Predominant Fatty Acids Research Articles

Comparative studies of four cumin landraces grown in Egypt

One of the significant aromatic plants applied in food and pharma is cumin. Despite its massive trading in Egypt, there are no comprehensive reports on cumin landraces profile screening. This study aimed to investigate the variation in seeds’ physical and biochemical profiles and genetic diversity as well as assess the efficiency of seeds’ germination under salinity stress. Consequently, during the 2020/2021 growing season, four common cumin seed landraces were gathered from various agro-climatic regions: El Gharbia, El Menia, Assiut, and Qena. Results showed a significant variation in physical profile among the four seeds of landraces. In addition, Assiut had the highest percentage of essential oil at 8.04%, whilst Qena had the largest amount of cumin aldehyde, the primary essential oil component, at 25.19%. Lauric acid was found to be the predominant fatty acid (54.78 to 62.73%). According to ISSR amplification, El Menia presented a negative unique band, whereas other landraces offered a positive band. Additionally, the cumin genotypes were separated into two clusters by the dendrogram, with El Gharbia being located in an entirely separate cluster. There were two sub-clusters within the other cluster: El Menia in one and Assiut and Qena in the other. Moreover, the germination sensitivity to the diverse salinity concentrations (control, 4, 8, 12, and 16 dS/m) findings showed that landraces exhibited varying responses to increased salinity when El Gharbia and El Menia showed a moderate response at four dS/m. Whilst, Qena landraces showed supreme values among other landraces under 12 and 16 dS/m. The majority of the examined features had strong positive associations over a range of salinity levels, according to phenotypic correlation coefficient analysis. To accomplish the aims of sustainable agriculture in Egypt, it would be imperative that the potential breeding program for cumin landraces consider this screening study.

GD23132-PISTACIA TEREBINTHUS L. PISTACIA TEREBINTHUS L. OIL EXTRACTION BY LIQUID and SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE MODIFIED WITH A CO-SOLVENT AND EVALUATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, FATTY ACIDS PROFILE AND TOCOPHEROLSEXTRACTION BY SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE MODIFIED WITH A CO-SOLVENT AND EVALUATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUNDS, FATTY ACIDS PROFILE AND TOCOPHEROLS

The Pistacia terebinthus L was extracted using liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide together with a co-solvent (ethanol). The effect of different temperatures (30 and 50°C), pressure (250, 300, and 350 bar), extraction time (60 and 120 min), and different percentages of co-solvent (0, 5, and 10%) was investigated. The amount of phenolic compounds, tocopherols, and fatty acid composition was determined. HPLC, UHPLC and GC were used for analysis of phenolic compounds, tocopherols, and fatty acid composition respectively. Quercetin was the main phenolic compound. The oil was rich in unsaturated fatty acids which were between 69.68 – 75.47%. Oleic acid was the predominant unsaturated fatty acid, and the main saturated fatty acid was palmitic acid. Total tocopherol content of the oil was between 13.07-245.3 ppm and the main tocopherol was β-tocopherol. The study showed that the amount of phenolic compounds, fatty acid composition, and tocopherol content were changed according to the parameters.

Qipengyuania benthica sp. nov. and Qipengyuania profundimaris sp. nov., two novel Erythrobacteraceae members isolated from deep-sea environments.

