Ppm IBA Research Articles

KARADUTUN (M. nigra L.) ODUN ÇELİKLERİ İLE ÇOĞALTILMASI ÜZERİNE BİR ARAŞTIRMA

In this study, the effects of different hormones on rooting of hardwood cuttings of mulberry were investigated. Having been treated hormones, the cutting were planted in perlite with bottom heat and without bottom heat. These increases were statically significiant. The effect hormones was particularly evident in bottom heat. All treatments of hormones increased rooting percentage according to control treatment. The most rooting percantages in bottom heat and without bottom heat were obtained as 89.3 % with treatment by 5000 ppm IBA and 60.4 % with treatment by 7500 ppm IBA, respectively. Moreover, in bottom hea, 7500 ppm IBA increased statically significantly the number of root per cutting according to the other treatments.

Vegetative propagation of Karanja (Pongamia pinnata L. Pierre ) through stem cuttings

The present study on vegetative propagation of Karanja ( Pongamia pinnata L.Pierre ) through stem cuttings showed maximum sprouting (100%), rooting (90%), rooting length (28.33 cm), root number (24.66), fresh biomass (63.66 g), dry biomass (34.38 g) in semi hard wood cutting of 25 cm length treated with 1000 ppm IAA, hard wood cutting of 25 cm length treated with 800 ppm IBA, hard wood cuttings of 15 cm length treated with 1000 ppm IAA, hard wood cutting of 25 cm length treated with 2000 ppm IAA, semi hard wood cuttings of 25 cm length treated with 200 ppm IBA, and hard wood cutting of 25 cm length treated with 1000 ppm IAA, respectively. It showed that hard wood cuttings of 25 cm length treated with IBA promotes better sprouting, rooting percent, root number and biomass than IAA. For production of healthy seedlings the semi hard wood cutting of 25 cm length should be treated with 200 ppm IBA.

Effect of dates of sowing, varieties and growth regulator on growth and yield attributes on summer groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) under north Gujarat agro-climatic conditions

A field experiment was conducted during summer-2010 at Agronomy Instructional Farm, C.P. College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar, to study the effect of dates of sowing, varieties and growth regulator on growth and yield attributes on summer groundnut ( Arachis hypogeia L.) under north Gujarat agro-climatic conditions. The soil of the experimental field was loamy sand in texture, low in nitrogen, medium in available phosphorus and rich in available potash. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomized Block Design with three replications. Eighteen treatment combinations comprised of three levels of dates of sowing viz., D 1 - 1 st February, D 2 - 14 th February and D 3 - 28 th February; three levels of varieties viz., V 1 - GG-2, V 2 - GG-5 and V 3 - GG-7 and two levels of growth regulator viz., G 0 - control and G 1 - 50 ppm IBA spray 20 and 40 DAS. The performance of all growth and yield attributes recorded highest plant height(27.35 cm), pods yield (3065 kg/ha)and test weight (50.42 g) was observed in 28 February snowcrop.

Vegetative Propagation Studies in Myrica esculenta (Kafal) - A Non-Legume Nitrogen Fixing Species

Myrica esculenta is a wild nitrogen fixing tree, growing naturally in the forest edges at high elevation rain fed areas. This species is generally propagated via seeds but physical dormancy caused by impermeable seed coat causes an unreliable germination pattern. In the present study different types of cuttings were collected and planted in an open side area at Khirsu as well as in mist chamber after treating with different hormonal (IBA) doses i.e. 1000 ppm; 2000 ppm; 4000 ppm; 6000 ppm and one set was soaked in water and kept as control. No rooting was observed from any type of cutting however, only few cuttings at 4000 ppm IBA treatment in the June month were sprouted and died after three weeks of transplanting. In case of air layering, maximum roots were sprouted in the air layered treatments done during post summer or rainy season whereas, air layered done during winter season or pre summer season, no response was observed. Maximum (15.83%) rooting was recorded in the 4000 ppm IBA followed by 6000 ppm (9.17%), 2000 ppm (6.67%) and minimum in 1000 ppm (4.17%) treatments. In this study overall 7.17 per cent rooting was recorded in first year and 1.67 per cent in second year. The air layering done in the VMG at Dehradun all air layered branches except control showed rooting and better performance was recorded in 4000 ppm IBA than other. Both seed and air layered raised plants when planted in the field their growth and survival percentage was almost similar.

