Primary Tillage Research Articles

ИЗМЕНЕНИЕ АГРОФИЗИЧЕСКИХ СВОЙСТВ ВЫЩЕЛОЧЕННОГО ЧЕРНОЗЕМА В ЗАВИСИМОСТИ ОТ МИНИМИЗАЦИИ ОСНОВНОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ПОЧВЫ

The possibility of minimizing the main tillage in crop rotation, the use of a fertilizer system in order to develop methods for increasing productivity and improving agrophysical characteristics on leached chernozem of the Republic of Tatarstan is investigated. The stationary field experience in crop rotation was laid in 2016 on a busy pair (vetch-oat mix), where various systems of primary tillage were studied: annual dump plowing - control option; dump plowing, planar loosening, longline plowing, chisel loosening - in subsequent years by surface peeling. The data obtained in field experiments indicate that, using various primary tillage and fertilizer systems, agrophysical properties can be regulated, and conditions can be created for the conservation and reproduction of soil fertility of leached chernozem. The organic and mineral fertilizer system contributed to an increase in the moisture content in the meter soil layer by 2.1-16.1 mm compared to the mineral fertilizer system. Studies have shown that the introduction of manure at a rate of 60 tons per hectare before rotation of the crop rotation in 2016 contributed to a decrease in bulk density in the 0-40 cm layer compared to the LSG to 0.04 g/cm3. The water permeability of the soil depended on the depth and system of tillage, its moisture content and the crop grown. The use of a tiered soil cultivation system contributed to an increase in wheat yields for both fertilizer backgrounds by 0.8 tons per hectare (OMSU) and 0.7 tons per hectare (MSU), respectively, in comparison with the control variant. Calculations showed that the use of longline plowing in combination with small-scale processing using the organic-mineral fertilizer system ensured a reduction in the cost of main products compared to traditional waste processing to 12%, a net income growth from 1 ha to 15% and a profitability level to 22% .

Yield of soybeans depending on primary soil tillage and organic fertilizer aftereffect

Studies were conducted on an experimental field of Samara State Agrarian University in 20072019 with the purpose of studying the influence of primary soil tillage of typical heavy loam chernozem and aftereffect of different organic fertilizers on the yield of soybeans. The most optimal conditions for the soil density were determined by plowing, which was 0.90-1.10 g / cm3 for the growth and development of soybeans. Primary tillage did not have any significant effect on the productive moisture reserves in the meter layer of soil. Shallow tillage and no-till contributed to a 1.3-time increase in weediness of soybean crops compared to plowing. The greatest crop yield 1.45 t / ha was collected by plowing, which was 0.25 and 0.44 t / ha higher than by shallow tillage and no-till respectively. The aftereffect of organic fertilizers promoted the additional soybean yield of 0.17-0.18 t / ha compared to the non-fertilized plot. New types of organic fertilizers were as good as manure in terms of impact on productivity.

Колообіг біомаси й елементів живлення у посівах сої залежно від попередника й основного обробітку ґрунту

The article analyzes the main laws of the biological cycle of soybean plant biomass, and the parameters of recirculation of nutrients depending on the method and depth of the primary tillage and various preceding crops. It was found that the share of biomass alienated from the field with soybean harvest, depending on the various preceding crops and the primary tillage varied from 31,6 to 32,8 %, which in absolute terms ranged from 1,93 to 3,25 t/ha, and received to the soil with plant residues: from 3,97 to 6,67 t/ha or from 67,2 to 68,4 %. The largest amount of nutrients from 310,2 to 420,5 kg/ha of NPK is involved in soybean crops placed after cereals (winter wheat and spring barley) in the variant of cultivated without soil tillage by 20-22 cm (chisel-deep-tiller), and the lowest after corn for grain from 251,1 to 302,9 kg / ha NPK obtained in the variant during plowing by 20-22 cm. The largest share in the total amount of nutrients in soybean biomass belongs to nitrogen from 61,6 to 65,3 %, the share of phosphorus varies from 12,4 to 14,4 %, and potassium from 20,3 to 25,7 %. The amount of nutrients returned to the soil with plant residues, in relation to their content in the biomass ranges from 41.7 to 55.4% nitrogen, 11,1-14,7 phosphorus and 30,0-46,9 % potassium. It was found that the largest amount of nitrogen enters the soil with crop residues in the variant of soybean placement after soybean and main tillage (disc harrow) by 12-14 cm – 55,4 %. The share of phosphorus was 14,7 %, potassium – 29,8 %. When growing soybeans after cereals, corn for grain and sunflower, the intake of nitrogen in the soil with plant residues was 41,7-42,8 %, phosphorus 11,1-11,2 %, potassium 45,8-46,9 %. The lowest percentage of nitrogen removal - 69.5-69.6% was for the placement of soybeans after soybeans. Although for the removal of phosphorus (14,3%) and potassium – (16,1%) the option of placing soybeans after cereals, corn and sunflower prevailed, where these indicators were respectively (13,0-13,1 %) and (14,5- 14,7 %).