Two Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped and non-motile strains, designated as DY56-A-20T and G39T, were isolated from deep-sea sediment of the Pacific Ocean and deep-sea seawater of the Indian Ocean, respectively. Strain DY56-A-20T was found to grow at 15-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), at pH 6.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 6.5-7.0) and in 0.5-6.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1.0-2.0 %), while strain G39T was found to grow at 10-42 °C (optimum, 35-40 °C), at pH 5.5-10.0 (optimum, pH 6.5-7.0) and in 0-12.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1.0-2.0 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence identity analysis indicated that strain DY56-A-20T had the highest sequence identity with Qipengyuania marisflavi KEM-5T (97.6 %), while strain G39T displayed the highest sequence identity with Qipengyuania citrea H150T (98.8 %). The phylogenomic reconstruction indicated that both strains formed independent clades within the genus Qipengyuania. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strains DY56-A-20T/G39T and Qipengyuania/Erythrobacter type strains were 17.8-23.8 % and 70.7-81.1 %, respectively, which are below species delineation thresholds. The genome DNA G+C contents were 65.0 and 63.5 mol% for strains DY56-A-20T and G39T, respectively. The predominant cellular fatty acids (>10 %) of strain DY56-A-20T were C17 : 1 ω6c, summed feature 8 and summed feature 3, and the major cellular fatty acids of strain G39T were C17 : 1 ω6c and summed feature 8. The major polar lipids in both strains were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, sphingoglycolipid and an unidentified polar lipid. The only respiratory quinone present in both strains was ubiquinone-10. Based on those genotypic and phenotypic results, the two strains represent two novel species belonging to the genus Qipengyuania, for which the names Qipengyuania benthica sp. nov. and Qipengyuania profundimaris sp. nov. are proposed. The type strain of Q. benthica is DY56-A-20T (=MCCC M27941T=KCTC 92309T), and the type strain of Q. profundimaris is G39T (=MCCC M30353T=KCTC 8208T).

Navigating the complex landscape of cardiac metabolism in health and disease states

The intricate interplay between cardiovascular health and metabolic regulation forms a critical junction in understanding the complexities of heart-related conditions. Cardiometabolic regulation orchestrates a sophisticated network of factors governing energy utilization, substrate metabolism, and cellular processes within the cardiovascular system. Balancing these mechanisms is pivotal for optimal heart function, considering the substantial energy demands for both contractile and non-contractile activities. In a healthy heart, fatty acids (FAs) derived from FA β-oxidation contribute to approximately 70% of total energy production. However, emerging evidence sheds light on pathological changes in the heart that lead to profound metabolic alterations. These alterations involve a shift from predominant FA utilization to alternative substrates such as glucose and ketone bodies, accompanied by an increased reliance on FAs. This metabolic remodeling extends beyond substrate metabolism, encompassing changes in transporter expression, the activity of metabolic-related proteins, hormonal functions, and cardiac mitochondrial energetics. This comprehensive review article delves into the intricate web of cardiometabolic regulation, elucidating the multifaceted factors influencing cardiac metabolism across diverse states encompassing health, metabolic disorders, and heart diseases. Unraveling the molecular intricacies and interconnected pathways shaping cardiac metabolism in various physiological and pathological conditions provides critical insights into the adaptive mechanisms and dysregulations associated with heart-related conditions. Furthermore, the exploration of these regulatory mechanisms offers promising avenues for targeted therapeutic interventions and diagnostic strategies in cardiovascular medicine. Integrating multidisciplinary approaches and leveraging advanced technologies will facilitate a deeper understanding of cardiac metabolism, paving the way for innovative interventions to mitigate metabolic dysregulation and optimize cardiac health.

