Principles Of Doctrine Research Articles

The Mass Line Is the Core Ideas and Values of the Communist Party of China

The mass line is the concentrated reflection of world outlook, the outlook on life and values of the communist party of China. From the epistemological dimension, the party's mass line is the Chinese Communist Party, according to the general principle of the Marx doctrine, closely combining the actual China, gradually formed in long-term revolution, construction and reform practice in the process of correctly handling the relationship between the party and the masses of the people the route; From the theory of value dimensions, the party's mass line adhere to the basic value goal, “for the people", pay attention to the reality needs of people, put together happy concern members of society rich, achieve comprehensive development of human freedom as the ultimate value pursuit. The party's mass line is the unity of the truth theory and value theory, a high degree of unity consciousness and firm hold to productivity standard and people's interests standard is the inevitable requirement of the practice of the party's mass line.

The Infused Science of Christ

The Infused Science of Christ Thomas Joseph White O.P. Thomas Aquinas's theory of the knowledge of Christ may seem to have little relevance for modern historical-critical study of the figure of Jesus of Nazareth.1 In his mature work, represented emblematically by the third part of the Summa theologiae, Aquinas presents the knowledge of Christ in a fourfold descending perspective from the highest forms of knowledge to the most basic. He begins from the divine wisdom that Christ possesses as God and then examines three modes of human knowledge: the immediate vision of God that Christ possesses in his human soul, the infused science that Jesus possesses as the most perfect of the prophets, and the acquired knowledge that Christ possesses as man in virtue of the human nature that he shares with us.2 Aquinas's account stems originally from the Chalcedonian principles of Christological doctrine. The approach might be broadly characterized as a form of "descending Christology" insofar as the deity and divine wisdom of the Lord are presupposed and his human acquired knowledge is affirmed just insofar as he is essentially human. Meanwhile, the beatific vision and infused science of Christ are interpreted as graces given to his human nature in view of his human actions on behalf of our salvation. It is due to his beatific vision and his infused prophetic knowledge, for example, that Christ as man is able to [End Page 617] know perfectly who he is as the Son of God and who the Father and the Holy Spirit are so as to reveal them to us and to interpret Scripture authoritatively, foretelling of his own Passion and resurrection prophetically and instituting the Church and the sacraments effectively. In methodological contrast, the modern historical-critical study of the figure of Jesus of Nazareth makes use of a number of normative principles that stem from the Enlightenment era, among them a presupposition of the historical homogeneity of natural causes. That is to say, the causes of human experience and consciousness for all persons at the time of Jesus (including Jesus himself) should be understood against the backdrop of and in continuity with the language, concepts, and symbols of Second Temple Judaism.3 These in turn should be understood in continuity with the predictable natural occurrences and causes that we experience in the modern scientific era. So, for example, apocalyptic elements in the culture of the Judaism of the time of Jesus should be employed to explain Jesus's immanent expectation of the "kingdom of God," but this need not mean that there is any such thing as an eschatological occurrence in reality.4 Likewise, the New Testament portraits of the figure of Jesus should be understood as human literary artifacts and explained in light of their cultural setting, the theological vantage points of their editors, and their intended uses for historically situated human communities.5 This need not imply that they are inspired or that the portraits of Christ that they present must correspond to who Jesus of Nazareth really was ontologically. It follows from this that the portrait of Christ found in the Gospels might be very different from the "real" Jesus of history. We might notice the contrasts these two methodological approaches represent. If Aquinas's presentation of the infused science of Christ seems to bespeak a knowledge derived immediately from God, and [End Page 618] therefore from "outside of time," the modern study of Jesus tends to construe his consciousness by ascetic reference uniquely to the immanent and limited horizon of his age. Pressed toward extremes, one account readily emphasizes the divine origin of Christ's message and its universality for all ages but does so to the potential exclusion of his historical particularity as a first-century Jew, while the other account seeks to identify the historically particular and limited character of Jesus's aims and self-understanding within the context of Second Temple Judaism but does so to the exclusion of his divine origin and soteriological intensions, which are universal in scope. In this essay, however, I will argue that these two approaches, while really distinct, need not be construed in opposition to one another...

