutions with specific indicators have been identified and a scale for their measurement has been proposed. The correspondence of these groups of criteria within the components of the integrated management system has been shown. The satisfaction with the work of staff in the institution is analyzed herein based on the results of a survey of employees for two years.

Mental Health Support in the Time of Crisis: Are We Prepared? Experiences With the COVID-19 Counselling Programme in Hungary.

The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) posed unexpected global economic and societal challenges. These include a heavy impact on mental health due to fast changing lockdown and quarantine measures, uncertainty about health and safety and the prospect of new waves of infections. To provide crisis mental health support during the pandemic, Eötvös Loránd University in Hungary launched a specialist online counselling programme, consisting of one to three sessions. The programme was available to all university members between 4th March and 25th May 2020. Overall, 47 clients received support. In this paper we discuss challenges reported by clients, key features of providing a brief mental health intervention online, reflect on counsellor experiences and give recommendations on how mental health services could be developed in the time of crisis. Most clients had challenges with developing a daily routine under quarantine; and many had hardship related to finances, housing, and distance learning. Common mental health consequences included fear from the virus and stress, anxiety, and fatigue due to the interruption to everyday life. In some cases, more complex conditions were triggered by the pandemic. Examples include addictive behaviours and symptoms of depression or psychosis. However, referring cases beyond the competency of counselling proved to be a challenge due to the closure of specialist services. Counsellors observed three key features to the online delivery of a brief crisis mental health intervention: [1] an explicit problem-oriented approach to counselling; [2] challenges of building rapport online; and [3] frames of online counselling. Counsellor experiences often overlapped with those of clients and included challenges of working from home and adjusting to online counselling methods. The possibility of online counselling allowed that mental health care could take place at all during the pandemic. Client experiences reflect findings from previous literature. Like other mental health initiatives launched to tackle COVID-19, the intervention's effectiveness was not measured given the unexpected context and short time frame for programme development. We recommend the use of impact measurement tools to develop mental health services in crises. Meanwhile, the pandemic brought to attention the need to better understand online delivery models. Counsellors should have access to training opportunities on online counselling and managing work-life balance in a remote setting. The COVID-19 counselling programme in Eötvös Loránd University, Hungary is an example of providing online mental health counselling in the time of crisis. Clearly, more studies are needed discussing delivery models and effectiveness of mental health interventions during the pandemic. Experience and knowledge sharing across practitioners should be encouraged to improve how the field reacts to unexpected, high risk events and crises.

The Smartphone App haMSter for Tracking Patient-Reported Outcomes in People With Multiple Sclerosis: Protocol for a Pilot Study.

BackgroundTreatment and monitoring decisions in people with multiple sclerosis (MS) are based commonly on clinician-reported outcomes. These reflect physical and radiological disease activity and are the most relevant endpoints in clinical trials. Over the past few years, the number of studies evaluating so-called patient-reported outcomes (PROs) has been increasing. PROs are reports from patients concerning their own health perception. They are typically obtained by means of questionnaires and aim to quantify symptoms such as fatigue, depression, and sexual dysfunction. The emergence of PROs has made a tremendous contribution to understanding the individual impact of disease in people with MS and their health-related quality of life. However, the assessment of PROs consumes resources, including time and personnel. Thus, useful ways to conveniently introduce PROs into clinical practice are needed.ObjectiveWe aim to provide a rationale and pilot study protocol for a mobile health (mHealth) solution named “haMSter” that allows for remote monitoring of PROs in people with MS.MethodsThe core function of haMSter is to provide three scientifically validated PRO questionnaires relevant to MS for patients to fill out at home once a month. Thereby, longitudinal and remote documentation of PROs is enabled. A scoring algorithm graphically plots PRO scores over time and makes them available at the next visit.ResultsThe pilot study is currently ongoing and will evaluate adherence to this mHealth solution in 50 patients over a period of 6 months. Results from the haMSter pilot study are expected in 2021.ConclusionshaMSter is a novel mHealth-based solution for modern PRO research, which may constitute the first step in achieving the ability to integrate PROs in clinical practice. This allows for a more problem-oriented approach in monitoring visits, which addresses patient needs and ultimately saves time.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT04555863; https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04555863International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)DERR1-10.2196/25011