Marinobacter qingdaonensis sp. nov., a moderately halotolerant bacterium isolated from intertidal sediment.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped and halotolerant bacterium, designated as strain ASW11-75T, was isolated from intertidal sediments in Qingdao, PR China, and identified using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Growth of strain ASW11-75T occurred at 10-45 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 6.5-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and 0.5-18.0 % NaCl concentrations (optimum, 2.5 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and 1179 single-copy orthologous clusters indicated that strain ASW11-75T is affiliated with the genus Marinobacter. Strain ASW11-75T showed highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to 'Marinobacter arenosus' CAU 1620T (98.5 %). The digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity values between strain ASW11-75T and its closely related strains (Marinobacter salarius R9SW1T, Marinobacter similis A3d10T, 'Marinobacter arenosus' CAU 1620T, Marinobacter sediminum R65T, Marinobacter salinus Hb8T, Marinobacter alexandrii LZ-8T and Marinobacter nauticus ATCC 49840T) were 19.8-24.5 % and 76.6-80.7 %, respectively. The predominant cellular fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1 ω9c and C16 : 0 N alcohol. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminophospholipid and two unidentified lipids. The major isoprenoid quinone was ubiquinone-9. The genomic DNA G+C content was 62.2 mol%. Based on genomic and gene function analysis, strain ASW11-75T had lower protein isoelectric points with higher ratios of acidic residues to basic residues and possessed genes related to ion transport and organic osmoprotectant uptake, implying its potential tolerance to salt. The results of polyphasic characterization indicated strain ASW11-75T represents a novel Marinobacter species, for which the name Marinobacter qingdaonensis sp. nov. with the type strain ASW11-75T is proposed. The type strain is ASW11-75T (=KCTC 82497T=MCCC 1K05587T).

Peiella sedimenti gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel taxon within the family Caulobacteraceae isolated from sediment of a river.

A Gram-stain-negative bacterium, designated XZ-24T, was isolated from sediment of a river in Mianyang city, Sichuan province, PR China. Cells (1.0-2.0 µm long and 0.4-0.5 µm in width) were strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, rod shaped, prosthecate and motile by means of a polar flagellum. Growth occurred at 10-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and with 0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 1.0 % NaCl). The results of phylogenetic analysis based on genomes and 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that XZ-24T formed a distinct phyletic branch within the family Caulobacteraceae and was most closely related to members of the genera Brevundimonas, Caulobacter and Phenylobacterium with 95.3-96.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities. The average amino acid identities (AAI) between XZ-24T and species of the family Caulobacteraceae were 47.0-64.5 %, which were below the genus boundary (70 %). The predominant cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c 11-methyl and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), the isoprenoid quinone was Q-10, and the major polar lipids were 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-α-d-glucopyranuronosyl glycerol; 1,2-di-O-acyl-3-O-[d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-d glucopyranuronosyl] glycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The genome size of XZ-24T was 2.64 Mb with a DNA G+C content of 68.9 %. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain XZ-24T represents a novel species of a novel genus in the family Caulobacteraceae, for which the name Peiella sedimenti gen. nov., sp. nov. (Type strain XZ-24T=CCTCC AB 20 23 094T=KCTC 8038T) is proposed.

A comprehensive study of potential Arthrospira platensis cultivated in various manure‐based media for biodiesel feedstock

Arthrospira platensis has emerged as a promising biodiesel feedstock due to its rapid growth and substantial biomass. In efforts to reduce production costs, researchers have explored alternative media derived from livestock waste to modify conventional mediums for Arthrospira platensis cultivation. The experimental design of this research employed a Completely Randomized Design, with treatments comprising inorganic fertilizer (A), chicken manure (B), cow manure (C), and goat manure (D). The livestock manures were macerated for seven days before being utilized as A. platensis medium. The results revealed significant (p < 0.05) impacts of different media on peak growth values and biomass production, reaching 2.03 ± 0.06 g/L and 1.76 ± 0.05 g/ L, respectively for chicken manure. The highest peak lipid content was observed in A. platensis cultured in goat manure medium. This study recommends goat manure as the preferred medium for mass cultivation of A. platensis. Mass cultivation in goat manure medium yielded 1.53 kg of dried biomass, with a lipid content of 1.91% and a biodiesel yield of 1.65%. The predominant fatty acid in this biodiesel was heneicosane, constituting 26.4% of the total area.

