Pre-revolutionary Period Research Articles

Legislative regulation of criminal liability for escape from a place of imprisonment in the pre-revolutionary period

Legislative regulation of criminal liability for escape from a place of imprisonment in the pre-revolutionary period

Профессиональная преступность в Курской губернии во второй половине XIX – начале XX в. По материалам Государственного архива Курской области

The study of regional aspects of crime in the pre-revolutionary period allows us to form a holistic view on the development of such socially dangerous criminal phenomenon as professional crime in Russia. Recent changes in Russian criminal law (2019–20), that are to protect the society from professional crime, have made studying the issue more significant. There is a gap in scientific knowledge of regional aspects of professional crime of the past. The scholarship either addresses the issue on the large scale (that of Russia as a whole), or focuses on big cities (Moscow, St. Petersburg). The article presents an analysis of the formation and development of professional crime based on the materials from the State Archive of the Kursk Region (fond 32 of the Kursk district court), reflecting the development of ordinary crime in the Kursk gubernia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century. The choice of territorial framework is due to the fact that the Kursk gubernia was a typical region of the European part of Russia in the specified time period. There is little research on the topic, and most archival materials have been studied and introduced into scientific use for the first time. A whole complex of criminal cases considered by the Kursk district court (criminal division) in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century has been identified and analyzed. Methodological basis of the research is analysis and generalization of special literature and scientific publications; study of archival materials using historical-comparative, historical-genetic, and historical- systematic methods. It has been concluded that professional crime in the Kursk gubernia in the second half of the 19th – early 20th century was focused on agriculture, since the region's economy had a pronounced agricultural specificity. The most popular criminal craft was horse theft; it was pursued in organized groups, where all roles were distributed among the gang robbers. Often they were assisted by horsedealers who were their only channel for selling stolen horses. There also were cases of counterfeiting, theft of hand luggage and clothing, and group theft in form of robbery (pickpocketing and brigandage were less common). Pickpockets had in their stock in trade for committing theft. They had special knowledge and practice-oriented skills for stealing money and other values from hand luggage or clothing of their victims and for avoiding criminal prosecution. The authors’ conclusions broaden our knowledge on the issue and are of interest to historians, lawyers, and sociologists.

Institute of Reconciliation in the History of Russian Criminal Justice (Pre-Revolutionary Period)

The emergence, formation and development of the institution of reconciliation of the parties as a means of resolving legal conflicts have a long history. The origins of reconciliation were primarily laid down in rituals, and later were reflected in laws. At the same time, the institution of reconciliation is mentioned in almost all major history law documents - from Russian Truth to the Judicial Statutes of 1864.Thus, the article shows the development of the institution of reconciliation in Russia from ancient times to the end of the 19th century. The traditions of brother-making and refusal of blood feud are replaced by the procedure for apologizing and filing a reconciliation petition. The article shows how the complication of social relations gradually changed the position towards crime – firstly it was perceived as an insult to a person, but with the strengthening of state power it was seen as an unlawful act, violation of the norms established by the state, where the latter is almost always considered the main victim. This, accordingly, affected the change in attitudes towards the institution of reconciliation – from stimulating the rule-maker to the peaceful settlement of criminal-legal conflicts by the parties to the establishment of a ban on reconciliation in most categories of criminal cases.

ДОСУГОВАЯ КУЛЬТУРА НАУЧНО-ПЕДАГОГИЧЕСКИХ РАБОТНИКОВ САРАТОВА В 1920-Е ГГ

The article is analyzing the organization of the off-hours time for employees in higher education institutions of Saratov in the 1920s. Based on original sources, the author reveals the main types of leisure of the teaching staff. In the period under review, a lot of the old, traditional still existed in the nonprofessional activities of lecturers, which, due to objective reasons of that time, underwent some changes. Since leisure remained an integral part of private life, it was impossible to completely abandon it, although in comparison with the pre-revolutionary period there was less and less space for it. The issues of the spiritual world, views on the surrounding reality, reflections on the life path of life and credo – all that faded into the background, the lecturers had to solve the acute issues of a half-starved existence, and sometimes to wage an actual struggle for survival. When comparing the leisure of scientists and the working class people, there is a difference in their quality content and in specific types of pastime. The main attention is focused on considering the factors that influenced changes in the forms of spending free time by scientists during the 1920s.