Expert consensus on multidisciplinary management of intra-abdominal infections

Intra-abdominal infections(IAIs) are common surgical emergencies and complications, which usually need multidisciplinary management including surgeons, intensivists, infectious disease experts, microbiologists, and clinical pharmacists. Based on international and domestic guidelines and recent advances, a number of experts' statements of consensus, with a problem-oriented approach, were made on the cornerstones of effective treatment of IAIs such as early recognition, etiology identification, adequate source control, and appropriate antimicrobial therapy. Main recommendations include concepts of intra-abdominal infection, pathoqen diagnosis precautions; surgical intervention principles and strategies of specific causes including acute appendicitis, upper gastrointestinal perforation, lower gastrointestinal perforation, acute biliary infection, liver abscess, severe acute pancreatitis, pancreatic fistula, biliary fistula, anastomotic leakage, gastrointestinal perforation, as well as perforation due to endoscopic procedure etc.; principles of antimicrobial therapy, dosage of antibiotics in specific population and pathophysiological state; and systematic support of severe infection such as early resuscitation and nutrition support.

Внедрение розничных расчетов по QR-коду в России как фактор развития национальной платежной системы (экономические аспекты)

Problem statement. Drawing on macroeconomic analysis (2011-2019), the author formulates the key problems in the functioning of retail segment of the national payment system: a) differentiation of regions according to the degree of payment infrastructure development; b) disproportion in the availability of trace elements of the payment infrastructure; c) high cost of acquiring services. The underlying scientific hypothesis is the possibility to overcome the above-mentioned problems by introducing retail payments using QR codes. The study examines economic relations arising in calculations using QR codes in Russia’s retail payment system. The methodological base of the study includes theoretical assumptions of banking management, as well as a problem-oriented approach. The study identifies a range of economic problems in the implementation of QR settlements in Russia which include: the need to upgrade mobile banking; banks’ lack of interest in promoting QR code settlements due to fears of lower transaction returns; a decrease in citizens’ interest in cashless payments caused by a contraction in bank loyalty programs; the inertia of entrepreneurs unwilling to switch from cash-based interaction with customers; the inertia of some customers and their lack of financial literacy; cyber threats; risks of unfair behavior of buyers. The author offers and justifies the ways to overcome them. The findings may help improve state regulation in Russia’s financial and banking sector.

Green financing: Global understandings and Russian practices review

The success of the green economy crucially depends on whether there is a strong financial system, which allows attracting and distributing financial resources to implement environmental projects. Challenging tasks in the sphere of ecology require stimulating the attraction of funds from extra-budgetary sources, creating and designing tools for these activities. The state’s focus on the development and application of green financing tools in Russia is likely to increase the inflow of Russian and foreign investments, and thus reduce the cost of funds borrowed to carry out environmental projects. The study explores the problematic aspects related to the development of green financing as a basis for sustainable development. The research methodology relies on the concept of sustainable development and a problem-oriented approach. The study uses synthesis, analysis and statistical methods. The authors draw on the definitions of green financing provided by various international organizations, for instance, Bloomberg, UNEP, Green Finance Study Group (GFSG) and others. The researchers systemitise the understandings of the green financing, its areas, and based on this, investigate the development of green finance in Russia. The paper examines Russia’s Federal State Statistics Service data that describes the dynamics and structure of green investment in Russia during 2008–2019. To evaluate the results of green investments the authors compare the green growth indicators taken from the Global Green Economy Index and the Global Innovation Index. An overview of the development of the green financing in Russia demonstrates that the characteristic features of the country’s green investment system relate to the structure of sources of green financing. In particular, Russian green investments significantly consist of the companies’ own funds. This fact totally contradicts other counties’ practice, where the main part of financing is provided by the public sector and specialized manufacturers.