Copper level and Fatty acid Composition among Healthy and Cracked fruits of Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. Bhagwa

Punica granatum L. (Pomegranate) is commercially valuable fruit belonging to Punicaceae family. Copper is essential micronutrient that plant require for various processes. Copper level and fatty acid composition was studied in order to find variation among healthy and cracked fruit of Punica granatum L. Fatty acid composition of pomegranate leaves was determined using hyphenated GC-MS technique while copper concentration was found using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. Variation among fatty acids was found in healthy and cracked fruit. Predominant fatty acid in healthy fruit was Linolenic acid (40.95%) while Palmitic acid (41.38%) was in highest proportion in cracked fruit. Stearic acid was found absent in cracked fruits. Findings from AAS showed that excess copper (1.77ppm) was found in leaves of plant bearing cracked fruit. Variation in fatty acid and absence of stearic acid at early developing stage can be used for possible cracking detection in pomegranate fruit also, high copper level increase cracking in pomegranate, so pesticides and fungicide containing copper should be used in adequate amounts in order to reduce cracking in pomegranate fruits.

Microbulbifer magnicolonia sp. nov., isolated from sediment of tidal flat located in Zhoushan, China.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile with flagella and rod- or ovoid-shaped bacterium, designated GG15T, was isolated from tidal flat sediment sampled in Zhoushan, Zhejiang Province. Strain GG15T grew at 20-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum, pH 7.0-8.0) and with 1.0-10.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1.5 %). Colony diameters ranged from 1 to 3 mm within the first week, reaching a maximum of 6-7 mm after 15 days of cultivation. Strain GG15T exhibited highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Microbulbifer taiwanensis CCM 7856T (98.1 %), with similarity to other species within the genus Microbulbifer ranging from 97.8 to 93.8 %. Similarity values to other genera were below 93.8 %. Strain GG15T exhibited positive activity for β-glucosidase, trypsin and chymotrypsin, whereas the reference strain showed negative activity. Chemotaxonomic analyses indicated that strain GG15T contained Q-8 as the sole respiratory quinone, C16 : 0 (9.1 %), iso-C15 : 0 (30.9 %) and iso-C11 : 0 3-OH (7.2 %) as the predominant fatty acids, and phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified lipids, four unidentified glycolipids, one unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids and two unidentified aminophospholipids as the main polar lipids. The genome of strain GG15T was 4 307 641 bp long, comprising 3861 protein-coding genes. The G+C content of strain GG15T was 61.5 mol% based on its genomic sequence. Strain GG15T showed low digital DNA-DNA hybridization (<70 %) and average nucleotide identity values (<95 %) with other Microbulbifer species. As a result, a novel species within the genus Microbulbifer, named Microbulbifer magnicolonia sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is GG15T (MCCC 1K08802T=KCTC 8210T).

Effect of different extraction methods on yield and quality of araticum (Annona crassiflora Mart.) seed oil

Microwave- and ultrasound-assisted extraction methods can increase the yield and quality of oil extraction. This study investigated their effects on araticum seed oil extraction compared with conventional methods. Oils were extracted using press and Soxhlet techniques, combined with microwave- and ultrasound-assisted methods at different times. Key parameters such as yield, acidity index, peroxide index, iodine index, moisture, saponification index, ether-insoluble impurities, antioxidant activity by DPPH and ABTS methods, and fatty acid profile were evaluated. The highest oil yield (24.22%) was achieved by combining the press with Soxhlet. Based on EC50 values, antioxidant activities ranged from 1.06 ± 0.10 to 5.19 ± 0.39 mg/mL and 2.26 ± 0.33 to 10.43 ± 0.28 µM trolox/g for DPPH and ABTS, respectively. The ultrasound-assisted method showcased superior antioxidant activity. Predominant fatty acids included oleic, linoleic, palmitic, and stearic acids. Extractions by ultrasound-assisted press at 15 and 30 min showed enhanced antioxidant potency and reduced peroxide and acidity indices. The extraction method affected the characteristics of the oil, and changes in the fatty acid profile were observed. Non-heating methods yielded more unsaturated acids but with low extraction yield.