Трансформация самодержавия в Российской империи в начале ХХ в.: Взгляд С.Ю. Витте

The article examines the opinions of Sergei Witte, one of the first Russian public politicians and one of the most influential officials of the turn of the 19th–20th centuries, on the transformation of the Russian autocracy. The Memoirs of Sergei Witte as well as documents from his personal fonds stored in the Russian State Historical Archive (RGIA) constitute the source basis of the research. The interdisciplinary research paradigm of the performative turn was adopted as the methodological basis of the research. S. Witte’s views on the process of transformation of autocracy are considered through the prism of the following scientific categories: the image of power, scenario of power, authoritative discourse, political myth, performative shift, the principle of outsideness. The analysis of the historiography presented in the article allows us to justify the relevance of the performative approach to the study of Russia’s historical realities in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. Special attention is paid to the personal characteristics of the last two Russian emperors, which were given by Sergei Witte in the pages of his Memoirs and became an important part of Witte’s representation of the process of evolution of the institution of autocracy in Russia in the pre-revolutionary period. Of considerable academic interest are his substantial “portraits” of Russian political parties at the time of their institutional design and programmatic self-identification. Interesting nuances of Sergei Witte’s resignation presented by him in the extremely subjective optics of perception remain of high relevance for the analysis of various materials on the subject. The final part of the article draws conclusions about the content and elements of the concept of transformation of autocracy and describes the influence of new political institutions on that transformation in socio-political situation which had been changing.

Проблематика прибрежных территорий реки Ангары в пределах Иркутской агломерации: эволю-ция изменений (конец XVII в. – начало XXI в.)

The present paper examines the problems of coastal areas within the Irkutsk agglomeration and dis-cusses the changes that occurred in the studied territories over time. The study is based on a com-prehensive approach to the urban planning analysis of coastal areas under agglomeration. In particular, the analysis of urban planning documentation, legal basis and geoinformation databases was carried out. In the study, the following aspects are highlighted: determining the characteristics of the River Angara basin; studying the changes in the investigated coastal area over history (pre-revolutionary pe-riod (late 17th century - 1917), Soviet period (1917–1991), post-Soviet period (1991 - early 21st cen-tury)); characterising the current state of the studied coastal area within the Irkutsk agglomeration, in particular, transport network, functional zoning, natural resource potential (landscapes and vegetation), environmental risks (harmful effects of water and vegetation contamination) and socio-economic po-tential; identifying the problems of the investigated coastal areas based on the performed analysis (transport, planning, environmental and socio-economic aspects). It can be concluded that the absence of a general strategy for developing the region resulted in the identified issues associated with the coastal area.

Formation of the urban environment in Kostanay city at the turn of the XIX-XX centuries: analysis of cult architecture based on photo documents

The article deals with the issue of «temple building» in the city of Kostanay in the pre-revolutionary period. Temple architecture is a category that encompasses not only the construction of temples but also their functioning and influence on the processes and events taking place in the city. In the conditions of temple construction, the task was set not so much of buildings of religious structures, but of the habitat as a whole. The main purpose of the study is to identify the features and factors of the influence of temple construction, the activities of priests on the change in the urban environment, to study the architectural styles and ideological compositions of the cult architecture of Kostanay. The work used a wide range of historiographic (works of Kazakh and foreign, Russian researchers) and source material (archival, museum sources). The methodological basis of the research was made by interdisciplinary, cross-cultural theoretical positions (concepts of K. Lynch and K. Norberg-Schulz, environmental approach) and specific methods (architectural analysis, historical and cultural reconstruction, methods of system-holistic analysis, critical research, and generalization of source material). Based on the results of the study, we came to the conclusion that temple architecture and priests had positive changes on the city and townspeople, a lot of educational, moral, charitable work was carried out, registers of births were kept. An active activity attitude influenced the architecture and style of temples. All of them were built according to certain patterns, but they all had their own unique characteristics. You can trace the interconnection and mutual influence of the West and the East, the interweaving of Russian, Tatar, European, Middle Eastern architectural styles.