Integration Of A Socio-Critical and Problemoriented Approach in Chemistry Learning for Students' Soft Skills Development

The article portrays a one-year study of the development of a socio-critical and problemoriented approach to learning chemistry on the topics of electrolytes and nonelectrolytes, reduction and oxidation, acids and bases, and colloids. The research was conducted in the academic year 2014/2015 with three classes of Year 10 and 11 students. The socio-critical and problem-oriented approach developed by Marks and Eilks (2009) aligned with the new curricula in Indonesia was used. A qualitative research approach was employed with multiple methods such as interviews, observations, and reflective journals. In classrooms with different topics, the sociocritical and problem-oriented approach was found to help students develop their soft skills of critical and reflective thinking, argumentation skills, and collaboration with others. Different classrooms were found to have different levels of students' engagement, however, the teachers developed different methods of implementing the socio-critical and problem-oriented approach, including discussions, debates, and performances to engage their students. The research study found that this approach can be implemented in the teaching of chemistry topics that are relevant to the context of social problems in Indonesia.

Проблемно-орієнтований підхід в освітньому просторі сучасної початкової школи

The article analyzes the problem of implementing a problem-oriented approach in the educational process of modern primary school. The purpose (formation of pupils’ ability to find and use knowledge that is relevant and can be applied in practice in the future), the essence and content of problem-oriented approach are studied, the peculiarities of its implementation in the educational space of modern primary school are revealed. A comparative analysis of the problem-oriented approach and the traditional approach to learning is made, as well as the role of teacher and pupil in the first case is demonstrated (a teacher creates a problem situation, organizes classroom work, encourages children to discuss the problem, evaluates pupils’ work; a pupil forms a problem that needs a solution, puts forward and tests the hypothesis in the process of solving the problem situation, analyzes the results). Technologies of problem-oriented approach are considered (case technology, game technologies, storytelling, brainstorming, discussion). The content of teacher’s work in the context of the use of problem-oriented approach in teaching primary school pupils is characterized and methodical recommendations for primary school teachers on the use of problem-oriented approach during lessons are developed (organic combination of traditional and problem-oriented approach in the organization of primary school lessons; involvement of all participants in the educational process; formation of pupils’ ability to analyze the problem situation, to highlight the main thing; formation of a problem situation that corresponds to the age capabilities of pupils; ensuring the principle of sustainable learning; the use and combination of different forms of activity: pair, group, frontal, individual; development of communicative skills and abilities to work in a team by using group forms of work in the classroom; implementation of problem-oriented approach starting from the first grade; involvement of all participants of the educational process in discussions on a given problem situation). Keywords: problem-oriented approach, traditional approach, technologies of problem-based learning, methods of problem-based learning, problem situation.

Problem-oriented Management of United Territorial Communities’ Development Based on Decentralization under the Pandemic Influence

The article is devoted to the problem-oriented management of spatial development of united territorial communities (UTC) under the conditions of decentralization under the influence of economic consequences of the Covid-19 pandemic. The article aims to justify the problem-oriented approach in the management of UTC based on the development of a cognitive map of the problems of their development and modelling the problem-oriented management of community resources on the example of human resources. The problem-oriented approach to resource management focuses on solving a problem as a specific theoretical or practical problem, which in turn adaptability, flexibility, the ability to make timely management decisions using available resources. The cognitive map of the four groups of problems of UTC development was developed: problems of the spatial development of UTC and administrative-territorial structure; problems of socio-economic development based on self-sufficiency; problems of local self-government system; problems of rural territories development. The example of human resources scenarios of problem-oriented management of community resources at the macro-, meso-; micro-levels were offered. The hypothesis that the effect of measures “from below” will spread more rapidly than “from above” has been proved.

Stimulation and Maintenance in the Construction of Digital Learning Resources: A Study of Online Learners’ Learning Interests

With the rapid development of network technology and multimedia technology, especially in the special environment of 2020, online learning has become one of the main learning methods under the digital learning environment. At the same time, in the process of constructing digital learning resources, online learners are prone to new problems such as loss of focus and fluctuation of learning effect. How to fundamentally stimulate and maintain the learning interest of online learners in the process of constructing digital learning resources has become an urgent problem to be solved. Based on the problem-oriented approach and the comprehensive application of in-depth interview method and other research methods, this paper finds out four major problems affecting learning interest based on the in-depth analysis of the basic characteristics and learning status of online learning in the construction of digital learning resources. This paper analyzes the reasons and puts forward solutions from three aspects: scientific design and development of resources, active and effective incentive strategies, and rich resource construction paths, so as to provide useful references for stimulating and maintaining online learners’ interest in learning in the construction of digital learning resources.

