Production Price Research Articles

Economic Analysis of the Determinants of Citrus Exports in South Africa Post the Era of Trade Liberalisation

The purpose of the study was to analyse the determinants of South African citrus exports post era of trade liberalisations using secondary data from 1996 to 2018. The Johansen Cointegration model was used to test the long-run relationship between the citrus export and the determinants in the post era of trade liberalisation and Ordinary Least Squares regression was used to determine the relationship between citrus export in South Africa and the selected determinants post the era of trade liberalisation. The results of the Johansen Cointegration model show the existence of a long-run equilibrium relationship between citrus exports and the determinants of South African citrus exports. The Ordinary Least Squares regression results provided evidence that citrus production and citrus world market prices are the major influencers of citrus export in South Africa. The Department of Agriculture and the Citrus Associations should make initiatives to ensure an increase in citrus production by promoting development programmes for the citrus producers.

Reserves for reducing production costs in the region

The paper considers the main reserves for reducing the cost price of bakery products of a bakery enterprise, as well as studies and performs calculations to reduce material costs. The reduction and preservation of the cost price of bread production for the near future is justified, and the financial results from saving raw material costs are determined.

Policy-induced expansion of organic farmland: implications for food prices and welfare

Abstract Public policies increasingly support the expansion of organic agriculture as part of a menu of food and environmental initiatives. A little-studied yet crucial element of such expansion, especially in light of scientific evidence on lower yields of organic crops, is its impact on overall food production and food prices, especially for poorer households. In this paper, we first establish a positive empirical relationship between countries’ propensity to produce and consume organic foods and their per-capita income. Such correlation suggests that, even if rich countries’ consumers can benefit from an increase in the organic farmland share, poor countries’ consumers would likely face higher conventional food prices. We then develop and calibrate a model of world food demand and supply to assess the implications of a policy-driven expansion in organic farmland. Our results for four major grains and oilseeds show that raising the organic cropland share in rich countries from 3 to 15 per cent increases food prices in poor countries by up to 6.3 per cent, with central values of 1.2–2.5 per cent, and a commensurate reduction in consumer welfare. Model parameterisations indicate that farmers in poor countries benefit from higher crop prices, while consumers in rich countries are largely unaffected and sometimes benefit. In all cases, poor countries’ consumers bear most of the distortion burden. In our preferred parameterisation, a 3 per cent increase in cropland in rich countries is needed to offset the food price increase in poor countries.

Dynamics between macro-economic variables and the stock market: Evidence from India

The present paper examines the dynamics between macroeconomic variables and the stock market. The index of industrial production, inflation, gold price, oil price, and return from treasury bills have been used as proxy macroeconomic variables. The Indian stock market has been typified by the Sensex. Monthly observations have been analyzed from April 1993 to October 2022 through cointegration and the Granger causality test to examine possible long-run and short-run relationships, respectively. The results proclaim the presence of cointegration among variables. Further, the analysis of normalized cointegrating coefficients reveals that in the long run, changes in inflation and the rate of return from T-bills positively affect the stock market. While changes in gold and oil prices have a negative impact on the stock market. The Granger causality test implies that in the short run, the stock market is sensitive to changes in the index of industrial production, inflation, and oil prices. The results are expected to be fruitful for investors as well as traders when designing their investment and trading strategies. Since the results indicate that volatility in the stock market can significantly affect industrial production, inflation, and gold prices, regulators should be vigilant about perturbations in the stock market to mitigate adverse effects.

The Impact of Covid-19 on Patterns of Utilization of Capture Fisheries at Cirebon

The purpose of this study analyze the impact of Covid-19 on input factors and output factors on the pattern of utilization of capture fisheries. This research was conducted in 2020 in Cirebon Regency. The methodology used quantitative descriptive. The results of the analysis indicate, first, the impact of COVID-19 on input parameters has not changed, such as fishing fleets, trips, fishing ground, crew members, and operational costs. Some changes only occur in certain commodities. For example, in crab fishermen, they adjust their fishing gear on commodities sold for the domestic market. Previously, they used traps to catch crabs. Since the Covid 19 pandemic, they have used rampus to catch small pelagic fish. Second, in TCT commodities, the variables that change are mainly the output parameters, namely production volume, price, and revenue. The impact of covid 19 was felt during March-May 2020, which was when the PSPB was implemented. There was a decrease in production in 2020 compared to the previous year. It is hoped that the government will increase its cold storage capacity, so that if there is a lockdown in the export destination country, the output from fishermen can be temporarily accommodated in cold storage.