Intensive agricultural technologies of winter wheat cultivation in the Middle Volga region

The article describes agricultural technologies increasing nitrate nitrogen content in the soil, crop yield, protein content and its fractional composition in winter wheat grain in the Middle Volga region. An economic and energy assessment of the effectiveness of winter wheat cultivation is provided for various predecessors, methods of primary tillage and fertilizing. Long-term studies were carried out on the fields of the Department of Agriculture, the laboratory “Agroecology” of Samara State Agricultural Academy. When cultivating winter wheat using the black fallow method, without autumn mechanical tillage with double application of nitrogen fertilizing, the highest yield indicators (2.79 t/ha), protein content of 13.12 %, the maximum net income, profitability of 92 % and energy efficiency were achieved. The energy efficiency coefficient in crops was the largest with the lowest energy coefficient in proteins.

Adaptive technologies for intensification of winter wheat grain production in biologized crop rotation

The studies were conducted at the experimental base of the Tatar Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture in 1996–2014 to adapt fertilizer systems and basic tillage to achieve yields of 3–5 t/ha. The article cited data on winter wheat – the second crop of the third rotation of the eight-field grain-grass-crop rotation for 2013–2014. We studied the effect of organomineral, organic, mineral fertilizer systems on the winter wheat yield using a differentiated approach to their use in combination with different primary tillage systems (dump plowing to the depth of the arable layer, multi-depth loosening and loosening to a depth of 15–16). The organomineral fertilizer system differed with the saturation with organic fertilizers of 7 t/ha of arable land per year + N36P32K60 according to the balance sheet for receiving 4 t/ha of grain with spring fertilizing using ammonium nitrate, where the yield was 4. 03 t/ha, and the saving on mineral fertilizers, depending on crop rotation and soil saturation with organic matter, was 25–35 %. The yield of winter wheat by the water-saving technology amounted to 4.03 t/ha with a planned level of 4.0 t/ha. At the same time, at the purchase price of 7 rubles/kg, the level of profitability rose to 195.85 %, the cost of 1 center of grain amounted to 236.6 rubles.

The effect of green manure on different systems of primary tillage on the nutrient regime of dark chestnut soil

The effect of green manure on different systems of primary tillage on the nutrient regime of dark chestnut soil

On-Farm Evaluation of Conservation Agriculture Practice on Weed Control and Yield of Wheat in Northern Bangladesh

On account of rural labour shortages, smallholder farms in South Asia are seeking labour saving strategies for planting and weed control. To overcome this challenge, conservation agriculture practices involving mechanized planting and crop residue retention together with the application of herbicides are being developed. But their effectiveness for weed control is still uncertain. The present study was undertaken to determine the effectiveness of residue retention relative to herbicides and hand weeding for weed control and yield of wheat in strip planted soil in northern Bangladesh. The on-farm experiment was conducted during November-March in 2014-2016, with wheat cv. BARI Wheat 26 grown after monsoon rice under two tillage types combined with the six weed control practices [P1: conventional tillage (CT)+three hand weedings (HW) (Control), P2: Glyphosate (Gly)+strip planting (SP)+one HW, P3: Gly+SP+pre-emergence (PE) herbicide, P4: Gly+SP+post-emergence (PO) herbicide, P5: Gly+SP+PE+PO, P6: Gly+SP+weed-free (WF); and two levels of rice residue retention, R0: no-residue and R50: 50% residue (by height). The CT consisted of two primary tillage operations by a two-wheel tractor, anwhiled SP had done by a Versatile Multi-crop Planter in a single-pass process. A pre-plant herbicide (glyphosate), a PE herbicide (pendimethalin) and PO herbicide (carfentrazon-ethyl) was applied at recommended doses. The combination of applied glyphosate, SP, followed by sequential application of PE and PO herbicides and the retention of 50% of rice straw achieved the highest weed control efficacy. Furthermore, this practice produced the 24% higher yield and 40% higher economic returns relative to control without exerting any phyto-toxicity in wheat.