Afterword: The Persistence of the Problem of Magic

Afterword:The Persistence of the Problem of Magic Claire Fanger (bio) medieval, medievalist, periodization, decline of magic, problematize, problem-oriented approach To the extent that the idea of magic's "decline" has been a part of what shaped fields in Modern and Early Modern studies, it has merely vexed the medievalist, since the Middle Ages is inevitably cast as that which has been left behind by the Modern. The very term "Middle Ages" suggests its in-between nature, bracketed inside the two more important periods of Western Culture, Antiquity and Modernity. Thus, if the Modern can be suggested to be, among other things, a time of skepticism, Entzauberung, fragmentation, and increasingly global shared and disputed interests, the Medieval is implicitly rendered as the time before the emergence of all this, when faith in God was unproblematic, magic was general, and hardly anybody left their village. "Western culture" emerges only after the "Renaissance" has done the work of revitalizing the knowledge of the classical world—a world in which people innocent of Christianity spoke real Latin and understood real geometry. Of course, no one exactly believes this; it has been more of a working assumption that Modernity must somehow be different in various ways. Books are regularly published that seem to sharpen the edges of these historical periods, sometimes giving exact dates, accentuating a novelty of thought in the Renaissance that binds it to the genius of Antiquity across [End Page 415] the intellectual wasteland of the Middle Ages.1 It does make a good story, for narratives of renewal and progress are compelling, especially if they involve ancient secrets rediscovered. In this picture, whatever else may be posited, skepticism is typically seen as "new" (despite the fact that it has always been there) while magic will in some way tend to be seen as "old" (despite its exuberant persistence). As a medievalist, I was happy to be invited to write this epilogue to a suite of considerations of the "Decline of Magic," all written by modernists, in part because the very fact that modernists wanted to put the whole issue more sharply into question seemed hopeful for my area. And indeed I have thoroughly enjoyed this rich, intelligent, and useful collection of essays. I see my primary job here as testing the implicit structures of periodization, to observe what remains of the assumptions about the novelty of modern concerns, and to introduce some medieval counterexamples as necessary. The question that first needs answering (at least for the person charged with testing period boundaries) is a simple one: Was there a decline? Or not? And if so, what, exactly is supposed to have declined? These essays offer an array of perspectives, some positing that nothing really declined at all (Pooley), and others making the case that at least a genuine-seeming appearance of the decline of magic, or of belief, was created (Pfeffer). Some connect this appearance of decline to a rise in elite skepticism or posit it as primarily an elite phenomenon (Smeyers, Pfeffer, and Machielsen). Cornish suggests that the rationalist framework in which magic is largely examined in an academic setting is genuinely repressive; magic has less declined than been strategically suffocated. What I want to do here is to try to bring out the insights these arguments offer to historical scholarship, showing the varied ways in which the ideas expressed here may help to transcend the vexing assumptions about period boundaries. I will also gesture from time to time at something rather neglected in these essays: the intertwining complex traditions of intellectual magic that extended from Islamic and Jewish culture through the Christian Middle Ages and into Modernity, right through the high point of the witch trials, sometimes linked to it and sometimes not. William Pooley, who works on nineteenth-century France, argues that there is no decline in the belief in magic at all of any important kind. He does this not, as he might have done, by emphasizing the amount of magic [End Page 416] actually coming into being in late-nineteenth-century France (via occult revival figures such as Éliphas Lévi and Papus—figures not touched upon in his discussion at all), but rather...

