Linguistic Problems Research Articles

Open Problems in Computational Historical Linguistics.

Problems constitute the starting point of all scientific research. The essay reflects on the different kinds of problems that scientists address in their research and discusses a list of 10 problems for the field of computational historical linguistics, that was proposed throughout 2019 in a series of blog posts (see http://phylonetworks.blogspot.com/). In contrast to problems identified in different contexts, these problems were considered to be solvable, but no solution could be proposed back then. By discussing the problems in the light of developments that have been made in the field during the past five years, a modified list is proposed that takes new insights into account but also finds that the majority of the problems has not yet been solved.

Intercultural adaptation of the PUKSoPC in German language : A scale for perceived control in patients with Parkinson's disease

The level of perceived control in people with Parkinson's disease plays asignificant role in affecting their quality of life. Simpson etal. developed ascale of perceived control specific to Parkinson's disease called the Parkinson's UK Scale of Perceived Control (PUKSoPC). In this work, we present across-culturally adapted German translation of the original English version. After receiving approval by the original authors, an internationally established procedure was used for cross-cultural adaptation. Firstly, the original English version was translated into German independently by two bilingual neuroscientists, who then agreed on aconsensus version. This was tested on 10people with Parkinson's disease and independently back translated into English by two different neuroscientists. After forming aconsensus version, this English version was compared with the original version by all four translators. Differences between the versions resulted in modifications to the German translation so that the back translation matched the original as closely as possible. The final version was approved by two of the original authors and clinically tested on 50people with Parkinson's disease. During the translation process, the four translators agreed on aculturally adapted German version of the PUKSoPC. Testing of the final version on 50people with Parkinson's disease did not reveal any linguistic or content-related problems. The linguistically validated German version of the PUKSoPC presented in this paper is now freely available for measuring the levels of perceived control in people with Parkinson's disease to advance both research and clinical practice.

THE PROBLEM OF THE VALUE SYSTEM AND THE VALUATION CATEGORY IN THE HISTORY OF UKRAINIAN LINGUISTIC PHILOSOPHICAL THOUGHT

The value theory, which was formed in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, emphasises that evaluation establishes value relations between the subject and the object and leads to different approaches in linguistic philosophical systems. In view of this, the article aims to analyse the emergence and formation of the value system and the valuation category in the history of Ukrainian linguistic and philosophical thought. The object of study is the main works of Ukrainian thinkers and philosophers from the Kyivan Rus period to the nineteenth and first third of the twentieth century, which deal with linguistic axiological problems. The subject of the article is an analysis of the contribution of Ukrainian philosophers to the theory of the value system. The relevance of the study is due to the interest of linguists in the origins of problems related to the nature of the relationship between language and the world around us, with human consciousness and thought. It is emphasised that axiological concepts (system of values, evaluation) were at the centre of Ukrainian philosophical thought, occupying a leading place in the works of thinkers and philosophers such as Metropolitan Hilarion, I. Vyshensky, H. Skovoroda, I. Franko, P. Yurkevych, O. Potebnia, and D. Chyzhevsky. The focus of the research is on the concept of value system and evaluation categories, which are reflected in language structures according to the value parameters of the objective world (good/bad, positive/negative, own/other, etc.). Prospects for further research are seen in the study of the valuation category in the linguistic and pragmatic and linguistic and cultural aspects.

‘When I get upset about my children’s problem, I can’t concentrate’- International students reflect on their roles as parents while studying in the UK

This article explores international student–parents’reflections about their children’s difficulties as temporary sojourners in UK schools, and the ways in which they attempt to support them in the process of settling down at school. The data is drawn from qualitative research interviews (Richards 2003; Hiller & DiLuzio 2004) with 25 student parents. The emerging themes focus on parents’ attempts to assist their children with academic and linguistic problems and with making and maintaining friendships. A major theme emerges about the role of host schools, and also about the parents’ emotional burden regarding their own compromised situation. The data reflects overall that the first year of sojourn is often more problematic than expected, and thus more research in this area is needed to address how universities interested in internationalisation can best support these student parents. Further, more research is needed into ways in which local schools, including both teachers and learners can best accommodate international children focussing on their unique competencies.

אֶלְגָּבִישׁ: Ein neues ägyptisches Lehnwort im Alten Testament?