Country Note: Combating Tax Avoidance In Russia: Historical Perspective And Current Trends

The development of anti-avoidance techniques in Russia has historically had some difficulties. The nascent development of anti-avoidance techniques in the pre-revolutionary period was actually suspended by the tax policy of the Soviet Government. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Russia faced significant socio-economic transformations that required a reform of the taxation system. The beginning of the XXI century in Russia was characterized by the formation of a modern tax system and intensification of the search for new effective anti-avoidance techniques. In the 1990s, the problem of tax avoidance became extremely acute on the Russian tax policy agenda. Due to the absence of the developed tax legislation and unstable federal government, tax avoidance threatened the economic security of the state and could even have undermined its social and economic development due to budget losses. According to various estimates, as a result of massive tax avoidance in the 1990s, Russia annually lost approximately 30% of the payments that were due. Over the past decade, the mechanism for combating tax avoidance in Russia has been remarkably improved. Currently, the Russian tax authorities are making significant progress in applying various anti-avoidance techniques. The two semantic parts of this article reveal the Russian efforts in the formation of effective anti-avoidance techniques. The first part of the article is devoted to the Russian approach to the definition of ‘tax avoidance’ and outlines the main stages of the development of anti-avoidance techniques. The second part of the article deals with the major financial techniques successfully used in Russia, including judicial, statutory, tax treaties, organizational, and other means for countering tax avoidance. Gig economy, sharing economy, crowd work, online platform, gig worker, employment status, personal service company (PSC), misclassification, deemed employment relationship, independent contractor.

Исторические памятники правовых предписаний о детоубийстве в древней Руси и дореволюционной России

The article studies the history of legislative regulation of public relations related to the murder of children by their parents. The research methods are historical-legal, comparative-legal, formal-logical, etc. The work is significant, as it allows us to look at the problem of infanticide from the historical point of view and to assess the variability of the legislator’s approach to this phenomenon. In our society the murder of children is still committed. The authors believe that studying the historical basis and causes of the murder of a newborn by its mother will help to find an answer to the question of why infanticide was committed and is still committed. There is a gap in scientific knowledge: the society has not yet found a means to make child abuse (and their murder) few and far between in our country. The lack of scientific knowledge in this area creates a ground for conducting scientific research. The authors refer to Ancient Rus and pre-revolutionary period, analyze the legislation, and assess the legislator’s approach to murder of a child by an adult. The study reflects the variability of the legislator's position on the issue. The methodological basis of this work includes analysis and generalization of literature and publications in periodicals devoted to historical aspects of legal regulation of infanticide, as well as study of legal monuments containing relevant legal regulations. The main results of the work are that the authors have conducted a historical analysis of the legal ban on committing infanticide from Ancient Rus to pre-revolutionary Russia. Initially, the murder of a child, primarily an illegitimate one, by its mother was classified as a qualified crime and severely punished. However, with development of society, state, and law, the legislator reduced the punishment for committing infanticide. The contribution of this research to science is determined by its novelty. The authors have been able to show how important social norms and mores are for forming the opinion of the legislator.

Агиограф протоиерей Николай Алексеевич Коноплев: опыт восстановления биографии

This article attempts to investigate details regarding the life of Archpriest Nikolai Alekseevich Konoplev (early 1865 – 1937), a Vologda ethnographer, historian, hagiographer. His writings about the saints of the Vologda region contain unique historical information and still possess significant scholarly value. This study is based on historical data found in pre-revolutionary periodicals, archival documents and recently published articles. It corrects some inaccurate statements about the final years of Archpriest Nikolai’s life found in scholarly literature.

On the question of the dynamics of ideas about criminal justice liability for insurance fraud in the pre-revolutionary period

Annotation: The article is devoted to the analysis of various stages of the development of criminal legislation on liability for insurance fraud, starting with the Old Russian law and ending in 1917. The authors emphasize the continuity in the development of approaches, as well as the possibility of using a number of provisions in modern Russian criminal legislation.

Formation of the historical grammar of the Russian language as an academic discipline in higher educational institutions of Russia (pre-revolutionary period)

Formation of the historical grammar of the Russian language as an academic discipline in higher educational institutions of Russia (pre-revolutionary period)