Cost and return analysis of phalsa (Grewia asiaticaL.) propagation by semi-hard wood cuttings

Phalsa (Grewia asiatica L.) belongs to family Tiliaceae and is native to the Indian sub-continent and South-East Asia. But there is hardly any work which has analysed its costs and returns.In order to evaluate the most profitable treatment, economic analysis of treatments was worked out in terms of net returns and benefit cost (B:C) ratio. The cost and analysis structure of production of 1000 plants through rooting of cuttings was worked out for 15th July, 30th July, 15th August and 30th August planting in combination with IBA (150 ppm, 300 ppm and 450 ppm), NAA (150 ppm, 300 ppm and 450 ppm) and untreated cuttings planted i.e., treatment seven on different dates of planting. The cost incurred on preparation of land (500.00), labour charges (515.00), Farm yard manure (180.00), planting material ( 1500.00), irrigation (560.00) and depreciation on assets ( 79.80) was found to be same in all the treatments. The cost incurred on the preparation of different solutions of IBA in various treatments was found to be 403.20 for 450 ppm IBA followed by 269.00 for 300 ppm IBA and 134.40 for 150 ppm IBA and in case of preparation of NAA it was found to be 378.00, 252.00 and 126.00, respectively. It was found that 30th July was best date of planting of phalsa cuttings and IBA treatment was best among growth regulators treatment. Also phalsa cuttings treated with IBA 300 ppm and planted on 30th July showed highest survival percentage (71%) and net returns ( 3496.20) Thus, planting of phalsa cuttings on 30th July and treated with IBA 300 ppm was found to be best treatment combination as evidenced by the cost: benefit ratio of 1:1.97.

Effect of different IBA levels on air layering of karonda (Carissa carandasL.)

The present investigation was conducted at Commercial Fruit Nursery, College of Horticulture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during three years (201013). The study was undertaken with objectives to study the effect of different IBA levels on rooting and survival of karonda air layering and to find out the suitable IBA level for rooting and survival of karonda air layers. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design. The treatments consisted of six different levels of IBA (1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000 and 6000 ppm) and one control, replicated thrice. The results of three years pooled data revealed that different levels of IBA had significant effect on root and shoot characters of karonda air layers. IBA 5000 ppm was effective with respect to minimum days for rooting (10.73 days), increased number of roots per layer (102.55), height of rooted layers (44.53 cm) and number of leaves (145.77). In addition, root to shoot ratio (1.17) and highest survival percentage (90.82%) were recorded in 5000 ppm IBA treatment. However, least values for these characters were associated with control treatment. IBA 6000 ppm was also found effective with respect to days required for rooting, rooting percentage and survival percentage next to IBA 5000 ppm treatment. Thus, it is worthwhile to use 5000 ppm IBA for commercial multiplication of karonda through air layering.

Effect of different types of cuttings and IBA levels on pomegranate cuttings

The present investigation was conducted at Commercial Fruit Nursery, College of Horticulture, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola during three years (201013). The experiment was laid out in factorial completely randomized design, comprising two types of cuttings (semi-hardwood and hardwood) and different IBA concentrations (50, 100, 200, 2500, 5000 ppm IBA and control), replicated thrice. The results of three years pooled data revealed that hardwood cuttings had maximum sprouting (72.62) and success (55.42) percentage. Shoot and root length (21.50 and 20.30 cm, respectively) and number of shoots, number of leaves and number of roots per cutting (20.87, 68.45 and 26.34, respectively) were maximum in the same treatment. In case of different IBA levels, IBA 5000 ppm had higher success percentage (74.24), number of leaves per cutting (80.72) and root length (22.84 cm). However, IBA 2500 ppm recorded maximum sprouting percentage (75.25), shoot length (25.55 cm), number of shoots per cutting (28.33) and number of roots per cutting (31.59).

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN IBA (Indole Butyric Acid) DAN KONSENTRASI NAA (Naphthalene Acetic Acid) TERHADAP KEBERHASILAN PENYETEKAN SIRIH MERAH (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav.)