Abstract The article offers a discussion of a supposed new Egyptian loanword in the book of the prophet Ezekiel proposed by Jonathan Thambyrajah in 2021. The proposal that אֶלְגָּבִישׁ (Ez 13,11.13; 38,22) is a loanword from the Egyptian language can be firmly rejected due to many linguistic and cultural-historic problems.

Linguistic aspects of law: problems and prospects

The article is devoted to the theoretical analysis of the scientific work on the problems of linguistic features of the legal language arising at the intersection of language and law. The current problems arising from the above interaction in the state, socio-legal, professional and private spheres have been described, the issues of debate have been outlined and the need for a comprehensive approach to their further study has been substantiated. The purpose of the article is to summarise the scientific investigations carried out in the “language and law” coordinate system and to identify specific linguistic problems related to the legal language and the ways of their solution. Nowadays, modern legal linguistics has faced an acute issue of developing a special methodology which should take into account both natural language, legal linguistic and legal aspects. The article uses the method of analysis of theoretical sources relevant to the research topic, which involves the collection and extraction of scientific information belonging to the group of empirical methods of scientific knowledge, as well as processing and analysis of the data obtained, which belongs to the methods of theoretical knowledge. On the basis of a systematic analysis, the linguistic and legal research on the problem has been reviewed; the main vectors of domestic and foreign jurisprudence development with a projection on the linguistics of law have been identified; the issues of streamlining legal terminology, searching for interlingual equivalents and creating dictionaries of legal terms have been considered; the problems of combining theoretical and applied methods for qualitative linguistic examination of legal texts have been characterised; the positive and negative consequences of semantic and textual linguistic examinations of legal texts have been studied. The article discusses the debatable approaches to semantic and textual examination of legal texts, its positive and negative consequences, and substantiates the need to expand the subject area in order to create a single modern research space in the coordinate system “language and law”.

AGHAMUSA AKHUNDOV'S PROFESSİONAL AND DEEP SCİENTİFİC JUDGMENTS ABOUT THE LANGUAGE CONCERNS OF POETRY

The main aim of the article is to explore Aghamusa Akhundovs professional and deep scientific judgments about the language concerns of poetry. In the scientific heritage of Agamusa Akhundov, the actual problems of the language of poetry occupy an important place. The unity of content and form in poetry and the unique role of artistic language in this matter have been interpreted in his works from different aspects. In his writings about the beauty of the language of poetry and its most important features, Agamusa Akhundov put forward new considerations, generalized considerations about the linguistic organization of poetry, and the means of creating aesthetic appeal. He approached the artistic composition of the text from the point of view of linguistics, and managed to systematize his theses about the poetic properties of language units with precise comments. The scientific-theoretical explanations of the researcher, who effectively deals with the linguistic and stylistic problems of poetry, demonstrate that he has linguopoetics, poetic taste, intuition and a sense of beautiful poetry. Application importance: the material can be used in lecturers and seminars in higher education institutions. Keywords: actual problems, aesthetic appeal, language of poetry, stylistic problems, poetry, linguistic organization, text, style

Legal Regulation of The Reliability and Quality of Translations of Official Documents and Texts

Objective: Given that law is a subject area associated with the socio-political and cultural specifics of the given country, the translation of documents and texts of official nature poses a challenging task. Among translators, it is considered one of the most difficult types of translation, as the target language must be particularly precise, clear, and reliable to adequately convey the presented information. The goal of the study is to identify problems in legal regulation of the reliability and quality of translation of official documents and texts and to offer recommendations on their elimination. Methods: The established research goal is achieved through the methods of document analysis and expert survey. Results: The paper identifies the linguistic problems that arise in the process of translation of legal texts and official documents, existing gaps and shortcomings in legal regulation, and measures to improve the process and quality of the translation of legal texts and official documents. Conclusion: Gaps and shortcomings in the legal regulation of translations of legal texts and official documents, especially as applied to Russia, include insufficient legal regulation over the notarization of translations of official documents, the lack of certification or special legal status for translators, and legal regulation of disputable situations.