The effect of extraction methods on the components and quality of Camellia oleifera oil: Focusing on the flavor and lipidomics

The objective of this study was to systematically elucidate the effects of conventional (Cold Pressing, CP; Hot Pressing, HP; Soxhlet Extraction; SE) and novel methods (Microwave-Assisted Extraction, MAE) on the physicochemical properties, bio-active substances, flavor and lipidomics of Camellia oleifera oil (COO). The cold-pressed COO contained the highest contents of squalene (176.38 mg/kg), α-tocopherol (330.52 mg/kg), polyphenols (68.33 mg/kg) and phytosterols (2782.55 mg/kg). Oleic acid was observed as the predominant fatty acid with the content of approximately 80%. HS-GC-IMS identified 47 volatile compounds, including 11 aldehydes, 11 ketones, 11 alcohols, 2 acids, 8 esters, 2 pyrazines, 1 furan, and 1 thiophene. A total of 5 lipid classes and 30 lipid subclasses of 339 lipids were identifed, among which TGs and DGs were observed as the major lipids. In summary, both cold-pressed and microwave-assisted technologies provided high-quality COO with high content of bio-active substances and diglycerides/triglycerides.

Sustainable co-production of plant lipids and cellulosic sugars from transgenic energycane at an industrially relevant scale: A proof of concept for alternative feedstocks

Development of sustainable and scalable technologies to convert lignocellulosic biomass to biofuels is critical to achieving carbon neutrality. The potential of transgenic bioenergy crops as a renewable source of sugars and lipids has been demonstrated at bench-scale. However, scaling up these processes is important for holistic analysis. Here proof-of-concept for chemical-free hydrothermal pretreatment of transgenic energycane-oilcane line L13 at an industrially relevant scale to recover vegetative lipids along with cellulosic sugars is presented. Pilot-scale processing of 97 kg of transgenic energycane-oilcane L13 stems and high solids pretreatment of bagasse enhanced the recovery of cellulosic glucose and xylose by 5-fold as compared to untreated bagasse and helped in the enrichment of vegetative lipids in the biomass residues which allowed its recovery at the end of the bioprocess. Palmitic and oleic acids were the predominant fatty acids (FAs) extracted from stems and leaves. The processing did not affect lipid composition. The efficiency of lipid recovery from untreated biomass was 75.9% which improved to 88.7% upon pretreatment. The vegetative tissues of transgenic energycane-oilcane L13 contained 0.42 metric tons/hectare of lipids. Processing vegetative tissues yielded 0.38 metric tons/hectare of lipids. This approaches an oil yield similar to soybean (global average 0.44 metric tons/hectare) and is almost twice as high as the oil yield from sugarcane engineered to hyperaccumulate lipids (0.20 metric tons/hectare). The study suggests that further optimization by state-of-the-art metabolic engineering and biomass processing can establish transgenic bioenergy crops for commercial drop-in fuel production.

Veillonella faecalis sp. nov., a propionic acid-producing bacterium isolated from the faeces of an infant.

A strictly anaerobic, Gram-stain-negative, catalase-negative, cocci-shaped, and propionate-producing bacterial strain, named Ds1651T was isolated from the fecal sample collected from a South Korean infant. Through a comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences, it was revealed that Ds1651T had the highest phylogenetic affinity with Veillonella nakazawae KCTC 25297T (99.86%), followed by Veillonella infantium KCTC 25370T (99.80%), and Veillonella dispar KCTC 25309T (99.73%) in the family Veillonellaceae. Average nucleotide identity values between Ds1651T and three reference species were 95.48% for Veillonella nakazawae KCTC 25297T, 94.46% for Veillonella infantium KCTC 25370T, and 92.81% for Veillonella dispar KCTC 25309T. The G + C content of Ds1651T was 38.58mol%. Major fermentation end-products were acetic and propionic acids in Trypticase peptone glucose yeast extract broth with 1% (v/v) sodium lactate. The predominant cellular fatty acids that account for more than 10% were summed in Feature 8 (C17:1 ω8c and/or C17:2) and C13:0. Based on the findings from phylogenetic, genomic, phenotypic, and chemotaxonomic studies, we propose that the type strain Ds1651T (= KCTC 25477T = GDMCC 1.3707T) represents a novel bacterial species within the genus Veillonella, with the proposed name Veillonella faecalis sp. nov.