The research was conducted at the cutting red bettle (Piper crocatum Ruiz and Pav.) to determined the effect of (1) the difference growth of cuttings of red bettle which are given IBA and without IBA, (2) the concentration of NAA on growth of cutting red bettle, (3) the concentration of NAA on growth of cutting red bettle on each given IBA. The treatment was arranged in factorial (2 x 4) in randomized block design with three replication. The first factor were without IBA (A) and the given of 1000 ppm IBA (A1). The second factor were the concentration of NAA consists of: 0 ppm (B), 1000 ppm (B1), 2000 ppm (B2), and 4000 ppm (B). The results showed that the NAA concentration of 4000 ppm produced the most number of roots on either at the node or at the base of cutting. Planting cutting red bettle which given IBA 1000 ppm was able to accelerated the time leaves open and increased the number of cutting which germinate. The mixtured of giving IBA 1000 ppm and the concentration of NAA 4000 ppm, produced the most number of cutting that germinated.

Rooting Response of Air-Layered Shea (<i>Vitellaria paradoxa</i>) Trees to Media and Hormonal Application under Two Different Climatic Conditions

Shea tree (Vitellaria paradoxa Gaertn. Family; Sapotaceae) indigenous to the Sudano-sahelian zone of Africa has great economic and ecological potential and attributes. Commercial cultivation of the tree is however, hampered by the poor rooting success of its planting material with adverse consequences on field establishment and total fruit yield. A 3 × 2 factorial experiment arranged in a randomized complete block design was carried out in 2012 at Bole in the Interior Savanna agro-ecological zone. The objective was to assess the rooting success of Shea shoots by the air-layering technique using two media types (palm fibre and Sphagnum moss) and three IBA hormone concentrations (0, 5000 and 10,000 ppm) under contrasting climatic (wet and dry) conditions. Layered shoots which were sprayed with 10,000 ppm IBA and wrapped with Sphagnum moss gave significantly (P Sphagnum moss treated with 10,000 ppm IBA facilitated the translocation of higher levels of sugar and total free phenol (TFP) to the base of the layered shoots which resulted in significantly (P 2 = 82%, p 2 = 64.5%, p 2 = 89%, p = 0.002; n = 9). Furthermore, significant and positive correlations were found between IBA concentration level and simple sugars (r = 0.99; P Sphagnum moss treated with 10,000 ppm of IBA hormone should be used and the whole set up carried out in the wet season.

Cutting Type Affects Rooting Percentage of Vegetatively Propagated Sparkleberry (Vaccinium arboreum)

Commercial blueberries, particularly Vaccinium corymbosum, have very specific needs for optimum growth; hence, growing sites are limited. Plants require acidic soil (pH 4.0–5.5), good drainage, thorough aeration, and a constant moderate amount of moisture. To overcome these restrictions, cultivars could be grafted onto a plant adapted to less desirable growing conditions. One potential rootstock is V. arboreum (sparkleberry), which has the ability to grow in many areas that could not be used for commercial blueberries. In the past, propagation of V. arboreum has been difficult, but there has not been much research on the subject. Currently, V. arboreum plants are commercially propagated from seeds. Asexual propagation techniques will be necessary for rapid clonal propagation of selected cultivars of V. arboreum. The current study evaluated the rooting percentage and growth characteristics of juvenile V. arboreum softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood cuttings subjected to a 10-second basal quick-dip in 0, 1000, 2500, 5000, or 7500 ppm IBA. Rooting percentage was not affected by IBA concentration. The factors that influenced rooting were the source of the cutting and the cutting type (softwood, semi-hardwood, or hardwood). Greatest rooting percentages were observed when softwood cuttings were used. There was also success using semi-hardwood cuttings from plants that had been cut back and allowed to sprout new shoots. The results of this experiment can be used to determine the feasibility of using stem cuttings to commercially propagate selected varieties of V. arboreum.

