Power Policy Research Articles

Особенности развития рекламы армянской книги в Тифлисе (1801-1865 гг.)

The factors that influenced the development of Armenian advertising of books are examined in the article. Using the comparative historical and grouping methods, the author shows that the formation of Armenian book advertising in Tiflis was mainly similar to the development of book advertising in other provinces of the Russian Empire, but it had some peculiarities that were primarily due to the absence of Armenian statehood for many centuries. The decentralized Armenian publishing and bookselling structures were scattered, but their various components were integrated in the same system and influenced the formation of advertising communication, which made Armenian book advertising in Tiflis acquired more social in essence. The advertising was aimed at a purely ethnic cultural space, which was also influenced by the multicultural environment of Tiflis and the policy of the supreme power of the Russian Empire and its representation in the Caucasus in relation to the peoples of the region. The main emphasis of Armenian book advertising was placed on the educational and enlightenment functions of the book with the aim of integrating the divided people into one cultural communication space. Thus, advertising materialized and established the spiritual needs of the people. The Armenian book market formed very slowly, which was due to the illiteracy of the population’s majority, the difficulty of Old Armenian in which most of the books were published, the slow formation of Eastern Armenian literary language from various dialects, the fiction’s slow pace of development, the lack of good-quality translations of European literature, and the high cost of books. In the first half of the 19th century, the system of book advertising in Tiflis was institutionalised, which was due to the formation of publishing and bookselling markets as well as the types and ways of communication. The publishing sponsorship and the buying of books became a type of book advertising, and book advertising itself became a means of personal advertisement that aimed to popularize the personality and social status of the patron. The tradition of patronage contributed to sales of books because charitable investments were compensated with awards or by raising the social status of sponsors: the book was not only an item for advertising but also a means to advertise various individuals. If, until the 19th century, the patronage of the publication and distribution of Armenian manuscripts or books was based on a personal motive, and patriotism was expressed in the monumental preservation of the name of the book sponsor or orderer in the historical memory of the people, in the 19th century, under the tsarist regime, sponsorship had more pragmatic goals.

Международный режим декарбонизации как инструмент имплементации ценностей общества риска

The coronavirus pandemic has actualised the “Global Risk Society” concept. The purpose of this article is to examine the emergence of an international decarbonisation regime in terms of the values of the “global risk society” as updated by the coronavirus pandemic. Under the conditions of “new normality”, new values that determine the socio-political development of society are taking shape. Relying on the “Global Risk Society” theory, the authors derive its emerging values, the emergence of which is associated with the pandemic and its socio-economic effects. Thus, new values include the abandonment of faith in progress and a focus on crisis management (resilience), global solidarity as a key condition for survival, the search for a balance between freedom and security, effective response and regulation, “open innovation” as part of the “global commons”, rethinking of the value of consumption, and finally, the value of the climate agenda as a global green imperative comes to the fore. These values are of importance for a global climate agenda as well, which has become more acute during the pandemic. A key actor here is the European Union, which, through its policy of normative power and environmental ethics, is shaping a new international decarbonisation regime as an instrument for realising these values. And this “new ethic” has no national boundaries. Such international regime aims to create a regulatory framework for responding to climate risks that has the potential to profoundly affect global development and lead to a fundamentally new international climate order.

СУСПІЛЬНО-РЕЛІГІЙНА РЕАКЦІЯ НА ОБРАННЯ У 1943 р. МИТРОПОЛИТА СЕРГІЯ (СТРАГОРОДСЬКОГО) ПАТРІАРХОМ РОСІЙСЬКОЇ ПРАВОСЛАВНОЇ ЦЕРКВИ

The article analyses the reaction of Orthodox churches and churches of the Anglican Commonwealth, as well as secular society to the election of Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) as Patriarch of Moscow. This event was the first vivid fact of changing the course of the religious policy of Soviet power and caused a certain resonance in the world community, both religious and secular. The study of the spectrum of points of view about the mentioned local fact in their systematic presentation will allow to establish general trends of contemporaries in their attitude to the election of a new Moscow Patriarch in 1943. The dramatic circumstances preceding the patriarchal election of Metropolitan Sergius (Stragorodsky) did not prevent the world community, primarily religious, from receiving him as the Primate of the Russian Orthodox Church. This event was the initial step in the general process of renewal of state and religious relations in the USSR and the use of church resources in the international interests of Soviet power. The foreign policy effect of the election of Patriarch Sergius was significant and perceived as a certain indicator of religious freedom in the USSR, and therefore influenced the position of the Allies preparing to meet in Tehran to discuss the opening of the Second Front.