“No meio da gente”:

O artigo discute os termos povo e autoridade na perspectiva cristã, com particular referência à perspectiva teórica do sociólogo e cientista político Luigi Sturzo. A partir da constatação de que as decisões do líder das necessidades do povo – o “estar no meio da gente” – pode assumir diversos sentidos, por vezes contraditórios, o autor analisa o possível significado da noção de ‘povo’ na tradição ‘populista’ clássica e naquela do ‘popularismo’ como a teoria política que nasce como tentativa de Sturzo de historicizar os princípios da Doutrina Social da Igreja. Para tornar clara a relação e a diferença entre o populismo e o popularismo, o autor introduz o conceito de ‘autoridade política’ desenvolvido por Sturzo, que a uma noção problemática de ‘we rationality’ opõe uma “concreta” “racionalidade do eu”: o princípio “unificador transcendente”, a ponto de transcender o próprio interesse imediato para fazer próprias as razões dos outros.

Islamic Economy In “Islamic State”: Is It Possible?

Muslim scholars from Egypt and British India formulated the principles of Islamic economy in the second half of the 1940s. At the turn of the 1970s-1980s a number of countries (Sudan, Iran and Pakistan) attempted to Islamize their financial systems. However, in none of the three, the experiment was successful. Afterwards, the Muslim world has not undertaken to build a financial system based on the principles of Islamic economics and finance any more. However, interest in the application of individual institutions of the Islamic economy has not faded away. The article examines how the principles of Islamic economic doctrine were applied in the formation of the “state” budget in the terrorist entity “Islamic State” (IS). The author analyses the principal differences between the theoretical constructions of the Islamic economy and their practical implementation in the territories controlled by the IS. In fact, the IS implements a completely different concept of Islamic economy and Islamic finance (fundamentalist) from the one that was applied in a number of Muslim countries (modernist). Considering the practice of application of Islamic economic principles by the IS, the author of the article develops the thesis expressed in his earlier publications that there is no single universal Islamic economic doctrine that could be applied with some modifications in any society and in any jurisdiction. Moreover, the various interpretations of the economic provisions of Shariah can come into serious contradiction with each other. This is indicated, in particular, in the case of the IS, where, with the help of law-permitting institutions, they try to legalize activities that are illegal from the point of view of Shariah. Another important feature of the financial policy in the IS is the insignificant interest in modern Islamic financial institutions: banks, insurance (takaful) companies, etc. The author explains this as follows. In their attempt to build a caliphate, the ideologists of the IS and their followers take a traditionalist approach in which there is no place for institutions unknown in the 7th-13th centuries. For traditionalists, such institutions as Islamic banks, etc., formed in the second half of the XX century, are often unauthorized innovations (bida’).

К вопросу о возможности введения в России уголовной ответственности и уголовных наказаний юридических лиц (сравнительный аспект)

The article is devoted to a problem that causes a lot of controversy in a Russian scientific community at present: the possibility and expediency of introducing in Russia the institute of criminal liability of legal persons. The author underlines the problems of this issue. The main arguments of both supporters and opponents of criminal liability of legal persons are presented. Among the main arguments against – the question of personal guilt, which is a major problem and an obstacle to the introduction of this institute, the possibility of tightening the liability of legal persons in other branches of law, etc. Among the main supporting arguments of legal entities’ the criminal liability, referred to in this article, there are international obligations of the Russian Federation, greater efficiency of criminal sanctions, criminal record of legal persons, judicial optimization and others. Attention is also paid to the fact that since 2002 in the Russian Federation there has already existed administrative liability of legal persons, which was one of the major novelties of the Administrative Code, 2002. Russian administrative scholars have formulated the theoretical and practical bases of administrative liability of legal persons that can be used and the introduction of criminal liability of legal persons. In addition, attention is paid to the current debate in Russia on the possible introduction of the category of criminal offence and the possible merging of criminal liability and administrative liability in one single form of legal liability. In this connection it may be interesting to refer to the French experience, where are three categories of offences: crime, délit and contravention.
 At the end of the article the author points out the objective difficulties of the possible introduction into the domestic legal system the institute of legal persons’ criminal liability, which is caused by a number of reasons, first of all by the established principles of domestic criminal law doctrine.

Subsidiarita: od teoretického konceptu k praktické zkušenosti

According to the pre­‑eminent Anglican theologian John Milbank, if Christians do not think about politics in disconnection from their faith, they come up with similar conclusions. The article argues that a specific social ontology and unique anthropology underlies this Christian vision of politics. In its first part, primarily following the work of the American Thomist Russell Hittinger, the article demonstrates how this specific social ontology is inherent to the Catholic social doctrine. It discusses the Catholic understanding of group personality and civil society in contrast to liberal thought. In its second part, in line with the political experience of the richest Italian region Lombardy, the article delineates a specific anthropological vision, which has influenced various policies of the so­‑called Lombardy­‑model. In contrast to both liberalism, and statism, the theoreticians of Lombardy emphasized the positive anthropology of human beings. Lombardy consequently attempted to respect the plurality of social forms which can be found in society in its (social, health-care, educational) policies. The article demonstrates how one of the fundamental principles of the social doctrine of the Church, the principle of subsidiarity, can become the basis for several political experiments by the Lombardy government.

