Pragmatic Concept Research Articles

Towards an ethical-dialogical approach to religious education: a theoretical analysis from the cases of Ireland and England

This article draws on the experiences of Ireland and England, which support different conceptions and practices of religious education (RE), in order to provide a normative framework for the organisation of RE in multicultural states. This analysis consists in an assessment of three conceptions of RE: the liberal conception, which emphasises neutrality and objectivity; the pragmatist conception, which is egalitarian in character; and the tradition-oriented conception, which is based on a substantive ethics. Rejecting the view that RE should be only informative and free from criticism of content, I will make the case for an ethical-dialogical approach to RE, whereby pupils can learn from each other’s beliefs and experiences, as availed by their own cultural traditions, without setting aside their capacity to evaluate different moral claims. This approach to RE is especially designed to multidenominational schools that recognise the ethical potential of learning from religion, but are sensible towards issues of conscience in plural environments.

Pet Animal Idiomatic Expressions in English and Kurdish: A Pragmatic Analysis

Animal idioms are widespread in daily life; they have become inextricably linked to human existence and language. Additionally, they have acquired additional attributive and connotative meanings – which differ from one culture to another - in addition to their literal and lexical meanings. Animal idioms are not well-investigated, especially from a pragmatic point of view. These set expressions vary from one language to another as well. Hence, this paper examines pet animal idiomatic expressions from a pragmatic perspective. The paper adopts a qualitative method for the analysis of the samples. It focuses on the similarities and differences in both English and Kurdish languages in terms of three pragmatic concepts; cooperative principles, implicature, and politeness. Only three pet animals, namely bird, fish, and mouse have been selected to be studied and analyzed thoroughly. The samples of the study are collected from reliable English and Kurdish dictionaries and other resources. The findings show that some pet animal names have different frequencies in using, i.e., some are used more in English rather than in Kurdish, and vice versa. There are many contrasts rather than similarities in the meaning and utilizing of animal idioms in both languages. It was also found out that the pet animals violate all the maxims to get the idiomatic meaning; the most common type of implicature is the conversational one and most of the expressions are used negatively in terms of politeness.

Political Economy and Mental Health: A Reconsideration in Modern Era

Political economy can be considered as the shared field between economics, politics and sociology, and the mandatory mindset of politicians. Alternatively, everybody’s livelihood and socioeconomic status is in mutual relationship with governing policies. In line with the existing data, there is a clear relationship between socioeconomic status and mental health. So, it is one of the main tasks of every regime to handle the main fiscal challenges of its people with proper plans, and disregard its scheme or points. But unfortunately, and along with the available facts, a remarkable number of administrators around the world, whether in industrialized or unindustrialized countries, are oblivious with respect to main impressions or intentions of public livelihood, due to lack of confusion in their national political economy or sociopolitical intentions, and so they are part of the problem because they do not know, basically, that what they are working for and why they are among the officials. In the present article, the pragmatic concept and importance of political economy and its relationship with community mental health has been reviewed briefly.

Towards the Pragmatic Concept of Knowledges

The article presents and justifies the thesis that the way of understanding knowledge has changed significantly over the last century. This change consists in departing from the classic definition of knowledge formulated by Plato, and in particular in questioning the subjective role of man as the holder of knowledge and abandoning claims to the truthfulness of knowledge. This process was an intensive evolution; its elements are given and justified in the text. Its source was a deep reconstruction of the mode of creating epistemic structures in mathematics and geometry, based on the abandonment of the principle of representation. Knowledge turned out to be determined by the social context, it became dispersed, decentralized, which led to the rejection of the condition of its truthfulness. The last phase of this evolution is knowledge as a phenomenon in the area of digital technologies, in particular artificial intelligence. This evolution has led to the emergence of many variants of knowledge that act as local knowledge, which justifies the use of the plural in this case.