SCIENTIFIC ORGANIZATIONAL AND PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY OF THE CORRESPONDING MEMBER OF THE USSR ACADEMY OF SCIENCES M. O. TYULENYEV (1889 – 1969): UNKNOWN AND FORGOTTEN PAGES OF LIFE AND CREATIVITY

Summary . The purpose of the article is to highlight the creative achievements in the field of the drainage land reclamation in Ukraine of a prominent scientist, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR M. O. Tyulenyeva . The research methodology is based on the general scientific principles of the historical accuracy, objectivity, systematicity, complexity and scientific nature. M. O. Tyulenyev'slife and achievements in the development of domestic reclamation science have been reconstructed, using the method of the historical and scientific analysis with the involvement of the previously inaccessible documents.The author used the general scientific, interdisciplinary and special historical methods, as well as a diverse source base, based on the archival documents. The scientific novelty of the article –for the first time it has been determined that, thanks to the development and practical recommendations of M. O. Tyulenyev, first of all, in the 1920-ies – 1930-ies of the previous century, there took place an organizational formation of the scientific support system for the drainage reclamation in the Ukrainian SSR, its preservation during the German occupation of 1941 – 1943 and its rise in the 50-ies – 60-ies of the XXth century. The conclusions . It has been proved that the scientist outlined the basic technological elements that allow a rational use of 3.3 million hectares of dried soils from more than 5 million reclamation fund of Ukraine.Their full and systematic introduction on the background of a primary tillage, a systematic use of fertilizers, the implementation of rational crop rotations and bilateral regulation of the water-air regime will allow to preserve the potential fertility of the drained lands and prevent their degradation.I t ha s been illustrated that, on this basis, the growth and development of, first of all, a public animal breeding could occur for the needs of the country. M. O. Tyulenyev 'ss cientific research es remain a « road map » for posterity to this day. It is not by chance that the Ukrainian Parliament adopted the act to celebrate the 130th anniversary of the birth of M. O Tyulenyev in 2019 at the state level . Thescientistdidmuch in the name of the future and especially in the aspects of the theory, methodology and practice of an agricultural land reclamation .

Реакция яровой пшеницы на внесение соломы озимой ржи в севообороте с разными видами пара

The yield data of spring wheat cultivated in a crop rotation after winter rye with straw entering is presented. The work is part of the research of stationary field experiment on the study of primary tillage systems (factor A): dump (control), and non-moldboard. The experimental design (factor B) represents different types of fallows (2014) in combination with the introduction of winter rye straw in 2015 and 2018: 1 — pure fallow (control); 2 — pure fallow + straw; 3 — pure fallow + cattle manure 60 t/ha; 4 — pure fallow + manure + straw; 5 — green-manured fallow (white mustard) + straw; 6 — green-manured fallow (clover 1 year of use) + straw. Types of fallow with straw are split (factor C) by the addition of nitrogen. The straw introduction in the rotation with clean fallow reduced the wheat yield, regardless of the tillage system and the nitrogen introduction at the beginning of rotation by 4.8%, at the end — 15.6%. The use of green-manured mustard and clover fallows, the manure introduction into fallow reduced the depressive effect of straw on wheat productivity by 4.8–13.3% in comparison with the control, and by 10.2–19.1% in the combination of straw with pure fallow. When straw was re-applied, wheat yield on green-manured fallow was at the control level — pure fallow and was 17.2–15.9% higher than the variant of combining straw with pure fallow. The introduction of straw in combination with manured fallow contributed to the formation of the highest grain yield of spring wheat. Non-moldboard tillage with a surface incorporation of straw contributed to a decrease in wheat productivity by 0.41–0.31 t/ha in comparison with the plowdown of straw. The introduction of nitrogen against this background ensured the formation of spring wheat productivity at the level of dump tillage: 2.78 and 2.88 t/ha. The elimination of nitrogen during non-moldboard tillage significantly reduced the wheat yield.