ВИТВОРИ ВІЗАНТІЙСЬКОГО ІКОНОПИСУ ЯК ПРОПОВІДЬ АСКЕТИЧНИХ ЗВЕРШЕНЬ

Одним із актуальних завдань дослідження візантійськоїестетики аскетизму постає осмислення феномена ікони якособливої проповіді аскези й художньої інтерпретації станусвятості. У цьому аспекті доцільно звернути увагу на виконаннявізантійською іконою її інформативно-дидактичної(проповідницької) функції. Виступаючи «проповіддю у фарбі»– візуальним повчанням про істини віри й чесноти, витвіріконопису являє собою своєрідну «наочну» аскетику – ученняпро духовне подвижництво: перед споглядачем сакральногообразу знаходиться чуттєве свідчення про ідеал, до якого вартопрагнути, й цей ідеал є ідеалом аскетичним. Як невід’ємнийскладник естетосфери літургійного дійства, ікона постаєй чинником утвердження належного (урочистого, піднесеного,але й не екзальтованого, занадто палкого) психоемоційногостану в учасників спільної молитви, що цілком відповідаєзасновкам православного аскетичного вчення. Right and adequate understanding of the icon representsone of the most actual tasks of exploration of the Byzantineascetic aesthetics. Sacral image should be regarded as the truevisual preaching of faith and virtues: it proposes to strive forthe moral ideal, and this ideal is ascetic ideal. Actually, scientistscan consider icon to be the peculiar visual moral theologyor ascetic doctrine and quite successful artistic interpretationof state of sanctity. Besides, as an important constituent partof Liturgical aesthetosphere, sacral images help person to supportthe necessary psychoemotional state, that is the elevatedstate, which has nothing to do with banal psychical exaltation(according to the basic principles of Orthodox ascetic doctrine,a believer must control his or her emotions and imagination, fortheir activity is able to turn the praying into meditation, practiceof which doesn’t correspond the ascetic tradition of ChristianEast).

The Holy Sacrament of Ordination – Principles and Elements of Canonical Doctrine

The Holy Sacrament of Ordination – Principles and Elements of Canonical Doctrine

Origins of misapprehension concerning the purpose of the foreign currency clause

The paper identifies a widespread misapprehension concerning the purpose of the foreign currency clause and analyses the various possible reasons behind that misapprehension. The omnipresent dilemmas in domestic legal theory regarding the legal principle of monetary nominalism and valoristic doctrine are deliberated in the first part of the paper. The second part deals with the wider macroeconomic context in which the legislator enabled contractual arrangements containing foreign currency clauses, thus providing a comprehensive explanation as to the origins of factual errors, and thereby misinterpretation and misunderstanding of the law.

Achieving moral, high quality, affordable medical care in America through a true free market.

The basis of a just and moral economic model for health care is examined in the context of Catholic social teaching. The performance of the current model of "central economic planning" in medicine is evaluated in terms of the core principles of the social doctrine of the Catholic Church and compared to freedom-based economic models. It is clear that the best way to respect and serve human dignity, the common good, subsidiarity, and solidarity in medicine is through the establishment of a true, free-market health economy. Lay Summary : This article reviews the impact of recent healthcare reforms as well as traditional "third party payment" models for healthcare financing in America (insurance). Impact on patients and doctors are evaluated in the context of Catholic social doctrine and the Catechism. The many shortcomings and negative consequences of an economy planned centrally by government are compared to the benefits of a true free-market medical economy with empowered individuals. The analysis shows that interference in the patient-physician relationship and the centrally planned medical economy itself violates Catholic teachings, harms patients and doctors, and create morally evil outcomes and economic structures.

Картографирование ландшафтов Западного Прибайкалья

Abstract: Using the principles of geosystems doctrine, developed by V. B. Sochava, we studied in details the landscape structure of model section in the Pre-Olkhon region, intensively used for recreation. At the same time take into account the regional patterns, characteristics of climate and terrain, vegetation and soil differentiation, especially of the modern use of the area. Construction and use of recreational facilities and the movement of vehicles is the main factor in anthropogenic influence on the landscape of the study area. On the basis of satellite imagery and field observations we drawn a landscape map, scale 1:50 000, which in the future will serve as the basis for assessing the sustainability of the landscape of the territory and its recreational use. Building landscape classification was carried out at the level of large-scale topological study of landscapes of facies groups. The data obtained can be used in the future for the landscape planning the territory, creation of analytical and recommendation cards.