A. Averchenko’s works of the emigration period: development of the comic genre

The article examines the elements of the comic and their development in the writer’s works in accordance with changes of mood and life circumstances, clarifies the basic terms in this field of literature, means and methods of creating the comic, the relationship of dichotomous elements of the comic and tragic in his stories, analyses some of the author’s favourite literary images and features of his story. Based on a wide range of subjects of study of A. Averchenko’s works, covering the evolution of his views, mood swings, motives and themes of works – stories and feuilletons, as well as certain periods of creativity, including exile and emigration, the purpose of the article is analysis of scientific reception development of the comic genre in A. Averchenko’s works of the emigration period. It is determined that researchers divide the writer’s work into mainly humorous (pre-revolutionary period) and mainly satirical (postrevolutionary period), by genre varieties – everyday stories and humoresques devoted to the surrounding reality; stories, the plot of which is often created by the author’s imagination (with grotesque, hyperbole, caricature); to create a comic writer skilfully uses appropriate tools and techniques – irony, sarcasm, compositional, descriptive and narrative features; works of this period the context of tragedy is formed, in which the comic acquires other forms – black humour and tragicomic; the genre of satire is developing in his works, which characterizes the new literature. It is concluded that the peculiarities of the scientific reception of A. Averchenko’s works should reveal not only the significance of his works in the general development of literature, not only his place among famous satirists, but also their features within the general problem of small narrative genre, in particular comic poetics stories and feuilletons.

КОЛОКОЛА И ЗВОНАРСКАЯ ТРАДИЦИЯ НА КУЗНЕЦКОЙ ЗЕМЛЕ: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕННОСТЬ

The article is devoted to the history of bells and bell-ringing art on the territory of present Kemerovo Region. The topicality of the article is in considering this phenomenon as a part of the historical and cultural heritage. The unique technology and ringing art, the Orthodox faith and a special way of life of the Russian people and bells joined in the history of bells. Bell ringing has developed into a large-scale, national phenomenon; the state and the Russian society recognize its aesthetic value. Based on archival documents, materials of the periodical press of pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and modern periods, research works of historians and ethnographers, the authors demonstrate the formation of the bell-instrumental image of the region and highlight different historical periods: from the construction of the first bell towers, the complete prohibition of bell ringing to their revival, and the formation of new traditions. It is concluded that the situation with bells and ringing traditions is significantly dependent on the Church policy of the state in a certain historical period. It is specific that, throughout the study period, most of the bell ringers received and receive a small monetary reward for their obedience, and therefore, many of them tend to leave this job as soon as possible, replacing it with a more paid one. The current situation is certain not to contribute to the development and improvement of bell-ringing art. Nowadays, a small number of bells and the lack of its own bell production in Kuzbass region cannot contribute to solving the problem of restoring the Russian bell tradition. For the full revival of the bell-ringing tradition in the region, it is also necessary to have a competent complete set of bell funds, which today can hardly be described as organized and systematic. Bell rebounds are packed mainly at random. However, the situation has changed in recent years as instruments with planned ringing have got used. The authors make a conclusion about the necessity of the analysis of bell funds, their classification, and the identification of accounting and certification issues. Today, the revival of the art of bell ringing is based on both the preservation of old traditions and the formation of new ones. An important role in the development and popularization of the bell tradition is played by the activities of Orthodox bell ringers’ courses, festivals, exhibitions, master classes. All this forms the bell-instrumental image of Kuzbass region.

ПЕРТУРБАЦИЯ НАУЧНЫХ СПЕЦИАЛЬНОСТЕЙ ПО ЮРИСПРУДЕНЦИИ И МЕСТО ПРЕДПРИНИМАТЕЛЬСКОГО ПРАВА В НОВОЙ СИСТЕМЕ

Introduction: attention to the problems of scientific specialties is explained by a number of factors of a substantive and formal-institutional nature. The predicted change in the nomenclature of scientific specialties, including law, makes the research topical. Purpose: to identify the consequences and evaluate the results of future changes with extrapolation of conclusions to the science of business law. Methods: analysis, synthesis, comparison, historicism, description, interpretation, forecasting, as well as sociological and historical methods. Results: an excursion into the history of the issue is made: the pre-revolutionary, Soviet and post-Soviet periods are covered. Based on the actual data, it is shown that permanent changes in the system of scientific specialties in law are a tradition of Russian science. At the same time, the previously mentioned changes were of an evolutionary nature. The current situation with dissertation research within the current nomenclature is highlighted. Factors of popularity of the scientific specialty 12.00.03 are revealed, among which-stability, successful arrangement of branches, demand for scientists. The conclusion about the correctness of preserving business law within the same specialty with civil law is confirmed. Essential and bureaucratic problems of the scientific specialty 12.00.07 are shown. The article presents the data of a sociological study, the results of which indicate divergence and progressive autarky in the field of social Sciences. The characteristics of the main expected changes in the nomenclature of scientific specialties in law, including such as consolidation, rejection of the industry criterion in the formation are given. A forecast is made about the consequences of the introduction of these innovations. The author’s opinion is expressed regarding the place of business law in the new system of scientific specialties. Attention is drawn to possible problems and a way to overcome them is suggested. Conclusions: the new paradigm of scientific specialties in law should be evaluated positively. Its application allows us to approach the interdisciplinarity, complexity of scientific research, and the creation of dissertations as integral projects. In addition to the content side, the new nomenclature is designed to minimize problems in the formation of dissertation councils, selection of candidates for official opponents, and scientific organizations.