ROOTING RESPONSES OF SOME CHILEAN PROTEACEAE WITH ORNAMENTAL POTENTIAL

Six species, distributed in four genera of Proteaceae are native to Chile. Among them, Embothrium coccineum, is grown as an outstanding ornamental tree, whereas Gevuina avellana is used as a nut species, as well as a source of cut greens, similar to Lomatia ferruginea. The three species are distributed in south-central Chile and Argentina. Cutting propagation was assessed by using differential IBA concentrations ranging from 0 to 5000 ppm for E. coccineum or 0 to 4000 ppm for G. avellana and L. ferruginea, in different substrates, under high humidity conditions. Best rooting (62%) for E. coccineum were obtained with low IBA concentrations (300-600 ppm). Up to 78% rooting was achieved in G. avellana with cuttings taken in summer and 4000 ppm IBA, while 67% and up to 10 roots per cutting were observed in L. ferruginea without hormonal treatments. Different growing conditions are discussed for these species.

Ácido indolbutírico na propagação vegetativa de cajaraneira (Spondias sp.)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the vegetative propagation of cuttings semi-herbaceous of “cajaraneira” (Spondias sp.) treated with indolbutyric acid at different concentrations. Cuttings of 20 cm, submitted to the application of six concentrations of indolbutyric acid – IBA (0, 500, 1000, 3000, 6000 and 9000 ppm). The experimental design was randomized blocks, being used with four replications and 12 cuttings per experimental unit, being evaluated 60 days after planting. We evaluated the number of buds, length of bud, leaf number, the number of leaflets, the length of the root system, the percentage of rooting, root number per cutting, leaf dry weight, dry weight sprouting, the dry mass of root system and the relationship between the dry mass of shoot and root dry mass. The increase in IBA concentration promoted a quadratic polynomial for the variables analyzed; except for the relationship between the dry mass of shoots and dry weight of roots, which was observed a decreasing effect with increased doses. For the production of vigorous seedlings cajaraneira by cuttings can be used, on average, a concentration of 5232 ppm IBA, mixed in pharmaceutical talc powder.

Indolbutyric acid in the vegetative propagation of cajarana plants (Spondias sp.).

The objective of this study was to evaluate the vegetative propagation of cuttings semi-herbaceous of “cajaraneira” ( Spondias sp.) treated with indolbutyric acid at different concentrations. Cuttings of 20 cm, submitted to the application of six concentrations of indolbutyric acid – IBA (0, 500, 1000, 3000, 6000 and 9000 ppm). The experimental design was randomized blocks, being used with four replications and 12 cuttings per experimental unit, being evaluated 60 days after planting. We evaluated the number of buds, length of bud, leaf number, the number of leaflets, the length of the root system, the percentage of rooting, root number per cutting, leaf dry weight, dry weight sprouting, the dry mass of root system and the relationship between the dry mass of shoot and root dry mass. The increase in IBA concentration promoted a quadratic polynomial for the variables analyzed; except for the relationship between the dry mass of shoots and dry weight of roots, which was observed a decreasing effect with increased doses. For the production of vigorous seedlings cajaraneira by cuttings can be used, on average, a concentration of 5232 ppm IBA, mixed in pharmaceutical talc powder.

Clonal Propagation of important Bamboo species through branch cuttings

Primary and secondary branch cuttings of eight different bamboo species viz., Bambusa balcooa, B. bambos, B. nutans, B. tulda, B. vulgaris, Dendrocalamus asper, D. giganteus and D. hamiltonii were studied for their rooting potential. Primary branch cuttings were given 200 ppm IBA treatment and control treatment for 8 hours. Secondary branch cuttings were treated with 4000 ppm IBA for one minute. The study revealed following order of rooting: B. vulgaris> Bambusa balcoa> D. hamiltonii> D. giganteus> B. bambos> B. tulda>B. nutans> D. asper. Application of 200 ppm IBA was found to enhance the rooting and sprouting parameters. In secondary branch cuttings, all the species except B. vulgaris failed to produce root.

Response of propagating materials and rooting hormones on rooting potential of Hazelnut (Corylus Colurna L.)

Root sucker resulted maximum rooting, average root length (6.74 cm), root diameter (0.87mm), longest root length (25.33cm) and shoot number per cuttings. Number of roots per cutting (33.30) and best root quality resulted in root suckers. Cutting treated with 3000 ppm IBA resulted maximum number of cutting rooted, root number, root diameter, root length, shoot length, leaf number, and best quality root. Sucker treated with 3000 ppm IBA interacted significantly for the rooting potential and growth.