Analysis and Conclusion of Pragmatics in Syntactic Structures

The emergence of the concept of modern pragmatics is what prompted linguists to pay attention to the issue of reception. For a period of time, linguistics has been divided into two main traditional divisions, syntax, which studies the relationship between linguistic signs, and semantics, which examines the relationships of linguistic signs with the meanings they signify. These two branches aspired to describe the works of human language. Then, philosophers of language added a third section and called it pragmatics, which is concerned with the relations of the linguistic sign. The present study aims to reveal and highlight the pragmatic dimensions in the ancient linguistic lesson in some grammatical structures, including addressing, contracting, and temptation and warning. The researcher selected samples and applied pragmatic dimensions on them to clarify their forms.

Pragmatics between Formal Transformations and Technological Applications

The Pragamatics represents a critical theory that deals with the analysis of discourse and is related in different fields such as philosophy, law, economics and the arts. It appears in multiple analyzes that study the special phenomena in these fields in the linguistic analyzes, which require studying all the rationales and problems according to the surrounding of many questions. Functional purpose, contextual and communicative aspects, and are therefore subject to evidential and developmental processes leading to interpretation. On this basis, it has evolved into several paths resulting from the different specialties of researchers in the interests of deliberative theory. The deliberative process is also concerned with the study of the technical work according to the objective communication between the artist, the message, the artistic work, and research on how to deal with the technical elements in the visual achievement, And the mechanisms of the process of evidence in the processing of the outputs of the plastic analysis of the discourse in the work, which necessitates a Pragmatics reading aware of the significance and Beyond the above to discuss the intent of the message and the context, resulting from the interactive installations between the sender and the work and the future, which are implicit in conjunction with the appropriate context. Based on this, the study is entitled “Pragmatics between formal transformations and technological applications”. This paper contains the problem of what are the formal and technical transformations in the contemporary plastic pattern? The study discusses the concept of Pragmatics and approach in reading the transformations of the contemporary art, including the new media art and its technical and formal representations. Under the last title “results and discussion”, the findings of the study are Summarized.

Nietzsche's Pragmatism: A Study on Perspectival Thought

Nietzsche's Pragmatism: A Study on Perspectival Thought

The Main Difficulties in Translation of German Metaphors into Ukrainian (based on agricultural advertising)

Abstract. The relevance of the study is due to the fact that the process of translating professional advertising texts is often complicated not only by difficulties associated with the search for terminological counterparts, but also by the need to take into account the pragmatic aspects of reproducing the source text in the target language. The importance of observing pragmatic parameters in each phase of the translation process is due to their dependence on the level of adequacy of the final product - the translated text. To realize this goal, the translator must determine: what is the intention of the author of the translated text; which language means should be used; what will be the predicted effect on the addressee. the concept of pragmatics is ambiguously interpreted by scientists. The task of scientific research is to determine the peculiarities of the translation of metaphorical terms and to analyze the problematic issues that arise in the process of translating agrarian metaphors. Results. The most common means of imagery in agricultural advertising texts are considered: metaphor, repetition, epithet, hyperbole, rhyme, allusion and paraphrase. The use of some tropes on examples from advertisements is considered. When there is a need to emphasize the exclusivity of a certain product, marketers are most inclined to use hyperbole. Conclusions. The full value of the translation of advertising texts does not lie in the mechanical reproduction of the entire set of elements, but in the transmission of the ratio of content, form and intention specific to the original as a single whole. Analyzing the texts of German agricultural advertising, we are convinced that arguments, facts, persuasive logic and strict argumentation prevail here. The peculiarities of German advertising texts are a consequence and, in fact, a sign of the typical characteristics of the national mentality - they are concrete, concise, precise and logical in their presentation.