Инкорпорация коренных народов Сибири в общегосударственное единство Российской империи

The review of the monograph by L. M. Dameshek is submitted. It is noted that the author on the basis of the analysis of the huge massif of various sources investigated key problems: a role and the place of the outskirts of the Russian Empire in domestic policy of the public power, reflection of an image of foreigners in the Siberian press, issues of sociocultural incorporation of the people of Siberia in all-imperial space. The conclusion is drawn that application by the author of a comparting method helped to reveal visually features of an ethnic factor of government policy in relation to the Siberian outskirts, to show lighting it in periodicals of the studied period and to give a complete modern assessment of various forms of entry of indigenous people of Siberia into the system of the state unity of Russia at a boundary of the 19th – 20th centuries.

A ação do governo brasileiro no fortalecimento e desmantelamento da institucionalidade da agricultura familiar do MERCOSUL

Abstract The article analyses the changes in the Brazilian government’s actions at the Specialized Meeting on Family Farming of Mercosur (REAF). Created in 2004, REAF is a regional forum for political dialogue between governments and social organizations to develop public policies for family farming. Drawing on dialogues between historical neo-institutionalism and debates on policy paradigm and dismantling, the article defines four dimensions (political context and power relations, ideas and policy paradigms, characteristics of institutions, and interests and strategies of political actors) to explain and typify the processes of institutional strengthening and dismantling. Based on such dimensions and on data collected through participant observation, document analysis and interviews with key actors, the article analyses the Brazilian government’s actions in comparison to prevailing types of institutional change. The analysis shows that, between 2004 and 2016, the prevailing strategy for institutional strengthening was ‘discursive and symbolic’ and operated through ‘institutional densification’; in turn, from 2016 on, strategies of ‘discursive and symbolic’ dismantling and ‘dismantling by change in the institutional linkages’ prevailed.

Development aid benefits for donor countries

The article is based on the doctoral dissertation: ?International Development Aid as an Instrument for Achieving the Foreign Policy Objectives of France and Germany?. The main hypothesis of this article is that development aid is being used as an instrument for achieving foreign policy objectives and that it is, in this sense, primarily beneficial for donor countries. The article analyses the developmental inequality in the modern global capitalist order and the impact of corporations and development aid on the maintenance of such a system. The article focuses on two main EU member states: the Republic of France and the Federal Republic of Germany. By shifting the paradigm from the one in which less developed countries benefit the most from development aid policies to the one in which, in the long run, the countries that initiate these policies benefit the most, the article shows that larger and politically and economically more powerful countries use development aid policies to promote their own interests and achieve their foreign policy goals.

Energy-efficient transmission policies for the linear quadratic control of scalar systems

This paper considers controlled scalar systems relying on a lossy wireless feedback channel. In contrast with the existing literature, the focus is not on the system controller but on the wireless transmit power controller that is implemented at the system side for reporting the state to the controller. Such a problem may be of interest, e.g., for the remote control of drones, where communication costs may have to be considered. Determining the power control policy that minimizes the combination of the dynamical system cost and the wireless transmission energy is shown to be a non-trivial optimization problem. It turns out that the recursive structure of the problem can be exploited to determine the optimal power control policy. As illustrated in the numerical performance analysis, in the scenario of a dynamics without perturbations, the optimal power control policy consists in decreasing the transmit power at the right pace. This allows a significant performance gain compared to conventional policies such as the full transmit power policy or the open-loop policy.

China's Coal Power Policies: Stock Market Reactions and Investor Expectations

China's Coal Power Policies: Stock Market Reactions and Investor Expectations

Nuclear Power Policy in the UK since 2010: Multiple-Elitism or Neo-Pluralism?