AUXINS APPLICATION ON PROPAGATION OF OLIVE C.V. CHEMLALI BY SEMI-HARDWOOD CUTTINGS

This research was conducted at plastic house in Horticulture Dept. of Agriculture and Forestry College , University of Mosul during 2007-2008 season .To study the effect of three dates 20 Dec , 1 Feb , 10 March and the effect of Auxin treatments 0 ppm , 2000 ppm IBA , 2000 ppm NAA and 2000 ppm IBA + 2000 ppm NAA on propagation of semi- hardwood of Olive cutting Cv. Chemlali . The obtained results could be summarized as follows : A significant effect of the date of cutting planting on the root percentage and the date of 10 march was the most effective date on root percentage , number of root , length of root and number of leaves. The high percentage of living unrooted cutting the date of 20 Dec which 41,66%. All auxin treatments significantly increased on all vegetative and root growth characteristics and the best treatments was when applied auxin as a mixture 2000 ppm IBA + 2000 ppm NAA. The more effective interaction treatments between 2000 ppm IBA auxin and date of planting was 10 March which 93.33% of root percentage , followed by treatments of a mixture between 2000 ppm IBA + 2000 ppm NAA when planted at 10 March which 90% both interaction treatments significant increased as compared with interaction treatments.

Indução do enraizamento em estacas de Malvaviscus arboreus Cav. com diferentes concentrações de ácido indol–butírico (AIB)

The study evaluated the effect of three concentrations of auxin (0; 2,000 and 6,000 ppm) (indolbutiric acid - IBA) in inducing the formation of adventitious roots in three types of stem stakes (herbaceous, woody and semi-woody) of wax mallow (Malvaviscus arboreus Cav.). The stakes were cut into a bezel angle, with approximately 12 cm each, treated with the fungicide Benlate and later with IBA. The assessments were made 30 days after planting, evaluating the appearance or absence of calluses, roots and shoots. Among the stakes, the woody ones showed the best regenerative capacity, reaching the maximum corpus callosum, rooting and shooting, regardless of IBA concentration. In the treatment with 2000 ppm IBA concentration, herbaceous and woody stakes showed the best results for rooting.

SELECTION OF SALT TOLERANT CLONES OF SOME MEDICINAL PLANTS THROUGH TISSUE CULTURE TECHNIQUE: I. Hyoscyamus muticus L. PLANT.

Response of Egyptian henbane plant callus (Hyoscyamus muticus L.) to various levels of salt was investigated. Two tolerant clones to salt were selected from callus cultured on selection medium contained 6000 and 8000 ppm of salts, respectively. Tolerant clones were capable of proliferating and growing on media contained the same salt concentrations and supplemented with 1.5 ppm of BA. Vegetative characters were significantly enhanced in general at the lower salt concentration (6000 ppm) especially with the media containing 0.12 g/ L KH2PO4 +4 ppm kinetin + 0.5 ppm IBA. Using of MS media at its half strength with 1ppm NAA was the best for henbane root growth at 6000ppm of salt. Survival percentage reached up to 28.00 % for clone A(selected at 6000ppm ) and 32.02 % for clone B(selected at 8000ppm) with a total alkaloid percentage of 0.90 and 0.98 %, respectively .