Visual pragmatics and the EndSARS movement

There is a paradigm shift in the study of language use from a purely verbal perspective to a multimodal viewpoint. This is the scope of visual pragmatics; it attempts to investigate linguistic and semiotic features from a pragmatic angle. This study is an attempt of such broadened pragmatic analysis, as it investigates the deployment of verbal and visual elements in the Nigerian #EndSARS movement. Extant researchers have also applied concepts of visual pragmatics in other multimodal discourses. This present study employs Mey‟s (2001) Pragmatic Act Theory and Hoye and Kaiser‟s (2007) Visual Act Theory to analyse the deployment of verbal-virtual elements in the 2020 #EndSARS protest. The data for this study are twenty-seven #EndSARS visual images, obtained using Google search engine. Twenty of the images are categorised into seven memes: stained flag feminism placards neo-nationalism r soke ( peak up) solidarity and analysed qualitatively. The visual practs identified in the data are of describing, informing, lamenting, hoping, charging, appealing, demanding, encouraging, associating, stating, warning, instructing, reminding, commanding, vowing, praising, saluting, condemning, and challenging. The practs identified are of charging, stating, commanding, reminding, naming, and describing. The study observed the use of visual elements such as colour, facial expression, metaphor, inference, reference, shared situational knowledge, symbolism, gesture, contrast, satire, costume, and environment. It revealed that visual pragmatic acts and pragmatic acts complement each other in multimodal communication.

Crescer ou sentir? Os repertórios culturais do amor no reality-show “Casados à Primeira Vista”

The aim of this paper is to analyse the cultural repertoires about love in Portuguese reality-show “Married at the First Sight” (SIC). Theoretically, this analysis is based on a pragmatic concept of culture presented by authors as Ann Swidler and Eva Illouz. The empirical material includes the weekly episodes of this television show. This material is examined according to content analysis. Results show two generic types of cultural repertoires focused on love, conceptualized as a “feeling” or as a “growing process” of oneself. Such repertoires are submitted to a certain tension which finally produces cultural ambivalence.

The Doctrine of the Formal Components of a Crime in P. Feuerbach’s Pragmatic Concept of Criminal Law

The Doctrine of the Formal Components of a Crime in P. Feuerbach’s Pragmatic Concept of Criminal Law

ТЕОРИЯ НАУЧНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ С.И. ГЕССЕНА И СОВРЕМЕННАЯ КОНЦЕПЦИЯ НАУЧНОЙ ГРАМОТНОСТИ

In the literature, the concept of science education by S.I. Hessen is scarcely described, but at present it deserves close attention due to a number of reasons: the need to increase the level of scientific literacy of the Russian population; the absence of a generally accepted concept of scientific literacy in Russian pedagogy; the need to distinguish between the concepts of “natural science literacy” and “scientific literacy”; lack of a reasonable model for the formation of scientific literacy in the education process. The purpose of the study is to determine the correlation between the concepts of “natural science literacy” and “scientific literacy” and to define the significance of the practical implementation of scientific education proposed by S.I. Hessen in modern conditions. The objectives of the study are to compare the modern concept of scientific literacy with the theory of science education offered by S.I. Hessen and to determine the theoretical contribution of this theory to the problem of distinguishing between the concepts of “natural science literacy” and “scientific literacy”. I compared the main provisions of the theory of science education with the concept of scientific literacy, presented in the scientific works of Norman Lederman, professor at the Illinois Institute of Technology, and with the framework documents of the international PISA study. The author revealed the similarity of the main provisions of the theory of science education developed by S.I. Hessen, and modern pragmatic concepts of scientific literacy. This conclusion allowed us to rely in our study on the philosophical and anthropological approach. The author substantiated the distinction between two types of literacy: scientific literacy and natural science literacy. The hierarchical relationship of types of literacy was revealed. The author proposed a model of the structure of scientific literacy based on five competencies.