Названия военных операций: мотивация номинации (на материале французских военных текстов)

The paper is devoted to onomastic nomination as an actual problem in linguistics. The article analyzes nominations of military operations in which French units participated at different times. The nominations were selected from authentic memoirs and documents written by French military personnel, as well as from materials presented on the official website of the French Ministry of Armed Forces. Classifications of the names of military operations are proposed in accordance with their structural organization and subject of reference. The quantitative relationship of onyms within each classification is established and explained. Cases of onymization of appellative lexical units in the category of military operations are described. The mechanisms of motivation for onomastic nominations of military operations are identified and their impact potential is revealed. It has been established that the source of motivation for the names of military operations can be historical and geographical facts, metaphorical or metonymic change of appellative vocabulary, and its symbolization. Using the methods of component analysis of onyms and stylistic analysis of microcontexts of their use, it is shown that the connotative semes of the studied nominations are represented in microcontexts by describing the historical facts that underlie onyms, or stylistic means: metaphor, metonymy, lexeme-symbol, antithesis, irony. Based on the results obtained, the prospects for further research are identified.

Underlying Linguistic Problems Experienced by Translators in Translating the Qurʾānic Arabic l-ḥazana' الْحَزَن Words Into English: A Comparative Study

In this study, the researchers aimed to investigate the underlying linguistic problems experienced by three notable translators: Abdel Haleem (2004), Khan and AL-Hilali (1996), and Pickthall (1930) when rendering the Qurʾānic الْحَزَن l-ḥazana' words into English, and to identify the types of semantic loss produced by their renderings. Corpus-based research was conducted as the study examined three renditions of the Holy Qur’an that were sourced from the Qurʾānic Arabic Corpus (QAC) and books of Qurʾānic translation of the abovementioned translators. Based on the descriptive analytical approach, the researchers analyzed the underlying linguistic problems encountered by the aforementioned translators. Findings showed that the linguistic problems encountered when translating the Qurʾānic الْحَزَن l-ḥazana' words into English are the result of the linguistic gap arising from the cultural differences between the two source language text(Arabic) and target language text( English). Divergences in and loss of meaning are inevitable when translating the Holy Qurʾān into English in general and Qurʾānic الْحَزَن l-ḥazana' words in particular. It was also found that Arabic Qurʾānic الْحَزَن l-ḥazana' words are associated with distinctive rhetorical devices, literary style, and elegant technique which cannot be captured faithfully in English translations.

Exploring challenges and strategies in English speaking among Indonesian university students: A case study of AKM university

English language education in Indonesia spans from primary school to university levels. However, achieving mastery in English, particularly in speaking, remains a significant challenge for Indonesian university students. This study aimed to investigate the problems faced by these students in speaking English and describe their efforts to overcome this deficiency. The research utilized a descriptive qualitative method, employing questionnaires and interviews as instruments. The study participants consisted of 45 second-semester students from the English Education Department at AKM University (pseudonym). The findings revealed that students encountered both linguistic and psychological challenges when speaking English. Linguistic problems included confusion in tense usage, a lack of grammar understanding, and difficulty in selecting appropriate vocabulary. Psychological issues encompassed feelings of nervousness, lack of confidence, fear of making mistakes, and the fear of being laughed at. Furthermore, insufficient practice emerged as an environmental factor contributing to speaking difficulties. To address these challenges, students adopted various learning strategies proposed by Oxford (1990), including memory strategies, cognitive strategies, metacognitive strategies, affective strategies, and social strategies.

SEMANTIC FEATURES OF POLITICAL VOCABULARY IN THE KAZAKH LANGUAGE

The paper defines all the linguistic means denoting political vocabulary. Linguistic concepts such as "political communication", and "political discourse" are considered, and several linguistic units that express them are defined. It is established that language and politics are not considered separately from each other, the analysis of the political system in Kazakhstan of various natures using the language, positions, and statements of public and state figures, and political leaders should be carried out at the junction of political, philological and linguistic research.A number of basic terms and methods covering the main problems of political linguistics are defined, and an explanation is given for each. In Kazakh society, the place of Alash leaders and activist S. Seifulin in the political discourse is characterized, and recognized based on their works by political leaders, and statesmen, conducting political discussions of a democraticeducational, educational-revolutionary orientation. So far, the language of political leaders has not been studied and cognitively studied only on the basis of their works.The relevance of our research lies in the study of the political linguistic personality of public figures who lived in Kazakh society within the framework of political discourse, the formation of a political linguistic personality based on slogans, reports, journalistic articles of socio-political content using stylistic structures and types of tropes of the artistic and political image in the language.The practical significance of the conclusions formulated in the paper is relevant for linguists, Alash scholars, literary critics, and other readers.