Lithium Extraction and Zeolite Synthesis via Mechanochemical Treatment of the Silicate Minerals Lepidolite, Spodumene, and Petalite

Lithium is in high demand: this is driven by current trends in e-mobility and results in increased global production and record prices for lithium ores and compounds. Pegmatite ores, in addition to brines, remain of particular interest because of their higher lithium content and lower geopolitical risks. In this work, we investigated lithium extraction via the mechanochemical treatment of the three most common lithium minerals: lepidolite, spodumene, and petalite. Indeed, we determine that the petalite crystal structure was much more suitable due to its less dense packing and the formation of cleavage planes along lithium sites, resulting in substantial lithium extraction of 84.9% and almost complete conversion to hydrosodalite after 120 min of ball milling in alkaline media. Further processing of the leach liquor includes desilication, the precipitation of lithium phosphate, and the conversion and crystallization of pure LiOH·H2O. Special attention was paid to a holistic approach entailing the generation of by-products, each of which has a specific intended application. The leaching residues were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, N2 adsorption/desorption, and scanning electron microscopy. Moreover, hydrosodalite was found to have a high potential as an adsorbent for heavy metal ions which were studied separately using aqueous solutions containing Cu2+, Ni2+, Pb2+, and Zn2+.

Determinants of Profitability : Evidence from Construction Companies Listed on Indonesian Securities Market

An asset management role is required to analyze and optimize revenue sources and efficient systems to reduce costs. Construction service companies that tend to have fewer fixed assets than their current assets have constraints in suppressing production prices and must be able to manage them efficiently to maintain their existence in the market. The data shows the growth in the number of construction service companies which continues to increase and the construction price index which continues to decline, requiring efficient asset management to reduce production costs. For this reason, this study aims to determine the effect of Account Receivable Turnover (ARTO) asset management instruments, Fixed Asset Turnover (FATO), Inventory Turnover (IT), and Total Asset Turnover (TATO) on Operating Profit Margin (OPM) in construction service companies in Indonesia. The research sample is 5 large-scale construction companies in Indonesia with vulnerable observation periods from 2017 to 2021. The method used in this research is panel data regression to examine the relationship between research variables. The results of this study indicate that Fixed Asset Turnover (FATO) and Total Assets Turnover (TATO) have an effect on the Operational Profit Margin (OPM) of construction service companies in Indonesia. Meanwhile, Account Receivable Turnover (ARTO) and Inventory Turnover (IT) have no effect on OPM in Indonesian construction service companies. The results of this study have implications for construction service companies that asset management is very important for the company's progress, especially in increasing profits. This research contributes to the ability of construction service companies to manage their assets effectively, because the construction service business actor is the party responsible for implementing infrastructure development in Indonesia.

Revenue and risk of variable renewable electricity investment: The cannibalization effect under high market penetration

Wind and solar power depress market prices at times when they produce the most. This has been termed the ‘cannibalization effect’, and its magnitude has been established within the economic literature on current and future markets. Although it has a substantial impact on the revenue of VRE technologies, the cannibalization effect is neglected in the capital budgeting literature, including portfolio- and real options theory. In this paper, we present an analytical framework that explicitly models the correlation between VRE production and electricity price, based on the production costs of surrounding generation capacity. We derive closed-form expressions for the expected short-term and long-term revenue, the variance of the revenue and the timing of investments. The effect of including these system characteristics is illustrated with numerical examples, where we find the cannibalization effect to decrease projected profit relative to investment cost from 33% to between 13% and −40%, depending on the assumption for the future VRE capacity expansion rate. Using a real options framework, the investment threshold increases by between 13% and 67%, due to the inclusion of cannibalization.