기내배양에 의한 Philodendron cannifolium의 대량번식

Philodendron cannifolium을 기내배양하여 일시에 균일한 식물체를 대량생산하기 위하여 실험을 실시하였다. Philodendron의 경정에서 부정 다아체 형성은 BA <TEX>$2.0{\sim}5.0$</TEX> mg/L 첨가배지와 TDZ <TEX>$0.05{\sim}1.0$</TEX> mg/L 첨가배지에서 양호하였다. 그러나 TDZ이 첨가된 배지에서 생육한 식물체는 모두 엽록소가 결핍되었다. 신초경정에서 형성된 부정 다아체를 <TEX>$5{\sim}7$</TEX> mm 정도로 종으로 절단하여 배양한 결과 BA <TEX>$1.0{\sim}3.0$</TEX> mg/L가 첨가된 배지에서 신초수가 30개 이상으로 신초의 증식이 양호하였다. 그러나 BA가 고농도(10.0 mg/L)로 첨가된 배지 및 TDZ이 첨가된 배지는 기부의 callus가 이상 비대하였다. 증식된 신초의 색도 cream색으로 엽록소가 부족하였다. 증식된 신초의 생육 및 발근은 IBA <TEX>$0.5{\sim}2.0$</TEX> mg/L가 첨가된 MS 배지에서 양호하였다. 발근된 신초의 순화는 vermiculite와 perlite 및 vermiculite의 1:1 혼합용토가 적합하였다. MS배지에 활성탄 10 g/L와 sucrose 30 g/L가 첨가된 액체배지 15 mL를 첨가하여 신초를 생육시킨 다음, IBA <TEX>$500{\sim}2,000$</TEX> ppm이 첨가된 용액에서 10 초간 침지하여 perlite와 vermiculite가 1:1로 혼합된 용토에 재식하였을 때, 신초의 생육 및 발근이 양호하였다. In order to micropropagate uniform plantlets of Philodendron cannifolium in vitro, the shoot tips were cultured on MS media supplemented with <TEX>$0.5{\sim}10.0$</TEX> mg/L BA or <TEX>$0.05{\sim}0.1$</TEX> mg/L thidiazuron(TDZ). The adventitious multi-bud clusters from basal part of shoots were formed on MS media containing <TEX>$2.0{\sim}5.0$</TEX> mg/L BA or <TEX>$0.05{\sim}0.1$</TEX> mg/L TDZ. But the shoots grown on MS media with TDZ showed necrosis by the lack of chlorophyll. The adventitious multi-bus clusters were cut into <TEX>$5{\sim}7$</TEX> mm sections and cultured on MS media containing BA and TDZ for shoot proliferation. Shoots were proliferated vigorously on MS medium supplemented with <TEX>$1.0{\sim}3.0$</TEX> mg/L BA with up to 30 shoots. But abnormally swollen hard calli were formed from basal parts of shoots on MS media with TDZ and high concentration of BA(10.0 mg/L). The proliferated shoots on same media also showed necrosis by the lack of chlorophyll. The shoot growth and rooting were favorable on MS media containing <TEX>$0.5{\sim}2.0$</TEX> mg/L IBA. The rooted plantlets were acclimatizated effectively in soil mixed with perlite 1:vermiculite 1 or vermiculite alone. Fifteen mL of liquid medium containing 10 g/L activated charcoal and 30 g/L sucrose were added in same vessels after small shoots were proliferated to stimulate shoot growth and rooting. After 8 weeks in culture, the shoots were dipped into high concentration of IBA solution. and planted in soil mexed with perlite 1:vermiculite 1. The shoot growth and rooting were favorable in dipping treatments of <TEX>$500{\sim}2,000$</TEX> ppm IBA solutions for 10 sec.

Clonal propagation of Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. and associated metabolic changes during adventitious root primordium development

A study was conducted on the twelve clones of shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.). These clones were obtained from India and Nepal. Single-node leafy cuttings were prepared from the vegetative multiplication garden to examine the clonal variation, effect of IBA treatment on rooting response and associated metabolic changes during adventitious root formation. A remarkable and significant variation was observed due to treatment of 2,000 ppm IBA in the rooting parameters. Clonal variations were also significant for root and shoot growth while length of root was insignificant. Among the twelve clones studied; C3 (Tulsipur, Gonda, Uttar Pradesh, India) and C4 (Laxmipur, Gonda, Uttar Pradesh, India) clone cuttings have given the highest rooting response. Interaction (clone × IBA) was significant only for production of number of roots per cutting. Periodic sampling for clone C3 was performed at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days to examine the contents of total soluble sugars, starch, protein and peroxidase (PER) activity in the rooting zone of cuttings (∼0.5 cm) during adventitious root primordium development. A significant increase in all the metabolic activities was noted due to IBA. Total soluble sugars and starch contents of cuttings decreased with the passage of time. Protein content and PER-activity started to increase in the early stage and reached the highest level on day 21, followed by a decline at the 35th day of sampling. These trends were common for both IBA treated and untreated cuttings. Protein content and PER-activity remained higher in the rooting zone of IBA treated cuttings. Overall these findings suggested that exogenous application of IBA may have activated carbohydrate metabolism for release of energy, while protein and PER-activity were necessary for cell division and differentiation during adventitious root primordium initiation and development in the rooting zone of cuttings.