Paraflavitalea pollutisoli sp. nov., Pollutibacter soli gen. nov. sp. nov., Polluticoccus soli gen. nov. sp. nov., and Terrimonas pollutisoli sp. nov., four new members of the family Chitinophagaceae from polluted soil

A taxonomic investigation was conducted on four bacterial strains isolated from soil contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these strains belonged to the family Chitinophagaceae. Examination of the 16S rRNA genes indicated that their sequence identities were below 97.6 % compared to any known and validly nominated bacterial species. The genomes of the four strains ranged from 4.12 to 8.76 Mb, with overall G + C molar contents varying from 41.28 % to 50.39 %. Predominant cellular fatty acids included iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G, and iso-C17:0 3-OH. The average nucleotide identity ranged from 66.90 % to 74.63 %, and digital DNA-DNA hybridization was 12.5–12.8 %. Based on the genomic and phenotypic features of the new strains, four novel species and two new genera were proposed within the family Chitinophagaceae. The ecological distributions were investigated by data-mining of NCBI databases, and results showed that additional strains or species of the newly proposed taxa were widely distributed in various environments, including polluted soil and waters. Functional analysis demonstrated that strains H1-2-19XT, JS81T, and JY13-12T exhibited resistance to arsenite (III) and chromate (VI). The proposed names for the four novel species are Paraflavitalea pollutisoli (type strain H1-2-19XT = JCM 36460T = CGMCC 1.61321T), Terrimonas pollutisoli (type strain H1YJ31T = JCM 36215T = CGMCC 1.61343T), Pollutibacter soli (type strain JS81T = JCM 36462T = CGMCC 1.61338T), and Polluticoccus soli (type strain JY13-12T = JCM 36463T = CGMCC 1.61341T).

Health-Promoting Properties of Processed Red Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata f. rubra): Effects of Drying Methods on Bio-Compound Retention.

The aim of this work is to describe the effect of convective drying (CD), vacuum drying (VD), infrared drying (IRD), low-temperature vacuum drying (LTVD) and freeze drying (FD) on bio-compound retention of red cabbage and its beneficial health properties. The total phenolics content (TPC), flavonoids (TFC), anthocyanin (TAC) and glucosinolates (TGC) were determined by spectrophotometry. The profiles of phenolic acids, amino acids and fatty acids were determined by HPLC-UV-DAD, LC-DAD and GC-FID, respectively. Antioxidant potential was verified by DPPH and ORAC assays. The antiproliferative activity was measured in the human gastric cell line (AGS). Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and arachidonic acid models. VD showed high values of TPC = 11.89 ± 0.28 mg GAE/g d.m.; TFC = 11.30 ± 0.9 mg QE/g d.m.; TAC = 0.265 ± 0.01 mg Cya3glu/g d.m.; and TGC = 51.15 ± 3.31 µmol SE/g d.m. Caffeic acid, ferulic acid and sinapic acid were identified. The predominant amino acid and fatty acid were glutamic acid and γ-linolenic acid, respectively. The antioxidant potential was dependent on drying methods for both DPPH and ORAC assays. Dried red cabbage extracts showed clear anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative activity. The dehydration process is an alternative for the retention of bio-compounds and health-promoting properties of red cabbage.

Changes in volatile compounds and lipid oxidation in various tissues of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) during ice storage.