Consumers’ Preferences for Egg Attributes with Tendency Purchase Organic Eggs and Willingness to Pay for the Preferences within Central Region and Southern Region of Malaysia

Purpose: Egg is one of the few foods consists of complete high quality protein source and as a main protein source in Malaysia. Organic eggs industry is an underdeveloped niche market in Malaysia but exponential grow industry in develop countries. The objectives of the study are examined consumers’ preferences toward egg attributes and tendency of consumers choose organic eggs with willingness to pay for the attributes within Central Region and Southern Region of Malaysia. Theoretical framework: Based on previous study, Lancaster’s theory argue that consumers derive utility not from good directly but from the attributes of the good that satisfy consumer need and wants (Lancaster, 1971). TRA explained the relationship between attitudes and subjective norm that influenced human intention and behavior and this theory is used to predict human reaction towards a subject based on the attitudes and behavioral intentions (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1975). TPB is differ from TRA where it has additional of perceived behavioral control, where together with the attitudes and subjective norm, shaped both intention and behaviors (Ajzen, 1991). Design/Methodology/Approach: The target population of this study will focus on consumer adults with the age more than 18 years old and purchase eggs within 3 months. The location of respondents will be within Central Region and Southern Region of Malaysia. The consumers 18 years old above with purchase eggs within 3 months, will be include in the sampling frame from the target population. Any adults not consume eggs within 3 months will exclude in the study. A simple random sampling technique stemmed from probability sampling technique was used to select the respondents (Ajina, 2019), where questionnaires were sent out to all the end-users in the list of sampling frame and all responses will be recorded accordingly. The obtained surveys had gone through a vetting process after the actual data collection. Incomplete questionnaires having a response rate of more than 15% will be deleted from the data set because they compromise the results' reliability and validity. The respondents not purchase any eggs within 3 months will exclude in the conjoint analysis. Findings: Total 156 respondents and 149 respondents were purchasing egg within 3 months selected as sample for conjoint analysis. The results of conjoint analysis indicated price is the most important attribute for consumer preferences follow by size, production type, color and packaging. The best combination of egg attribute with highest total utilities value is RM 0.4/egg, size A, brown color, 10 eggs per pack and organic production type with total utility value 7.477 and WTP RM0.51/egg. The result indicates tendency of consumer toward organic egg and higher than other production type. This is the first study in Malaysia showed positive preference of consumers toward organic eggs with positive WTP RM 0.11/egg for attribute organic egg alone. Research, practical & social implications: The finding of relative importance attributes for this study is different from the study by (Hanis, Nasir, Jinap, Alias, & Karim, 2013) where size is the most important attribute follow by size of packaging, color and functional of egg without consider production type and price. This study allows producers have clear picture and direction to produce eggs with low price, bigger brown eggs, organic or conventional with nutrient enrichment and low size of packaging to fulfil consumers’ need and want. Originality/Value: This study is the first finding showed positive tendency of consumers in Malaysia toward organic eggs and more important than other type of production system. In term of Willing to Pay (WTP), consumer WTP for some of the attribute like size A, size B, organic, conventional with nutrient enrichment and brown eggs. The finding gives a clear picture to industry player to strategy planning the products according to consumers’ preferences and fulfil their need and want.

Refutations of Say’s Law and Dynamics of a Monetary Economy of Production

In a monetary economy of production, Say’s law is invalid for several reasons. Based on some refutations, it is possible to state that revenues generated by the production process are structurally lower than the supply price of production, which means that firms create insufficient purchasing power to buy what they produce. Herein, we study the dynamics of such an economy and obtain two main results. First, the long-term debt level of that economy must increase during a growth phase to enable demand to grow at the same pace as supply. Second, because of the repayment of this debt, the gap between supply and net revenues generated by the production process widens along a growth phase. JEL Classification: E12, E2, E30, E42, G21

Uncertainty about interest rates and the real economy

This study utilizes data from the US options market and constructs a VIX-style measure of forward-looking volatility about Treasury yields to capture uncertainty about interest rates. Using the structural VAR model, we show that increases in uncertainty about interest rates predict the slowing of future activity. Greater expected volatility in interest rates predicts declines in industrial production, retail trade, consumer and producer prices, and increased unemployment. These results also remain robust when decomposing the VIX-style measure into two parts: volatility calculated using out-of-the-money put options and volatility calculated from out-of-the-money call options. Finally, uncertainty about 7 to 10-year Treasuries is more informative about the future of the economy than uncertainty about 20-year yields.