A discipline without a name? Contrasting three fields dealing with hazards and disaster

A growing number of research fields have been striving for recognition as an academic discipline. Rather than argue that ‘our field’ should also be recognised as such, we stop to ask two fundamental questions. Our first question concerns whether and how disciplinary concerns would benefit research fields dealing with hazards and disasters. Second, we reflect on the implications of not having a broadly accepted name referring to ‘our’ body of scholarship. We take as our point of departure a comparative assessment of three commonly used umbrella terms used to refer to the broad range of tasks that concern emergencies, hazards and disasters: DRR; homeland security; and societal security. Each of these terms have their associated scientific journals and higher education programmes, as well as policy spheres of influence. We find that greater awareness of the label issue could facilitate increased conceptual pragmatism and integration among related fields, academic programmes and practice communities. Not only would this enhance knowledge creation initiatives, but it would also facilitate the formation of a shared professional and academic identity.

Сомнение как механизм смены эпистемических состояний (на материалах философии прагматизма и нейропсихологии)

Science has not yet found a solution to the question of how cognitive mechanisms, which are crucial for the subjective processes of evaluating the reliability of information and doubt, are arranged. This ability is usually associated with both the pragmatic consequences of accepting a belief and the material substance of consciousness. In this article, the author proposes to compare one of the largest conceptions of doubt in philosophy, the pragmatic conception, with the theory of false tags, which was presented in the last decade by the neuropsychologist E. Asp in order to explain the phenomena of doubt. The article presents the theoretical aspects of both conceptions, which allows to derive the properties of doubt as an epistemic state, that is, the state of the subject’s cognitive reality, formed under the influence of external (situational, pragmatic) and internal (neuropsychological) factors. The results of the study presented in the article allow us to conclude the possibility of an interdisciplinary approach in further studies of human cognitive activity as a mechanism of various epistemic states. It is concluded that doubt itself is not one of these states, but is a secondary psychological act that ensures the transition from one epistemic state to another. This offers an alternative view to the approach established in philosophy, in which doubt precedes the fact of accepting knowledge and is an essential stage of the cognitive process.

Conversational Implicature in Austen's Pride and Prejudice: A Pragmatic Analysis of the Bennets' Discourse

Studying the implications of literary language is an interesting field of study as its focal analyses are the sophisticated linguistic features used consciously or unconsciously by the authors. Concerning the focus of this paper, the talent of Jane Austen is evident in the domain of literary linguistics. Reviewing the previous literature proves excessive scrutiny of the chief young couples, namely Elizabeth and Darcy. Given that, the present article sheds light on the conversations between the old couple in Pride and Prejudice; Mr. and Mrs. Bennet from a pragmatic perspective. The analysis focuses on the very first conversation between the couple as being representative of their relationship. This analysis employs two major pragmatic concepts: the various types of Austin's speech acts as defined by Cutting (2002) and Grice's maxims (1975). Of the thirty-one utterances analyzed in the targeted conversation, 20 are by Mrs. Bennet and 11 by Mr. Bennet. Mrs. Bennet's most frequent speech act is the representative whereas that of Mr. Bennet is the directive. Both violate the maxims, but Mrs. Bennet violates that of quantity as being talkative, unlike Mr. Bennet who violates quality and relation maxims. These analyses demonstrate the misunderstanding and deep psychological gap between Mr. and Mrs. Bennet inferred through their linguistic exchange.

Visual Art and Pragmatic Truth: Georgia O’Keeffe at the Helm

Abstract This essay examines an oil painting by Georgia O’Keeffe, Ritz Tower (1928), applying the terms of William James’s pragmatic conception of truth and the ideas that play a part in it, for example, pluralism and spiritualism, along with assistance from Martin Heidegger’s notion of Wohnung (dwelling). This is not only a fruitful way to look at her painting but paintings in the same or similar genre. Aesthetic judgments made about Ritz Tower are true if they work (in the pragmatic sense) for those who make said judgments if they find them successful in fitting in with other ideas and beliefs in their aesthetic experience of the painting or other artworks.

The enactive naturalization of normativity: from self-maintenance to situated interactions.