Interdisciplinary management of a mutilated Class II division 1 malocclusion with deep bite and missing first molars using a modified MUST appliance - A Case Report

Introduction: Orthodontic management of cases presenting with compromised permanent first molars are difficult in aspects of treatment due to the loss of anchor teeth. Therefore, a problem-oriented approach is always preferred as an aid in treatment line.
 Description: In this report, we discuss a case with multiple orthodontic problems ie. Class II division 1 malocclusion, deep bite, crowding and grossly decayed first molars of all four quadrants. The management of this case was done using a modification of the MUST appliance for uprighting the lower molars and closure of molar extraction spaces.
 Results: The total treatment duration was 23 months and results were stable after a 1 year follow up.
 Conclusion: Correct diagnosis and effective biomechanics are the key to successful treatment of compromised dentition.

Transition processes in coal field development in the light of intelligent control

Relevance of the work. The problem of sudden outbursts of coal and gas has been studied for more than a century and a half using various approaches to study this process. In order to prevent accidents and conduct safe mining operations. Today this problem remains relevant in the territory of the Russian Federation. In connection with the changed external and internal challenges of the development of coal mining at Russian mining enterprises, it is proposed to consider the problem in the light of two aspects, one of which is the geographical location of subsoil use objects and intelligent control. Objective. The work is devoted to the study of the development of transient processes at a coal mining enterprise from the standpoint of intellectual management. The task of the work is to create in the first approximation an industrial knowledge graph. Method and methodology of the work. The study is based on a problem-oriented approach to solving the issue of safe mining, namely, to thoroughly study the problem of sudden emissions of coal and gas before the release occurs. To solve the existing problem, it is proposed to create an industrial graph of knowledge, taking into account the peculiarities of geomechanical processes occurring in the mountain range. In the created industrial knowledge graph, the main classes are shown that contribute to the presentation and structuring of knowledge about the causes of sudden coal and gas outbursts for a particular coal seam being put into production. Results. Because of the study, based on the construction of an industrial knowledge graph, we can conclude that it is necessary to create a classification with geomechanically specific phenomena and their features. Study of normative and reference information and identification of semantic patterns in them. All these studies are complicated by the large volumes of data, their fragmentation, and in some cases the unreliability and inconsistency of information. When obtaining a semantically non-contradictory industrial graph of knowledge, knowledge can be “useful” for constructing a mathematical model for predicting sudden coal and gas emissions.

Mit nevezünk katasztrófának? Katasztrófaelméleti megközelítések és vizsgálatuk

The concept of disaster is difficult to define and has different meanings depending on the context. Throughout the brief history of disaster science, a number of approaches were applied to this basic term: according to the historical, political, professional, and cultural context, and to its research subject, the ’disaster’ was defined in several ways. That is why a clear concept is difficult to establish. This paper is a summary that investigates the approach and risk interpretation of various schools of disaster theory, including only the most widely used classical, social, scientific, anthropological and political approaches. In addition, it summarizes the concepts used in professional documents with problem-oriented approach. The author intends to provide a point of reference for the Hungarian academic sphere in disaster science, for university students and disaster management professionals.

Mit nevezünk katasztrófának? Katasztrófaelméleti megközelítések és vizsgálatuk

A katasztrófa nehezen meghatározható fogalom, amely kontextustól függően eltérő jelentéssel bír. A katasztrófatudomány rövid története során számos megközelítéssel élt alapterminusát illetően: történelmi, politikai, szakmai és kulturális környezetének megfelelően máshogy definiálta kutatásának tárgyát, a katasztrófát. Éppen ezért egyértelmű fogalom nehezen alkotható. Jelen tanulmány egy összefoglaló írás, amely megvizsgálja a katasztrófaelméleti iskolák tudományelméleti megközelítését és veszélyhelyzet-értelmezését. Számos elmélet létezik, azonban a cikk csak a legszélesebb körben alkalmazott klasszikus, társadalomtudományi, természettudományi, antropológiai és politikai elméletekre tér ki. A fentieken kívül még egy kategóriával, a problémaközpontú megközelítéssel foglalja össze a szakmai dokumentumokban használt szemléletmódokat. A szerző tájékozódási pontot kíván nyújtani a magyar katasztrófatudomány művelőinek, a témát kutató egyetemi hallgatóknak, illetve a katasztrófavédelem szakembereinek.