Technological directions of reducing the energy intensity of the primary tillage process

On the basis of the rational formula of academician V.P. Goryachkin, the definition of the amount of work or energy spent on processing a certain area of the field at a given depth is given. As a result of theoretical studies of field processing by the traditional method, the graphic dependences of the work spent in continuous processing of one hectare of arable land on the depth of soil cultivation are established. The theoretical results strip tillage installed the graphics according to the work required in bandpass processing of one hectare of arable land, of the bandwidth at the maximum depth. Possible options for reducing the energy intensity of tillage in each of the considered methods of tillage are proposed.

PRIMARY TILLAGE FOR WINTER DURUM WHEAT

The primary tillage in crop cultivation determines the conditions for their growth and development. This is especially important for winter durum wheat, which has an underdeveloped root system and it requires a better approach to creating favorable conditions through tillage. There have been studied three methods of tillage: moldboard plowing on 22–25 cm (PN is 5-35); beardless plowing on 22–25 cm (PCh is2.5); disk plowing on 0–12 cm (AG is 2.4). The study was carried out in the southern area of the Rostov region in the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution FSBSI “Agricultural Research Center “Donskoy” (2011–2015). The trial was carried out by generally accepted methods, which made it possible to establish the advantages of the moldboard and beardless plowing of black fallow on 22–25 cm compared to disk plowing on 10-12 cm when cultivating winter durum wheat. Tillage contributed to a lower density in the arable horizon (1.08 and 1.09 g/cm3 ), to a greater microbiological soil activity (up to 37%), and to better moisture supply during the growing season. Moldboard plowing contributed to an availability increase of such nutrients as potassium and nitrogen, and disk plowing contributed to accumulation of available phosphorus. The improved physical soil properties contributed to greater productivity. At disk plowing, winter durum wheat productivity was on average 4.93 t/ha through the years of study. At boardless and moldboard plowing wheat productivity was 5.38 and 5.55 t/ha for non-plow and dump plowing, respectively. Soil treatment did not affect the quality indicators.

WINTER WHEAT PRODUCTIVITY IN DEPENDENCE ON THE METHODS OF PRIMARY TILLAGE IN THE NIZHNEE POVOLZHIE

The result of the study was an establishment of dependence of winter wheat productivity on a method of a primary tillage. There has been identified an advantage of deep chiseling on 0.35–0.37 m over moldboard plowing on 0.20–0.22 m, over disk tillage on 0.12–0.14 m and direct sowing. Plots with deep chiseling showed the best performance compared with other methods of primary tillage in density, porosity, humidity and, consequently, winter wheat productivity.

The impact of agricultural resource-saving technologies on grain yeld and quality

As a result of the studies it is found that applied low rates of mineral fertilizers in the fertilization system when cultivating winter wheat increased its yield to 21%, the higher rates (N64P78K78) gave yield increase to 45% (compared with the options with unapplied fertilizers), in spring barley yield increases were more significant: up to 36 and 58%, respectively. In addition to increasing yields, the use of low rates of mineral fertilizers in the cultivation of winter wheat significantly contributed to the increase in gluten content in the variants with cereal-fallow-row crop(C-F-RC) rotation and the system of combined primary tillage, the increase in gluten quality (by GDM) – only in the variants withC-F-RC rotation and plowing. The application of the increased rate of mineral fertilizers significantly raised the content of gluten and its quality in all the studied variants.