Juridical Decrees in Nisa Sura

Quran is the primary source for recognition of religious teachings, jurisprudence decrees and social and personal relationships and at the same time, it is the perfect source. Quran is definite in terms of issuance and fundamentalists considered authority for the Quranic verses. Major part of Quranic verses indicate principles of Islam doctrine, for example verses about the God, hereafter, heaven and hell, reward and punishment indicate beliefs. Another part of verses express the ethical aspect and relationships among Muslims. For example, verses related to the forgiveness, avoiding lie, gossip and hypocrisy and the importance of piety are Quranic ethical verses. Third part of the verses which are less than two other parts are verses related to the decrees. Nisa is one of juridical Sura in the Quran and it has numerous juridical decrees in itself. It is the fourth Sura of Quran. In fact, the major theme of this Sura is legislation. It seems that one point that should be considered in the inference and extraction of decree verses is the abrogating and abrogated knowledge of verses and whether they revealed in the Mecca or Medina. Otherwise, abrogated verses may use as the juridical decree for inference and a false decree issues. This research seeks to study the juridical decrees of Nisa Sura.

Features of the expression of freedom of conscience in the Soviet era of Ukraine

Soviet scientific atheism left us a rather interesting heritage. On the one hand, there are a number of powerful and still valuable works, which, at least, have not lost their heuristic attractiveness. On the other hand, there are mountains of ideological and propagandistic literature of interest to researchers of various aspects of the history of the USSR. Topics such as state-church and interfaith relations, freedom of conscience and religious freedom, which nowadays became one of the most researched in the independent Ukraine, were on the periphery of research interests in Soviet times. In particular, the notion of "freedom of conscience" was not too developed and interpreted in Soviet religious studies, since it was believed that the classics of Marxism-Leninism gave it an exhaustive understanding. Because of this, the Soviet scientific atheists left three things: 1) criticizing the understanding of freedom of conscience by bourgeois (including clerical) thinkers; 2) compare the theoretical and practical level of freedom of conscience in socialist countries and, finally, 3) comprehend Soviet practices in the field of religion in accordance with the principles of Leninist atheistic doctrine.

Penalty Clauses in the Supreme Court: A Legitimately Interesting Decision?

The joint appeals in Cavendish Square Holdings v El Makdessi and Beavis v ParkingEye 1 offered the UK Supreme Court its first opportunity – since moving across Parliament Square – to consider the penalty doctrine. The exercise of judicial control over contractually stipulated remedies has long been controversial and the joint appeals presented an opportunity either to modernise the doctrine's principles or to repudiate it entirely from English law.

Quality of life in stomized oncological patients: an approach of integrality from Brazilian Unified Health System

IntroductionIntegrality is considered an essential constitutional doctrinal principle of SUS, being considered as a major challenge in health in Brazil. This involves practicing focusing on the quality of life of oncological stomized people. ObjectiveTo analyze quality of life of oncological stomized people from the Health Department, the Federal District, Brazil, from the perspective of integrality of the Unified Health System in Brazil. MethodsCross-sectional, exploratory and descriptive study with a quantitative and qualitative approach in the light of a content analysis. This was a convenience sample, including 120 patients registered in the Stomized People Program of the Health Department, the Federal District, Brazil. In this study, sociodemographic, clinical, and WHOQOL-bref questionnaires and an individual interview were used. Data were analyzed by Microsoft® Office Excel 2010 program and SPSS 20.0 software. Statistical significance was accepted at 5%. ResultsPhysical, Social Affairs, and Environment domains are correlated with the mean score, with statistically significant results (p<0.0001), the content analysis resulted in three categories: complications with the stoma, self-care, and Comprehensive health care. ConclusionOur results highlight the need to realize the integrality as a principle at various levels of discussion and of the practice of health care for stomized oncological people.

Security-development nexus in strategic planning in the Russian Federation: From goal-setting to forecasting

This paper examines the implementation of the doctrinal principle of interdependence between security and development in the current Russian strategic planning documents devoted to goal-setting and forecasting. The authors make several recommendations on how to improve the forecasting methodology and the effectiveness of strategic planning in the Russian Federation in a complex geopolitical environment with increased risks to national security and sustainable development.