PROBLEMS OF TEXT LINGUISTICS AS A KEY PROBLEM OF WORLD LINGUISTICS

This article discusses the text and its linguistic status. The problems of text linguistics are inextricably linked with the transfer of units of the language system to speech, its real use in practice. The main issues of text linguistics, including the justification of speech units and their differentiation from language units, have not been seriously addressed in our research. Text syntax is on the verge of full scientific justification in the current period of development of linguistics. If it is fully justified, it should be called "big syntax", which differs sharply from ordinary syntax in terms of its object of investigation, namely, in which the relations between sentences, complex syntactic devices, paragraphs and chapters are checked.

Cultural translation activities: Ethical-methodological propositions to participatory research of occupations based on Amerindian perspectivism

ABSTRACT Participatory research is a dynamic process of social action that generates knowledge based on cycles of reflection about the concrete historical reality of individuals and collective participants. Occupation-based interventions lack studies that address in depth the epistemological, ontological, and linguistic problems present in this type of research, especially in the current pandemic context. This article describes the conditions of paradigmatic (ontological), epistemological, and methodological elaboration of a participatory approach named Cultural Translation Activity (CTA). CTA emerged from participatory research involving six social workers in a Brazilian municipality during the pandemic, over four weeks. It is based on the Amerindian translation paradigm, therefore, recognizes the difference between cultures and uses it to produce knowledge through an equivocal process. By reporting ‘how to do it’ and ‘why to do it’, the findings contribute to the qualitative validation of the approach. Furthermore, the approach is in tune with the knowledge of the South; providing insights into cultural humility applied to occupation studies and offering alternatives for action and investigation committed to critical/occupational awareness. Thus, this article brings original contributions to the theorization and systematization of participatory research from an occupational perspective.

The Effectiveness of the Comparative Study of Languages with Different Structures in the Field of Phonetics (English and Kazakh Languages)

The relevance of the study lies in the fact that today one of the problems of linguistics is the comparative study of languages. Comparative study of unrelated languages makes it possible to identify features of linguistic phenomena that are barely noticeable when studying one or another language separately. These features, along with the formation of the image of a typological structure, cover both the entire language and the study of its individual parts. The purpose of the study is to analyze the effectiveness of a comparative study of the phonetic features of the language structures of the Kazakh and English languages. To achieve the research goals, the following methods were used: functional, communicative, and comparative. The starting point of training is the explanation of the role of pronunciation in the overall process of formation and perception of speech. The article emphasizes the importance of the comparative study of languages of different structures in the field of phonetics. It is described that the sounds of the language are not pronounced separately, but are used in combination with each other within a word or between words and mutually sequentially. The results of the work determined that both in Kazakh and English, sounds in the composition of words or between them influence each other and are pronounced consonantly, and questions of sound extraction play an important role in teaching speaking skills, as well as in other types of language communication. It seems necessary to enrich the repertoire of techniques used in phonetic didactics by popularizing comparative methods. Given that knowledge of the elements of phonetics is an integral part of language learning, the practical significance lies in the fact that the study can be essential in the process of preparing a productive comparative study of the English and Kazakh languages in the context of phonetics.

LINGUISTIC ASPECTS OF MODERN RUSSIAN RHETORIC

The article analyzes the recommendations for the verbal design of a public speech, presented in Internet content: on websites, in videos of famous coaches. Despite a long history, rhetoric continues to develop, acquiring new forms in new conditions. Rhetoric is considered not only in scientific and educational literature, but also in Internet sources nowadays. In the titles of these sources, the term “rhetoric” itself does not occur, and modern similar concepts of “speechwriting” and “storytelling” are not used, usually the authors use combinations of “oratory”, “oratory” or descriptive constructions such as “skill in public speaking”. Most of the recommendations relate to the psychological aspects of rhetoric, as well as speech techniques. Of the requirements relating to the actual linguistic side of public speaking, one can name colloquialism (and its lexical and syntactic manifestations), dialogic nature (interrogative sentences, immediacy of reaction to the audience's remarks), brevity, understandability, compliance with the norms of speech culture. Such recommendations are the result of a change in the relationship between the speaker and the audience, the emergence of new genres that require the presentation of information in a very short time, the emergence of the possibility of visual accompaniment of the speech. One can note the shift in the focus of rhetoric from linguistic problems proper to the field of psychology.