The Effect of Tillage Methods on the Productivity of Tilled Crops and Soil Fertility

The article presents the results of a long-term research in establishing the share of the effect of various methods and systems of primary soil cultivation on the productivity of maize and sunflower, as well as soil fertility on the territory of the Raduga farm in the Giaginsk district of the Republic of Adygea. The studies were performed according to the following tillage systems: soil plowing to the depth of 25 – 27 cm (continuously (reference)); chisel soil plowing to the depth of 38 – 40 cm (continuously); surface soil tillage to the depth of 10 – 12 cm (continuously); and combined tillage system. The study has established the fact of troubled forming of the optimal maize and sunflower plant density due to the decreased germination with the loose structure of the seed layer. Improper choice of the primary tillage method, deficiency of the required density of seedlings in some years reached 20 % or more. However, after combined tillage, it reduced 1.5 – 2.0 times. During the study, by the methods of primary tillage, the lowest weed infestation of maize and sunflower was noted on the background of plowing to the depth of 25 – 27 cm, and was before harvesting lower by 30 – 80 % than in other tillage variants. The same regularity was observed in counting the number of pests on tilled crops. In the case of continuous surface tillage, an increase in the number of harmful larvae was noted in the variant of plowing to the depth of 25 – 27 cm — within 31 – 96 %. The highest average sunflower yield was achieved in the variant with combined (based on selection) system of soil tillage, where the growth was determined by increased fertilizer rates and ranged from 20 % (in the case of plowing) to 31 % (in the case of combined tillage). The decrease in the yield of grain maize after replacing plowing of compact chernozem with heavy disc harrowing did not exceed 8 %, and in the case of long-delayed sowin, it was at the level of 19 – 28 %.

Machine vision for soil roughness measurement and control of tillage machines during seedbed preparation

To address inhomogeneous soil properties during seedbed preparation, a system for site-specific tillage is proposed. The aim of this study was to develop a system to control the rotational speed of the power harrow based on visual detection of the soil roughness with a stereo camera. The basis for the control is the causal relationship between the measurement of soil roughness with stereo cameras, tillage intensity and the aggregate size distribution through dry sieving of the top seedbed. The stereo camera based roughness measurement system developed during this study, focused on robustness and real-time capabilities. Environmental influences on the measurement system were investigated and countermeasures were implemented. The measurement system outputs a roughness index which was the input for a control algorithm. The system was integrated into an ISOBUS Class III application which controls the PTO speed of a tractor in order to prepare a homogeneous soil roughness. During tests several seedbeds with different roughness were prepared with a power harrow following different primary tillage operations. The results of the study have been the basis for the development of a control-approach. The correlations between the aggregate size measured with sieve analysis and soil roughness measured by the stereo vision system was estimated to evaluate the system. Additionally, the comparison between soil roughness and tillage intensity showed high correlation. During validation of the controller, the homogenizing effect on the soil roughness could be shown.

Intensity of spring wheat transpiration due to weather factors and methods of basic tillage

The paper presents the study of daily course transpiration of the three upper leaves of cultivars of spring hard wheat of different origin, grown against the background of two methods of primary tillage in different conditions of the vegetation period according to weather factors. The studies were carried out according to the method of rapid weighing using the torsion scales VT-500 three times during the day (9:00, 12:00 and 15:00 hours) in the phases of stem elongation and wheat earing. The paper identifies cultivar specificity of the course of daytime transpiration, the influence of soil tillage methods on the amount of transpiration, as well as a significant dependence on weather factors over the years of study. The results can be used in practical breeding with the perspective assessment of varieties according to the transpiration activity of the leaves in the most important phases of the spring wheat growing season. In connection with changes in the climatic factor in the direction of increasing aridity, it is important to know the patterns of the response of the plant organism to the extreme conditions and the possibility of its use in breeding practice. The results obtained can substantiate the needs to use various methods of basic processing to reduce negative weather factors.