Faktor Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pendapatan Petani Cengkeh di Desa Rante Alang Kecamatan Larompong Kabupaten Luwu

Purpose: To determine the amount of production that has a positive effect on the income of clove farmers in Rante Alang Village, Larompong District, Luwu Regency. Methodology: The research method used is descriptive quantitative. The population of the sample in Rante Alang Village, Kec. Larompong Regency. Luwu as many as 856 people. Samples were taken from as many as 90 people. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. Result: The results of the study concluded that the variables of production costs (X1), selling price (X2), land area (X3), and amount of production (X4) partially had a significant effect on the income of clove farmers in Rante Alang Village, Kec. Larompong Regency. Luwu.

Analysis on the shadow price of carbon emissions from China's forestry fruit industry-taking peaches as an example.

The shadow price of carbon emissions can measure the marginal output effect under the carbon emission regulation and is also one of the key indicators to construct a low-carbon development path for production units. Currently, international research on shadow price is focused on the industrial and energy sectors. However, in the context of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality targets in China, the use of shadow price to study the cost of reducing emissions from agricultural production, especially forestry fruit industries, is significant. In this paper, we use a parametric approach to construct the quadratic ambient directional distance function. Using the input-output data of peach, we then calculate the environmental technical efficiency and shadow price of carbon emissions from peach production in Guangxi, Jiangsu, Shandong, and Sichuan provinces, and further estimate the values of green output in each province. The results show that (i) the environmental technology efficiency of peach production in Jiangsu province, located in the coastal plain area of eastern China, is the highest among the four provinces, while that in Guangxi province, located in the hilly area of southeast China, is the lowest. (ii) Guangxi province has the smallest carbon shadow price of peach production among the four provinces, while Sichuan province, located in the mountainous area of southwest China, has the largest. (iii) The green output value of the peach production in Jiangsu province is the highest among the four provinces, and that in Guangxi province is the lowest. In order to effectively reduce carbon emissions in peach production without affecting economic benefits, the paper puts forward the following suggestions: for peach-producing areas in the southeast hills of China, it is necessary to increase the application of green environmental technology while reducing the input of production factors in peach production. For peach-producing areas in the northern plains of China, the input of production factors should be reduced. It is not easy for peach-producing areas in the southwest mountains of China to reduce the input of production factors while increasing the application of green technologies. Finally, for peach-producing areas in China's eastern coastal plain, the implementation of environmental regulations for peach production should be gradual.

Green Industrial Policy Conflict with WTO Rules and Implications for Emerging Economics: From the Perspective of New Energy Vehicles (NEVs)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to analyze the green contradiction between China’s NEVs subsidy policies and WTO rules. It proposes resolutions for China and South Korea from the perspective of GATT Article 20 and the US New Climate Bill. Design/Methodology/Approach – Based on the investigation of NEVs in the market, this paper finds that relevant effective subsidy measures can promote China’s NEVs development. Moreover, through case study and literature, this paper also analyzes the compliance of China’s NEVs subsidy measures under the SCM Agreement. Finally, it puts forward relevant implications for the NEVs development of China and South Korea. Findings – This paper studies credit preference, financing support and LCRs, which may be determined to be prohibited subsidies and production subsidies, Tax incentives and price support may be determined to be actionable subsidies. Subsidies for specific NEV enterprises or regions may be deemed to de jure or de facto specific subsidies with disordering global trade order. Research Implications – This study has far-reaching significance in promoting the reform of WTO related- subsidy regulations and formulating a special RE subsidy agreement under the multilateral trade system, which will resolve the conflicts of the environmental and energy trade under the background of low-carbon energy transition.