The autopoietic enactive account of cognition explains the emergence of normativity in nature as the norm of self-maintenance of life. The autonomous nature of living agents implies that they can differentiate events and regulate their responses in terms of what is better or worse to maintain their own precarious identity. Thus, normative behavior emerges from living organisms. Under this basic understanding of normativity as self-maintenance, autopoietic enactivism defends a continuity between biological, cognitive, and social norms. The self-maintenance of an agent's sensorimotor identity establishes the cognitive norms that regulate its behavior, and the self-maintenance of its social identity determines the social norms. However, there is no clear explanation of how individuals, who by their very constitution are primarily moved to interact with the world under the norm of self-maintenance, could interact with the world driven by non-individual norms. Furthermore, understanding all normativity as self-maintenance makes it unclear how agents establish genuine social interactions and acquire habits that have no implication for their constitution as individuals. So, to face these challenges, I propose an alternative notion of normativity grounded on a Wittgensteinian, action-oriented, and pragmatic conception of meaning that distinguishes between an agent with a normative point of view and external normative criteria. I defend that a normative phenomenon is an interaction that is established by an individual point of view as defined by autopoietic enactivism and that is part of a self-maintaining system. The latter establishes the external normative criteria to evaluate the interaction, and it may or may not coincide with the identity of the interacting agent. Separating external normative criteria from the self-constitution of the interactant agent not only solves the challenge but potentially explains the situated and relational character of agency.

C. I. Lewis on the Problem of the A Priori

C. I. Lewis’s distinction between the given and the concept is often exposed as the key element of his treatment of the problem of intentionality in that the given and the concept would be necessary and sufficient conditions for objective purport. Such an account nonetheless offers a truncated picture of Lewis’s treatment of the problem of intentionality. The best way to appreciate this verdict is to state the predicament this account is confronted with: If the distinction between the given and the concept apparently leads to a version of the same problem it was designed to address, how could it be the key element contributing to answering the problem of intentionality? Indeed, according to Lewis, the given and the concept are mutually independent so that prima facie nothing guarantees that concepts are applicable to the given. The difficulty is what Lewis calls “the problem of the a priori”: how to guarantee that our concepts can be imposed upon a content of experience which is independent and not yet given? This is a version of the problem that Kant’s Transcendental Deduction addresses: How can categories, as subjective conditions of experience, be objectively valid? A natural question is then: How does Lewis address the problem of the a priori? The main purpose of this essay is then to investigate how C. I. Lewis’s addresses the problem of the a priori and to contribute to restoring an appropriate understanding of Lewis’s conceptual pragmatism.

The Role of the a priori in Lewis’s Ethical Theory

C.I. Lewis never completed his final project on ethics. There are a few short papers published based on lectures that he has given in the 1950s, and a vast amount of draft materials that he was working on up until the time of his death in 1964. But his ultimate life project, the final book on ethics, never came to fruition. From the materials available, it seems that even towards the end of his life, Lewis was still adjusting and refining his view on how to answer the question “What is right?” That said, it is clear that the core arguments remain consistent throughout his works and draft manuscripts. The main goal of this paper is to reconstruct from the available materials the overall ethical framework Lewis was working towards; and to present the key arguments that lie at the heart of his ethical theory. In doing so, I will also attempt to show that Lewis’s pragmatic conception of the a priori developed in the 1920s actually plays a critical role in grounding his entire ethical view. This paper concludes with a brief evaluation of how well the argument based on a pragmatic a priori fares against the moral skeptic.

In the heat of the game: Analogical abduction in a pragmatist account of entrepreneurial reasoning

We draw on Searle's philosophy of language to distinguish between “opportunities” as intentional content directed towards a preferred future that entrepreneurs aim to fulfill and opportunities as conditions to be met for their satisfaction. We maintain that studying the former requires adopting a player stance rather than the analyst stance that prevails in the current literature. We build on pragmatist conceptions of truth and imagination to elaborate on the player stance and propose analogical abduction as a mechanism for conceiving and fulfilling “opportunities”. We develop a pragmatist process model of entrepreneurial reasoning that balances the two stances, and derive action principles for entrepreneurs from it.