Desempeño de un subsolador integral biomimético para laboreo sustentable de suelos agrícolas

El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el desempeño de un subsolador integral biomimético (SIB) para el laboreo sustentable del suelo, comparado con un multiarado (M), un equipo subsolador (S) y el sistema convencional de arado (AD) y rastra de discos (Ra). El trabajo se estableció en un suelo franco arenoso, en franjas de 15 m de ancho por 110 m de longitud, sin repeticiones. Se encontró que SIB y M tienen mayor anchura de trabajo, demandan más fuerza de tiro y menor consumo de combustible por hectárea (ha), por lo que estadísticamente son diferentes a AD y S. La velocidad de trabajo de SIB repercute directamente en su rendimiento operativo (ha h-1), ya que es 33.8% mayor al rendimiento de AD. En calidad y operación de los implementos, estos no produjeron cambios temporales sobre la densidad aparente (Da), diámetro medio de los agregados (DG50), resistencia a la penetración (Rp) y humedad gravimétrica (Ɵg); estadísticamente no mostraron diferencias (p ≤ 0.05), aunque en promedio Da en M fue mayor que en AD, S y SIB para todas las profundidades de muestreo. Por tanto, se concluye que SIB representa una alternativa sustentable para la preparación primaria del suelo y puede utilizarse en lugar de la labranza convencional.

Undersown cover crops have limited weed suppression potential when reducing tillage intensity in organically grown cereals

Adoption of reduced tillage in organic cropping has been slow, partly due to concerns about increasing weed infestation. Undersown cover crops (CCs) are considered to be a feasible option for weed management but their potential for weed suppression is insufficiently investigated in low-till organic cropping. The possibilities to reduce primary tillage by introducing CCs to maintain weed infestation at a level that does not substantially jeopardize crop yield were studied in a field experiment in southern Finland during 2015–2017. Eight different CC mixtures were undersown in cereals and the response in weed occurrence was consecutively assessed in spring barley, winter wheat, and finally, as a subsequent effect, in spring wheat. Growth of CCs was too slow to prevent the flush of early emerging weeds in spring barley whereas in winter wheat, CCs succeeded in hindering the growth of weeds. However, CCs could not prevent the increase of perennial weeds in a reduced tillage system in which the early growth of spring wheat was retarded in cool 2017. Consequently, after 2 years of reduced tillage, weed biomass was about 2.6 times higher and spring wheat yield was 30% lower than in plowed plots, respectively. No major differences in weed control efficacy among CC treatments were evident. A grain yield benefit was recorded after repeated use of leguminous CCs. The need for long-term field studies remains of particular interest regarding post-harvest performance and influence of CCs on perennial weeds before the inversion tillage.

The influence of the methods of primary tillage on the biological activity of ordinary chernozem

The article discusses topical issues related to the improvement of the main tillage systems for agricultural crops. The authors draw attention to the general problem of agricultural soil degradation caused by depletion as a result of prolonged non-rational use. The perennial studies conducted by the authors are aimed at preserving soil fertility by reducing the mechanical load on the soil cover. The results of the research make it possible to evaluate the effect of treatments on the activity of the microbial community, one of the main indicators of the orientation of soil-forming processes of chernozem soil types.

Effect of Ploughing Depth, Tractor Forward Speed, and Plough Types on the Fuel Consumption and Tractor Performance

Cost of fuel has a significant impact on the input costs of agricultural production, especially during primary tillage. It is affected by several parameters including tractor forward speed, depths of ploughing, and plough types. The experiment was performed in a Soil Hall at Harper Adams University, United Kingdom, in April 2015. A Massey Ferguson 8480 4WD tractor was used for investigating objectives of this study. The experiment was performed in a sandy loam soil texture at 11.73% soil moisture content and 1.35 (g/cm3) dry bulk density to study the amount of fuel consumption (l/ha) and the performance of tractor with effect of moldboard and disc ploughs as ploughs type, 15 and 20 cm as ploughing depth and 5 and 7 km/h as tractor forward speeds. The results showed that fuel consumption with a disc plough 5% was higher compared to the moldboard. Fuel consumption decreased approximately 8% when tractor at 7 km/h. Fuel consumption significantly decreased about 34% when ploughing depth increased from 15 to 20 cm. The power requirement to operate moldboard plough was higher by about 14% than a disc. The power requirement at speeds of 7 km/h was higher compared to the speeds of 5 km/h by about 27%. When the depth of ploughing increased from 15 to 20 cm, the power requirement increased by about 1.5%.