This study presents an analysis of nuclear power policy in the UK since 2010, associated with the Coalition government and successive Conservative government policies to address climate change and to deliver affordable and clean energy. From the analysis of semi-structured interviews with elite participants and the policy documents, this study explores in detail nuclear power policy in the UK since 2010. It applies two theories of policy process to explore the policy continuity and change in this area: multiple-elitism and neo-pluralism. In this case study continuity is a feature in nuclear power policy domain. The case study reveals battles between environmental NGOs, business groups and the government to change policy directions. Countervailing power associated with neo-pluralist theory emerged significantly to oppose special interests emphasised by multiple-elite theory. This countervailing power appeared in different forms: the emergence of social movements in nuclear power policy area, and the communication between different actors on the issue of nuclear power in an issue network. Nuclear power emerged as a privileged technology in the energy mix. It enjoyed government and business support, and key elite positions were found to advocate for this technology despite some opposition. Overall, a combination of multiple-elitist and neo-pluralist features were found in the policies pertaining nuclear power policy in the UK since 2010.

BMRHTA: Balanced Multipath Routing and Hybrid Transmission Approach for Lifecycle Maximization in WSNs

In this article, a balanced multipath routing and hybrid transmission approach (BMRHTA) is proposed to effectively alleviate the imbalance of the forwarding load in a sink connection area (SCA) and prolong the network lifecycle for wireless sensor networks (WSNs). To achieve the energy efficient and balanced WSNs, three design issues, including the multipath, multihop, and single-hop transmissions, are jointly optimized to maximize the overall network lifecycle. First, the path load aggregation phenomenon in the SCA, which makes the forwarding packet load unevenly distributed among hotspots, is examined. In order to achieve the load balance in SCA, multiple shortest balanced paths are generated in the BMRHTA model. In the first stage, two uncorrelated shortest paths are discovered from each node to the sink and the optimal path selection cycle can be determined to achieve the SCA load balance. Afterward, a network equilibrium policy is offered to resolve the optimal transmission period of energy balance via hybrid transmission. As a result, the balanced shortest paths, the path selection cycle and the transmission period can be determined in the network formation phase to avoid the excessive load concentration in the subsequent maintenance phase. Simulation results show that the joint two uncorrelated balanced routing and the proposed network equilibrium policy can nearly quadruple the network lifecycle extension, as compared to a conventional node power policy. Also, the proposed BMRHTA achieves better performance than the current state-of-the-art competitive approaches in terms of energy efficiency and lifecycle.

Cultural diplomacy as the state’s identifier in the context of globalization

The purpose of the article is to reveal the concept of cultural diplomacy as a priority tool for creating globalization at the level of foreign policy. The article reveals the essence of the globalization process, its prospects, and its main goals. The research methodology is based on the complex use of general scientific and specific scientific methods: analytical, historical, conceptual. The scientific novelty lies in a comprehensive study of the essence of cultural diplomacy in the context of globalization, giving it advantages in the proper coordination of intercultural communication. The study presents the content, tools, and paradigm of diplomatic culture development at the level of the XXI century. Conclusions. The conclusion is made on the need for in-depth study of the cultural diplomacy development in the Ukrainian scientific space in order to strengthen Ukraine's international relations in the process of globalization.
 Keywords: cultural diplomacy, globalization, political culture, soft power policy, international relations, foreign policy, institutionalization, intercultural communication.

Characteristic analysis of conventional pole and consequent pole IPMSM for electric vehicle application

On December 12, 2020, President Xi Jinping announced at the Climate Ambition Summit that China will increase its nationally determined contribution, adopt more powerful policies and measures, and strive to reach the peak of carbon dioxide emissions by 2030, and strive to achieve carbon neutrality by 2060. As far as the automotive industry is concerned, replacing traditional fuel vehicles with electric vehicles is an important starting point for achieving carbon peak and carbon neutral goals. Inspired by the triangular permanent magnets of 2008 Lexus LS600H and 2012 Nissan LEAF, a 48-slot 8-pole conventional pole triangular interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM) model and a 48-slot 8-pole consequent pole triangular interior permanent magnet synchronous machine model are created separately in this paper. The consequent pole IPMSM uses magnetic iron core instead of a part of the permanent magnet to reduce the amount of permanent magnets to make the processing process cleaner and lower carbon. The magnetic line of force of consequent pole IPMSM can be concentrated by the magnetic iron core to form a magnetic pole in order to reduce the dosage of the permanent magnet. Firstly, the finite element analysis (FEA) is used to optimize air gap flux density and confirm geometrical parameter of conventional pole IPMSM, then the FEA is used to confirm the geometrical parameter of consequent pole IPMSM machine by optimizing the output torque Tavg and torque ripple Tripple so that the Tavg of consequent pole IPMSM are similar to that of conventional pole IPMSM and Tripple of consequent pole IPMSM is lower than that of conventional pole IPMSM. The following analysis contents include no-load air gap magnetic density, back-EMF, cogging torque, torque ripple, loss and efficiency, flux-weakening performance. Finally, the following conclusion could be drawn that although Tavg of consequent pole IPMSM is slightly reduced compared to the conventional pole IPMSM, it uses fewer permanent magnets to meet output requirements and has better flux-weakening performance.