Changes in the lipid oxidation and volatile compounds of a variety of tilapia tissues (Oreochromis niloticus) including the muscle, gills, and skin during ice storage were investigated by evaluating peroxide values (PVs), lipoxygenase (LOX) activity, fatty acid (FA) composition, and volatile substances. LOX activity and PV were determined in the gills, skin, and muscles throughout 9 days of storage in ascending order to the extended storage time. The highest level of LOX activity was found in the gills, whereas the highest PV was determined in the skin. FA content of all tissues decreased during the storage period. Oleic acid was the predominant monounsaturated fatty acid, whereas linoleic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were the main polyunsaturated fatty acids and omega-3 in all tissues. The fish gills were shown to have the highest level of volatile compounds followed by the skin and muscle, based on headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis indicated gradual changes in the volatile compound composition with increasing storage time. 2-Butanone and nonanal in the muscle, 6-methyl-2-heptanone and 2-nonenal in the gills, and 1-heptanol, and 1-nonanol in the skin were found to be the potential freshness indicators. In addition, hexanal could be a general potential marker for measuring the degree of lipid oxidation in all tissues. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Understanding the volatile compound formation related to lipid oxidation within storage time at various tissues of tilapia could be critical to the side-stream processing to yield the desired quality.

Development and evaluation of physico-chemical, sensorial, and shelf- life of grain-milk beverages

Consumer demand for functional foods is becoming up warding trend. The present study aimed to develop a low-fat, low-calorie, and gluten-free functional multi-grain beverage. Multi-grain extract was prepared using sorghum, horse gram, and red rice ‘kuruluthuda’ at a ratio of 5:2:3, respectively. Formulation of grain-milk beverages was performed in three different grain extract ratios (60%, 65%, and 70%) with cow's milk, sesame milk, sweetener (Kithul treacle and sucrose), and carrageenan, followed by homogenizing (6000 rpm) and two-way preservation techniques of sterilizing (at 121 °C for 15 min) and pasteurization (at 85 °C for 30 min). The 70% multi-grain extract containing sucrose beverage was selected as the best formulation based on sensory attributes. The total soluble solid, titratable acidity, and pH of the pasteurized and sterilized beverages ranged from 12.10 ± 0.1 to 13.40 ± 0.1%, 0.01 ± 0.00%, 0.02 ± 0.00%, and 5.8 ± 0.00–6.11 ± 0.01, respectively. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed among the pasteurized and sterilized samples for moisture, fat, crude fiber, and caloric value. The predominant fatty acids were polyunsaturated linoleic acid (35.41–38.56%) and oleic acid (33.01–34.16%). The shelf-life period of pasteurized sucrose and treacle incorporated beverages was 14 days and 7 days, respectively, while sterilized beverages had a one-year time period.

Improved Antioxidant Activity of Low-Fat Herb-Fortified Cottage Cheese

This study aimed to evaluate the properties of low-fat cottage cheese with the addition of herbs. We conducted an experiment with nine treatments, namely P1: whole-milk cottage cheese; P2: low-fat cottage cheese; P3: low-fat cottage cheese + 20% bidara leaf extract; P4: low-fat cottage cheese + 20% bay leaf extract; P5: low-fat cottage cheese + 20% moringa oleifera leaf extract; P6: Low-fat cottage cheese + 10% bidara leaf extract + 10% bay leaf extract; P7: low-fat cottage cheese + 10% bidara leaf extract + 10% moringa oleifera leaf extract; P8: low-fat cottage cheese + 10% bay leaf extract + 10% moringa oleifera leaf extract; and P9: low-fat cottage cheese + 6.67% bidara leaf extract + 6.67% bay leaf extract + 6.67% moringa oleifera leaf extract. The microbial profile of cheese showed that the total LAB count was retained at 6.23-7.25 log CFU/g. While herb-fortified cottage cheese contained a significantly higher level of antioxidants, the lowest cholesterol level was observed in cottage cheese fortified with 20% bidara leaf extract. The general fatty acids in cheese without herb addition were saturated fatty acids (51.94%) and unsaturated fatty acids (15.67%), with palmitic acid being the most predominant fatty acid (36.62%). In conclusion, herbs can improve antioxidant levels and retain total fatty acid in low-fat cottage cheese.