ПРИЗНАНИЕ ВИНЫ И ИСКА МОЛЧАНИЕМ В УГОЛОВНОМ И ГРАЖДАНСКОМ ПРОЦЕССАХ

Introduction: over the years, there have been made attempts to consider the category of legal silence in the framework of substantive and procedural law and to determine those legal consequences that arise in the absence or presence of silence. This article compares favorably with all previous developments in its breadth and fundamental nature of the research into the legal essence of silence from the point of view of admission of guilt and a claim in procedural law. Purpose: to carry out a historical and comparative analysis of silence on the basis of works of foreign and domestic proceduralists, both those of the pre-revolutionary period, Soviet procedural law and modern legal scholars. Due to the fact that there are different approaches regarding the admission of guilt and its consequences, the institution of admission of guilt within the traditions of the Anglo-Saxon and continental systems was investigated to understand their causes. Methods: empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic; special scientific methods such as legal-dogmatic and the method of interpretation of legal norms. Results: the historical and legal analysis of the sought category of procedural silence showed that in the Anglo-Saxon system admission of guilt by silence is treated with caution; however, it remains possible for it to be considered an acceptable way of resolving a dispute. In the continental system, direct admission of guilt (as evidence) is not credible, nor is it considered the only evidence of guilt. Conclusions: in Armenian procedural law, there is a tendency for the legislator to recognize the facts of silence. It follows from a number of norms that ‘not challenging the facts’ was given legal meaning, and a fact can be not disputed through taking no action aimed at challenging it, that is, by silence. The Russian legislator establishes different approaches to regulating the process of recognizing facts that are not subject to proof in civil and commercial proceedings in the context of silence. In the latter, the non-dispute by the party of the requirements or objections of the other party, as well as the absence of disagreement, which can be found from the meaning of other evidence, is interpreted as a tacit (indirect) recognition of the fact.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ДЕМОГРАФИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ РОССИИ: ПРОШЛОЕ, НАСТОЯЩЕЕ, БУДУЩЕЕ

The article provides a brief analysis of the history of the demographic development of Russia, identifies three of its periods over the past four centuries: pre-Soviet, Soviet, and post-Soviet, and shows the key features of demographic dynamics in comparison with the growth of the world population. From the general object (demographic development), its components are distinguished as a subject. In particular, in contrast to the prerevolutionary period of demographic development, when the expansion of the state’s territory played a huge role in population growth, in the Soviet years the natural movement of the population was the main source of demographic dynamics in the USSR and RSFSR. In the post-Soviet period, its place was taken by the migration component. Based on the analysis of official demographic statistics, it is shown that the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent socio-economic upheavals have become a factor in the deterioration of the reproduction of the Russian population even more significant than the trends of the 1980s in its demographic development. At the same time, the first factor influenced to a greater extent the dynamics and structure of the mortality of the population, and the second – on the decrease in the birth rate. The features of the post- Soviet period of demographic development are considered in more detail. Their essence is that this is the time of depopulation, the first stage of which was the result of a significant increase in mortality and of a decrease in the birth rate, while the onset of the second stage of depopulation was initiated exclusively by fertility decrease. Since 2020, the mortality component of the population began to play the same role in depopulation as at its first stage. The final part of the article shows, firstly, what Russia can expect in the ongoing downward demographic dynamics, exacerbated by the onset of the coronavirus pandemic, and secondly, what are the possible solutions for the recovery of the rising population dynamics.