CEO power and labor-friendly policy

This paper explores the effect of the presence of powerful CEOs on the quality of their workplace and finds that firms with powerful CEOs invest less in labor-friendly programs and that this does not significantly affect firm value. However, the effect is attenuated for firms in some industries such as those that are highly competitive, those with a high level of innovation intensity, and those with high labor bargaining power. Policies emphasizing friendliness toward employees in highly competitive industries, in innovation-intensive industries, and in union-intensive industries are found to enhance firm value. Our study thus underscores the importance of industry heterogeneity in understanding the relationship between CEO power and labor-friendly policy.

Politics and equity markets: Evidence from Canada

We examine how political power, polarization, and economic policy uncertainty (EPU) in Canada and the US affect the Canadian equity market from 1985 to 2019. We document little evidence of significant liberal government return premiums and the corresponding risk for the overall market and many industry sectors. Only the IT sector witnesses the “second half effect” of election cycles. The Canadian equity market seems to outperform during strong Democratic control in the US, with mixed findings for the individual sectors. Political polarization in the two countries and trade uncertainty have little impact on Canadian equity returns except for the venture, small-cap, and IT sectors from the US polarization. The US EPU index affects the average returns of the overall Canadian equity market and the energy, industrials, retail, and transportation industries, while domestic EPU in Canada reduces the overall equity market, small-cap, and venture firm returns. The alignment of political ideology in the two countries has little impact on the equity market in Canada. Collectively, the results show that the impact of political environments on the Canadian equity market tends to be limited, dynamic, and industry-specific, suggesting that investors should not blindly mix their portfolios with their political views or affiliations.

Energy demand and production forecasting in Pakistan

Pakistan has been in severe energy crises since the year 2004. Major reasons behind energy crises are lack of use of modeling tools in power planning and policy development, dependence on imported energy sources and poor governance. In this paper, electricity demand forecasting for Pakistan up to the year 2030 and a proposal for utilizing domestic energy resources, such as, coal, natural gas, and solar resources available in Baluchistan province of Pakistan for the electricity needs of the country are presented. Long-range Energy Alternative Planning (LEAP) software is used to develop energy demand model for Pakistan that forecasts energy demand under two scenarios, i.e., baseline scenario and energy conservation scenario for the period from 2018 to 2030. Electrical power generation capacity of coal, natural gas and solar resources is also calculated considering the capacity factor of each type of energy asset using MATLAB. This work suggests that Pakistan's energy demand forecast is 399 TWh under the baseline scenario and 312 TWh under the energy conservation scenario. The power generation potential of domestic energy assets available in Baluchistan is 500.041 TWh in total, which includes Natural Gas 392.768 TWh, Solar 84.935 TWh and Coal 22.338 TWh. This research would help relevant government departments in Pakistan for power capacity development as per the required energy demand and alleviate energy crises in Pakistan.

Kerala's electoral victory 2021: Has the politics of behavioural nudging paid off?

This article contends that the ruling government in Kerala state of India drew insights from a powerful policy tool viz behavioural nudging which in turn influenced the voting behaviour of Keralites enabling the government to retain power again. This was made possible by the Left Democratic Front Government of the State by applying and carrying out seven principles of behavioural nudging among the people efficaciously. Using qualitative naturalistic observation method, the paper concludes that both political and welfare mileage was leveraged out of it to the best advantage of the government as well as the citizens. To date, there is a serious dearth of evidence on the political economy of nudging in a behavioural context. This article attempts to fill the gap in this regard.