Multilayered Emergent Phenomena Caused by Basic Income and Labor Supply on the Wider Economic System

Despite the growing interest in basic income (BI) in recent years, the existing research has mainly focused on its impact on household finances. However, changes in household behavior may affect the actions of other decision makers, such as businesses and governments, leading to unanticipated outcomes. Therefore, any analysis of BI must use a model with multilayered feedback from the actions of individual decision makers. To actualize such a model, household budgets, firms, and other entities must autonomously determine production levels, prices, and other factors, thereby encompassing a complete circulation of funds. This study constructs a macroeconomic model using agent-based modeling as a basic framework to achieve these goals, and it analyzes the emergent behaviors generated by BI and the labor supply in the economic system. The results show that although BI brings about more equitable consumption by households, it also creates a unique phenomenon wherein Gross Domestic Product increases but economic activity in terms of capital investment stagnates. Upon examining the impact of BI, the results of this study present the need to examine the multilayered feedback influencing mutual decision makers, which arises from the behavioral changes of individual decision makers caused by BI.

Mengoptimalkan Hasil Panen Padi Menggunakan Metode Goal Programming Dengan Pengaplikasian Nutrisi PGPR

Papungan’s one of the villages in Blitar Regency where most of the population are farmers and mostly cultivate rice crops. The effort was made by farmers to meet the needs of the community, but still in limited quantities. From the results of interviews with farmers in Papungan village, they complained a lot because the rice crop was still relatively low, due to the scarcity and high price of fertilizers. By making PGPR (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteri) organic nutrients, it is a consortium of bacteria that actively colonize plant roots which play an important role in increasing plant growth, crop yields and land fertility. This study aims to optimize the profitability of rice farming in Pappungan Village. The results of the profit optimization calculation using the Goal Programming method. This study uses primary and secondary dta, and the purpose of this study aims to solve the problem of limited resources optimally with the Goal Programming method. Based on the results of the discussion of calculations using the goal programming method, the conclusion of the optimization of rice crops and applied using LINGO software, obtained optimal results, namely Z = 424.7647 with three goals achieved, among others, the production yield reached 27,640 Kg and the selling price of rice crop production reached Rp 18,000 / Kg with production costs required for rice crop production for per hectare of Rp 61,980,000. For the results of the goal achieved (goal) optimization of crop patterns, Papungan Village farmers are recommended to plant type B rice.

PENGARUH SUBSTITUSI RANSUM KOMERSIAL DENGAN KANGKUNG AIR AFKIR TERFERMENTASI TERHADAP KINERJA EKONOMI AYAM KAMPUNG SUPER JANTAN (The effect of commercial ration substitution with fermented reject water kale on the economic performance of ......)

This study aims was to analyse the effect of substitution commercial ration with fermented reject water kale on the economic performance of super rooster native chickens. The material used was 80 heads of 5 week old super rooster native chickens. This study used a complete randomized design (RAL) with 4 treatments of 5 replications with each replication consisted of 4 super rooster native chickens. The treatment tried was R0: 100% commercial ration, R1: 90% commercial ration + 10% fermented reject water kale, R2: 80% commercial ration + 20% fermented reject water kale, R2: 70% commercial ration + 30% fermented reject water kale. The variables observed were production costs, revenue, income, IOFC business feasibility analysis B/C, R/C and (production BEP and price BEP). The results of this research showed that substitution commercial ration with fermented reject water kale had a significant effect on of the economic performance of super rooster native chickens. The best treatment is R3 because production costs are low but get optimum income.