Evolution of Demographic Studies of the Don Host in the Late Imperial Period

Demographic processes on the territory of the Don Host Oblast (until 1870 — Land) have been studied since the beginning of the 19th century. Therefore, in modern national historiography this topic is considered well researched, and scholars usually do not address it purposely, providing results obtained by pre-revolutionary authors. However, a deeper exploration of the situation reveals that pre-revolutionary authors pointed out serious inaccuracy of the Don statistics. In this paper, for the first time in historiography, it is shown that as far as in the 1860s a prominent statistician N. I. Krasnov highlighted the anomality of the Don statistics and suggested it should be verified via comparison with the experience of world statistical science. But the majority of authors of the second half of the 19th century asserted that the experience of world statistics was inapplicable to The Don Host believing that the regional statistics had to reflect and describe the data but not to analyse it. The paper also shows that due to such an approach the study of the Don demography of the second half of the 19th century has been brought by to a dead end. National historians rely on initially inaccurate data, moreover, its verification by traditional historical methods is impossible. However, the French mathematician N. Bonneuil with the help of the Russian demographer E. V. Fursa developed a mathematical-statistical model to reconstruct demographic processes in the period in question. The article concludes that from a historical point of view this method is also sufficiently reliable, and its application by historians will allow the latter to significantly clarify the features of demography of the pre-revolutionary period.

ОТ ТРУДОВЫХ МИГРАНТОВ ДО «ВОСТОЧНОГО БАТАЛЬОНА» КРАСНОАРМЕЙЦЕВ: ДИНАМИКА ОБРАЗА КИТАЙЦЕВ В РОССИИ В НАЧАЛЕ XX ВЕКА

The article analyzes the transformation of the image of Chinese labor migrants into the participants of the military conflict on the side of the Bolsheviks. The analysis of how the image of the Chinese workers was reformatted into the Red Army soldiers made it possible to reveal the cultural and historical specificity of the image of the Chinese, to show its main components and meaningful specifics before the revolution and during the Civil War. The source base was made up of materials from periodicals; archival documents of the Russian State Military Archive; and propaganda posters of the “white” movement. The texts published in the pre-revolutionary periodicals reflect the mass perception of Chinese migrants. The materials of the Bolshevik newspapers contain elements of the official discourse on Chinese migrants in the parts of the Red Army. Documents from the Office of the Moscow Military District, as well as the Army Directorate of the Southern Front, complement the picture created by newspaper reports. “White” movement posters were a powerful means of visualizing the enemy (in this case, the Chinese) on the side of the Bolsheviks. Historical imagology served as the methodological basis; to analyze press texts, content and discourse analysis was used. Diligence, impersonality, unpretentiousness, and the rapid development of new areas of activities formed the basis of the image of a Chinese migrant in the early 20th century Russia. The interpretation of this cultural construct depended on the use of one or another social optics. Before the revolution, partial or full recognition / denial of the ideology of the “yellow peril” made the Chinese either an effective tool for expansion or a workforce, the use of which should be streamlined and regulated as much as possible. Under the conditions of revolutionary upheavals, the characteristics of the Chinese in mass culture for some turned into a marker of threat and danger, and for others - into a criterion for choosing an ally.

Социально-защитная деятельность Бюро труда «Общества уральских горных техников»

The article is devoted to the socio-protective activities of the Society of Ural Mining Technicians (SUMT). It was founded in 1901 in the Perm province as a professional scientific and technical community. The organization was formed at the stage of the final phase of the industrial revolution in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, which contributed to the development of scientific thought in the Ural region, the formation of new social relations and the emergence of professional associations. The main staff of the Society included engineers, technicians, teachers and students of the Ural Mining School. The author considers in detail the activities of the Bureau of Labor as one of the structural subdivisions of SUMT. It began its work in 1902 and acted as an intermediary between the employee and the employer. Its purposes were to collect data from employers on the availability of vacancies at enterprises, to compile a database of unemployed members of SUMT, to resolve issues of their employment, and to prepare recommendations and guarantees when applying for a job. The Bureau of Labor also provided material support to family members of the community. In addition, the Bureau of Labor monitored the observance of the employees’ working conditions, ensured the protection of the interests of the members of the Society at work, protected their interests in case of conflicts with the employer or the abnormal position of technicians, and was engaged in workers' health insurance. The revealed violations by the employer were published by the Bureau of Labor in the journal of the Society "Ural Technician". The Bureau of Labor of the Society of Ural Mining Technicians implemented social protective functions in the Ural region associated with labor exchanges in the pre-revolutionary period of Russia’s development.