Cultivating Sustainable Supply Chain Practises in Electric Vehicle Manufacturing: A MCDM Approach to Assessing GSCM Performance

Sustainability emphasises the crucial need to incorporate environmentally conscious practises across the entire supply chain management process in the modern age. A great emphasis is placed on minimising environmental consequences, eliminating waste, conserving energy, and sourcing materials responsibly in the production, distribution, and disposal of electric vehicles. Electric vehicle manufacturers must prioritise sustainability to ensure that their products contribute significantly to a brighter future while also meeting the ethical and environmental demands of consumers as well as regulatory bodies. Green supply chain management (GSCM) incorporates environmentally friendly practises to reduce environmental effects. This study incorporates fuzzy TOPSIS for analysing and rating GSCM practises, assisting decision-makers in prioritising sustainability in the supply chains of electric vehicle manufacturers. We develop a multi-criteria decision-making framework to evaluate GSCM criteria while accounting for inherent uncertainty. Fuzzy TOPSIS handles linguistic problems as well as ambiguity while providing a precise GSCM representation. Real-world case studies from various sectors demonstrate the applicability and benefits of our approach to finding improvement areas and expediting GSCM assessments. This research presents a systematic, quantitative way for evaluating GSCM practises, allowing supply chain alignment with sustainability goals. This promotes environmentally sustainable practises and increases the sustainability of supply chains for electric car manufacturing.

Intuitionistic uncertain linguistic prioritized aggregation operators and their application to multi-criteria decision making

The intuitionistic uncertain linguistic information aggregation problems considering different priority levels of criteria are investigated. Firstly, we extended the prioritized averaging (PA) operator to intuitionistic uncertain linguistic environment, defined two new prioritized aggregation operators called the intuitionistic uncertain linguistic prioritized weighted average (IULPWA) operator and the intuitionistic uncertain linguistic prioritized weighted geometric (IULPWG) operator, and established various desirable properties of the proposed operators. Secondly, we developed a multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) approach based on the IULPWA operator (or the IULPWG operator) to deal with the MCDM problems in which the criterion values take the form of intuitionistic uncertain linguistic numbers (IULNs) and the criteria are in different priority levels. Finally, an example is given to illustrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method, and a comparison analysis is conducted to make clear the differences among the IULPWA operator, the IULPWG operator, the intuitionistic uncertain linguistic number weighted averaging (IULNWA) operator and the intuitionistic uncertain linguistic weighted geometric average (IULWGA) operator.

Oral Communication Skills Among English-Majored Graduates: A Survey of Those at Companies in Binh Duong Province, Vietnam

Background: This study examines the oral communication skills of English-majored graduates and addresses the challenges they encounter in effectively communicating in English. Methods: A questionnaire was administered to 150 graduates from a university in Binh Duong province, yielding valuable insights into their language proficiency and practical experience since graduation. The majority of participants had less than four years of real-world experience, with varied levels of English oral communication development. Results: Linguistic problems identified included pronunciation errors, ambiguous sentences, and inappropriate sentence structures. Non-linguistic challenges included a lack of interest, shyness, difficulty finding ideas during conversations, nervousness, feeling uncomfortable, and concern about maintaining face. Interviews with ten graduates further confirmed these issues, highlighting limited specialized vocabulary, pronunciation difficulties, and self-confidence as common challenges. Strategies proposed for addressing these challenges include dedicating more time, using subtitles while watching movies or listening to music, and engaging with foreigners for practice. Conclusion: This research contributes to the understanding of oral communication challenges faced by English-majored graduates and provides recommendations for improving their skills.

Research on linguistic multi-attribute decision making method for normal cloud similarity

Aiming at the uncertainty linguistic transformation problem in multi-attribute decision making, a decision-making method based on normal cloud similarity was proposed. Firstly, starting from the normal cloud characteristic curves, a normal cloud similarity measurement method based on Wasserstein distance is proposed by combing with the normal cloud entropy-containing expectation curve, which is using the Wasserstein distance to characterize the similarity characteristics of probability distribution. The properties of the proposed similarity measure are discussed in the paper. Secondly, the performance of the proposed method is compared and analyzed with the existed methods by numerical simulation experiment and time series data classification experiment. The experimental results show that the proposed method has good similarity discrimination ability, high classification accuracy and low CPU time cost. Finally, the method was successfully applied into linguistic multi-attribute decision making, and TOPSIS thought is used to compare and rank the schemes, so as to realize the final decision.