Transforming industrial solid wastes into eco-friendly zeolite material for efficient heavy metal ion stabilization through host-guest combination

In this work, the “host-guest” combination has been conducted upon the utilization of dual industrial solid wastes, namely, spent FCC catalyst and red mud. The host of cancrinite zeolite was successfully synthesized under the optimum conditions of pre-treatment temperature of 500 °C for 4 h, spent FCC catalyst to NaOH of 0.8 (mass ratio), nitric acid to red mud of 5 (volume/mass), 140 °C for 12 h. The as-synthesized cancrinite sample had the maximum specific surface area of 251 m2/g, resulting in the relative leachability for Ni2+ (0.03%) and V2+ (0.38%) much better than that of spent FCC catalyst. The “host-guest” rule was discussed to reveal the mechanism for heavy metal ions stabilized into cancrinite zeolite. The feasibility (sources, synthesis methods, energy consumption and performance) of the present study was evaluated on a medium level by comparison with other literatures. Finally, the cost assessment of cancrinite zeolite was checked and the production cost was about 8 $/kg, decreasing the production price by at least 95% compared to commercial zeolites. Thus, the present study showed the feasibility and potential of solid wastes for stabilizing heavy metal ions, particularly in an advantage of the cost-effectiveness.

FORECASTING THE EXPORT POTENTIAL OF FODDER CORN PRODUCERS

Global food security is based on the uninterrupted supply of basic foodstuffs. In their structure, a significant place is given to fodder corn, used for fattening livestock and poultry and therefore exerts a significant influence on the production of meat, milk and eggs. Ukraine occupies an essential position in the world production and export of corn along with the USA, Brazil and Argentina. Components of export potential are unique for each country. At the same time, the growing global demand for fodder corn poses a task for producers to increase productivity, and therefore the production volumes of this crop. Goal. The purpose of the article is to analyze and build predictive models of export volumes to determine the distribution of the world feed corn market of the leading countries, taking into account the current situation related to military aggression in Ukraine. Method. In the process of the research, regression analysis was used to identify the dependence between the level of export volume and indicators of productivity and production prices for the studied countries; the Holt method - was for building predictive models, the results of which are used to forecast the volume of exports based on the constructed multiple regression equation; statistical analysis. The results. In the process of achieving leadership positions in the world fodder corn market, the producers of the studied countries underwent significant quantitative and qualitative changes in the process of crop production. Ukraine has significant potential for increasing the production and export of fodder corn. Considering the military actions in Ukraine, which complicated logistics processes, the study considers three scenarios: ideal - Ukrainian corn producers have the proper conditions for the production and transportation of corn; negative - Ukraine cannot export goods due to a lack of proper conditions for its production; limited - the reduction of cultivated areas, improper observance of agricultural technologies and limitations of logistical capabilities limit the production and export potential of the country. Scientific novelty. The factors affecting the export potential of the leading countries in the production of fodder corn have been identified. A forecast of productivity and production volumes has been developed. A scenario analysis was carried out. Practical significance. The value of the research lies in the development of theoretical and methodological provisions for assessing the country's export potential.

Techno-economic analysis to identify the optimal conditions for green hydrogen production

The intermittency of renewable energy sources necessitates energy storage to meet the full demand and balancing requirements of the grid. Green hydrogen (H2) is a chemical energy carrier that can be used in a flexible manner and store large amounts of energy for long periods of time. This techno-economic analysis investigates H2 production from wind using commercially available desalination and electrolysis units. Proton exchange membrane and alkaline electrolyser units are utilised and compared. The intermittency of wind is examined, with comparison against grid-bought electricity. A model is developed to determine the selling price required to ensure profitability over a 10-year period. Firstly, where H2 is produced using energy from the grid, with electricity purchased when below a specified price point or between specified hours. In the second scenario a wind turbine is owned by the user and the electricity price is not considered, while the turbine capital expenditure is. The price of H2 production from wind is found to be comparable with natural gas derived H2 at a larger scale, with a minimum selling price calculated to be 4.85 £/kg at a setpoint of 500 kg of H2/hr. At a setpoint of 50 kg of H2/hr, this is significantly higher at 12.10 £/kg. In both cases, the alkaline electrolyser produced cheaper H2. This study demonstrates an economy of scale with H2 prices decreasing with increased scale. H2 prices are also closely linked to the capital expenditure, with the equipment size, space and safety identified as limiting factors.