Understanding Complex Relationships between Human Well-Being and Land Use Change in Mozambique Using a Multi-Scale Participatory Scenario Planning Process

The path for bringing millions of people out of poverty in Africa is likely to coincide with important changes in land use and land cover (LULC). Envisioning the different possible pathways for agricultural, economic and social development, and their implications for changes in LULC, ecosystem services and society well-being, will improve policy-making. This paper presents a case that uses a multi-scale participatory scenario planning method to facilitate the understanding of the complex interactions between LULC change and the wellbeing of the rural population and their possible future evolution in Mozambique up to 2035. Key drivers of change were identified: the empowerment of civil society, the effective application of legislation and changes in rural technologies (e.g., information and communications technologies and renewable energy sources). Three scenarios were constructed: one characterized by the government promoting large investments; a second scenario characterized by the increase in local community power and public policies to promote small and medium enterprises; and a third, intermediate scenario. All three scenarios highlight qualitative large LULC changes, either driven by large companies or by small and medium scale farmers. The scenarios have different impact in wellbeing and equity, the first one implying a higher rural to urban area migration. The results also show that the effective application of the law can produce different results, from assuring large international investments to assuring the improvement of social services like education, health care and extension services. Successful application of these policies, both for biodiversity and ecosystem services protection, and for the social services needed to improve the well-being of the Mozambican rural population, will have to overcome significant barriers.

“Soft” Power of China: Efficiency and Response to the Current Challenges

The features of the “soft” power of the PRC, which are significantly based on its indicators of "hard" power – economic and military power, – have been studied. It is noted that there is a difference in the assessment of the state of “soft” power of China by Western countries and, accordingly, by China itself. Emphasis was placed on the prospects for the embodiment of China’s cultural “soft” power and its obstacles. Vulnerabilities in China’s “soft” power have been explored, including the political system and civil society. The importance of the tools of "mask" and "vaccine" diplomacy in the arsenal of "soft" power of China used to minimize the negative effects of the pandemic on China’s image and elevate its status as a leader in global health, have been analyzed. The effectiveness of the Chinese “soft” power has been analyzed through the studies conducted by the “Pew Research Centre” and “Portland Communication” agency. The importance of economic “soft” power in China’s conquest of new allies, including Asia and Africa, has been noted. It is emphasized that the most successful “soft” power is among countries where China is not burdened with accusations of human rights violations. It is noted that one of the main problems in China’s implementation of “soft” power policy is the dissonance between the image that China seeks to project and the country’s actions.

Epidemic modeling as a means to reimagine health education and policy post-COVID

PurposeAs illustrated by coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), epidemic models are powerful health policy tools critical for disease prevention and control, i.e. if they are fit for purpose. How do people ensure this is the case and where does health education fit in?Design/methodology/approachThis research takes a multidisciplinary approach combining qualitative secondary and primary data from a literature review, interviews and surveys. The former spans academic literature, grey literature and course curriculum, while the latter two involve discussions with various modeling stakeholders (educators, academics, students, modeling experts and policymakers) both within and outside the field of epidemiology.FindingsMore established approaches (compartmental models) appear to be favored over emerging techniques, like agent-based models. This study delves into how formal and informal education opportunities may be driving this preference. Drawing from other fields, the authors consider how this can be addressed.Practical implicationsThis study offers concrete recommendations (course design routed in active learning pedagogies) as to how health education and, by extension, policy can be reimagined post-COVID to make better use of the full range of epidemic modeling methods available.Originality/valueThere is a lack of research exploring how these methods are taught and how this instruction influences which methods are employed. To fill this gap, this research uniquely engages with modeling stakeholders and bridges disciplinary silos to build complimentary knowledge.

The Cyber Attack on Saudi Aramco in 2012

In recent years, information security has become a corporate priority due tothe large number of cyber-attacks that happen every day. These attacks could cause a regression in economic growth, which makes corporations another reason to defend their system. This paper provides an introduction to Saudi Aramco as well as an overview of its products. Then, the paper examines the Aramco cyber-attack in 2012. Aramco is a massive company with huge facilities that require powerful policies on security. Aramco should implement a Redundant Array of Independent Disks and Intrusion Detection System and review the log files on the server to protect its servers against attacks.