Nutritional quality and microbial diversity of Chhurpe from different milk sources: an ethnic fermented food of high-altitude regions of the Western Himalayas

Chhurpe is a naturally fermented traditional dairy food of high altitude Western Himalayan region. They are generally prepared from cow or yak milk and are consumed during harsh winters. The present study was conducted to characterize the different Chhurpe samples traditionally prepared by the ethnic groups utilizing milk from different animal breeds such as cow, yak, Zomo (cow × yak), and Germo (Zomo × yak). Nutritional characterization revealed that 100 g of Chhurpe could completely meet the dietary protein requirements of children and adults with high concentrations of methionine and lysine. Tryptophan and valine were the limiting amino acids among all the Chhurpe samples. Palmitic, stearic, and oleic acids were the predominant fatty acids. The Chhurpe samples were a rich source of micronutrients such as calcium, iron, and zinc meeting above 70% of recommended dietary allowances (RDA) among children (3–10 years) and up to 20% RDA for adults. Culture-independent metagenomic analysis revealed that lactic acid bacteria were the predominant group, consisting of genera such as Lactobacillus, Leuconostoc, Lactococcus, and Streptococcus followed by acetic acid bacteria, mainly Acetobacter. At the species level, Lactobacillus delbrueckii was the abundant strain among all the Chhurpe samples. Species diversity was significantly higher in Chhurpe prepared from Zomo milk. Probiotic bacterial strains such as Lactobacillus helveticus, L. delbrueckii, L. brevis, and Leuconostoc mesenteroides were identified in the Zomo Chhurpe indicating their superior quality. The present study was an attempt to popularize Chhurpe and promote its wider consumption by highlighting its nutritional properties.

Effect of cinnamon powder on quality attributes and off-flavor in fried chicken drumsticks made from long-term thawed Korean native chicken

The effect of cinnamon powder on the quality and mitigation of off-flavor in fried chicken drumsticks made from long-term thawed Korean native chicken (Woorimatdag No. 1, WRMD1) was investigated. The WRMD1 drumsticks were categorized into 5 groups: conventional thawing (16 h, CT), long-term thawing (48 h, LT), cinnamon powder added into 'LT' as marinade (0.03%, CM) or incorporated into the batter (1.35%, CB), and long-term thawing with cinnamon powder incorporated both in the marinade and batter (0.03% + 1.35%, CMB). The crude fat content was significantly higher in the CT and CMB than that of the CB. The CM, CB, and CMB showed significantly lower levels of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substance compared with the CT and LT. The predominant fatty acids in all treatments were C18:1n9, C18:2n6, and C16:0. The LT displayed lower total unsaturated fatty acid content than the CT (P < 0.05). The CM effectively decreased lipid oxidative volatiles, such as 1-octanol, 1-octen-3-ol, and 2-octen-1-ol, (E), in the LT (P < 0.05). Both the CM and CB showed an inclination to increase specific pyrazines associated with pleasant notes compared with the LT, and showed higher levels of pyrazines, such as pyrazine, 2-ethyl-6-methyl-, and pyrazine, 3-ethyl-2,5-dimethyl-, than those of the CMB (P < 0.05). The CM contained higher levels of 2,3-butanedione when compared with the other groups (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that cinnamon had an effect in discriminating the treatment groups with cinnamon addition from both the CT and LT, whereas the CM, CB, and CMB formed distinct clusters. The CM and CMB received significantly higher aroma scores from panelists in comparison to the other groups. These findings suggest that the CM (0.03% cinnamon powder) can be used to enhance the aroma in fried WRMD1 drumsticks by reducing or masking the off-flavor volatiles associated with long-term thawing.