Methodological foundations for contemporary Religious Studies of Adventism

The article deals with the topic of contemporary criticism of methodological foundations for contemporary Religious Studies of Adventism. The analysis of theoretical and methodological works of Ukrainian and foreign scientists of Religious Studies and theologians allowed to select features of postmodern and late modern types of Protestantism in general and Adventism in particular. For the world Adventism is characterized internal struggle between late modern and postmodern types of Christianity. In particular, there is postmodern on their type and form of expression is the argument in favor of female priesthood, greater openness to the world. In Ukraine, even in the missionary and social work which is objectively the most open to the world, not seeing a transition to a postmodern type of Christianity, although some elements of postmodern practices find their application. But these elements are used only in so far as they are useful and do not violate the general style of Adventism, not threaten the integrity of faith and lifestyles of Adventists do not contradict moral values and practical principles of the social doctrine of Adventism. This allows us to hypothesize that a series of practices common to late modern Christianity and postmodern types of activity of Christians in the postmodern environment. Such practices can be called an open feature of Christianity, which, in active cooperation with the world refuses to lose its own identity. But as organic practices develop appropriate methods of church life and activity of believers formed in late modern period, we attribute it to their typological characteristics of contemporary Adventism as a form of late modern Christianity. With all the openness to the contemporary world and the transformation Adventism is developed as late modern Christianity, which is reflected in practical life of Ukrainian Adventism.

Universal Design 원칙에 근거한 고령친화주거지의 평가 및 개선방향 고찰

Universal Design 원칙에 근거한 고령친화주거지의 평가 및 개선방향 고찰

The Use of Palliative Sedation for Terminally Ill Patients: Review of the Literature and an Argumentative Essay

Palliative sedation for terminally ill patients, with a life expectancy of less than two weeks to control patients’ intolerable pain and symptoms, is an intervention that raises many legal and ethical controversial issues. The purpose of this paper is to write an argumentative essay to support the use of palliative sedation for terminally ill patients, taking into consideration the legal and ethical points of view of opponents and proponents. Although it is illegal in some countries such as France, Jordan and New-Zealand, palliative sedation for terminally ill patients is legally sound for other countries such as USA, Canada, Sweden, Belgium, and Netherlands. Ethically, opponents consider palliative sedation for terminally ill patients as a misleading concept as it hastens death and negatively influences patients’ family members, and it may be misused by health team members. Whereas, proponents debate that palliative sedation is a multidisciplinary intervention that should be considered as a last resort for terminally ill patients with the main intention of relieving patients’ agony and having no effect on patients’ survival; moreover, it positively influences patients’ family members. The author is encouraged to support the use of palliative sedation as it is a multidisciplinary judgement which guarantees that any decision made is built on the latest evidence-based guidelines and is ethically accepted according to the principles of beneficence, autonomy, and doctrine of double effect. Additionally, it is the last and only intervention to alleviate patients’ suffering without affecting patients’ survival, thus causing family members to accept the use of palliative sedation for their loved ones.

Equity in Health: Conception of professionals in the primary network of the Unified Health System

Background: This study refers to the process of investigation about the doctrinal principle of fairness of the Unifid Health System (SUS), through analysis of the theoretical and legal framework and the applicability thereof, specifially in Primary Health Care (APS) level, since it helps in monitoring and referring the population to other levels. The objective of this study was to verify the checked concepts about fairness in health on the speech of professionals working in the Family health’s strategy in the city of Juazeiro do Norte-CE, Brazil. Method: An analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted with a qualitative approach to obtain data that demonstrate how equity is perceived by professionals working in the Health Primary Level in Juazeiro do Norte, Ceara, Brazil. The sample included 18 professionals working in the direct assistance of family’s health and who worked for at least six months in family health strategies. Data collection was performed by a previously structured guide with subjective questions, to assist the interview. For data analysis, we used the technique of Bardin (2009). The study followed all the provisions of the National Health Council Resolution 466/12 and Ministry of Health. Results: It is possible to see that all employees in different professional categories have diffiulties to defie fairness, even with the majority having higher education, several years of training and expertise in the fild of Public Health. This can result from the lack of interest of these professionals to update their knowledge, lack of initiative in the research area and the lack of continuous and permanent education, which should be required by employers to remain in their positions and to perform their duties at work, not occurring in practice. Through the speeches of participants in this research is perceived that a minority of professionals have an adequate perception of the concept of equity in health, compared to literary concepts, making crucial the development of these professionals so that they promote corrections towards providing a more just and resolute assistance. Conclusions: It can be inferred that professionals have some knowledge about what is fair, but this concept is still vague, based on primitive human feelings and social vulnerability of the individual. A favorable position is assumed that health managers should offer to their employees, proper improvement to work in the Single System of Health level, especially in primary care, promoting means of continuous and permanent education