Powerlifting Research Articles

Karakteristike fizičkog vežbanja osoba sa oštećenim vidom - od instrukcije i obuke do treninga i takmičenja

Visual impairment as a congenital condition or acquired state is due to: eye diseases, physical injuries, falls, brain injuries, infections, etc. In relation to the degree of visual impairment, there are blind and low vision persons. Due to insufficient or non-existent visual information at an early stage of development, children with visual impairment are not aware of their own body and space, therefore they have problems with their own motion. The motor development of children with visual impairment is slow, which manifests through delayed walking, ineptitude, clumsiness, frequent fall and bad coordination. On the other hand, it is possible that the ultimate level of motor abilities of people with visual impairment can be approximate or the same as people without visual impairment. For an appropriate approach to physical exercise it is necessary to consider the following in a person with visual impairment: the amount and type of vision, physical, functional, health and mental state. The basic characteristics of implementing physical exercises with this population include: adaptation of teaching methods, adaptation of the exercise space and selection of appropriate requisites and equipment. The way of acquiring knowledge of the low vision children is visual information (regardless of the poor quality of their reception), and for blind children there are audible and tactile information. A constant, detailed verbal description of motions and movements is necessary in order to explain incomplete visual information and associate it with successive tactile information. An individual-led activity ensures understanding of the person with VI on the required movement. The analytical method is the dominant method during instructions and training. Sports in which people with visual impairment can participate are: athletics, chess, judo, ninepin bowling, tenpin bowling, shooting, swimming, tarball, football 5, golf, showdown, golf, power lifting, skiing, riding ... IBSA (International Blind Sport Federation) is an international sports organization that takes care of sports of persons with VI and is a member of the IPC (International Paralympic Committee). Competitions involving people with VI include: Paralympic Games, IBSA Games, world, continental, regional and national championships, as well as many international and national tournaments.

An Experimental Study to Investigate the Effect of the Angle of Attack on VToL UAV Propellers

Abstract Popularity of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) is continuously increasing for scientists as UAVs allow observation of large areas of land surfaces economically and swiftly when compared to traditional methods. And today the importance of UAVs is also increasing for civil applications such as transporting, agricultural spraying etc. These kind of civil applications are expected to require more power and different propeller geometries to provide higher payload capacities. In this context, aerial vehicle’s propeller size and pitch are important parameters in order to obtain proper lifting capacity for Vertical Take-off and Landing (VToL) UAVs. There is a number of terms to define the propeller’s specifications such as diameter, pitch, disc area relation, bore, material type etc. These characteristics must be calculated to design the optimal propeller accordingly to match specific needs of aerial vehicle characteristics. It is very important that both angle of attack and diameter should properly be investigated to be able to choose optimal propeller. The effect of angle of attack dominates characteristics of the propellers and in turn, aerial vehicles. In this manner, this paper focuses on the angle of attack of the propeller and propeller length as these variables have a huge effect on power consumption and lifting capacity. The effect of angle of attack that dominates characteristics of propellers and lifting capacity of aerial vehicles was investigated. Experiment results are presented for comparison of the propellers performance and outcomes were explained using charts.

POWERLIFTING SESSIONS PROMOTE SIGNIFICANT POST-EXERCISE HYPOTENSION

ABSTRACT Introduction: Powerlifting (PWL) is a worldwide method, frequently used in resistance training programs. However, the relationship between cardiovascular responses and PWL is still unclear in the literature. Objective: To evaluate acute cardiovascular overload and post-exercise hypotension (PEH) after acute powerlifting exercise session in subjects with experience in the modality. Methods: Nine powerlifting athletes (34 ± 5 years) participated voluntarily in this study. The following exercises were used in the session: squat, bench press and deadlift (95% of 1 RM, 2 to 5 repetitions). The anthropometric parameters and blood pressure (systolic, diastolic and mean) were evaluated immediately, 5', 10', 30', 60' and 24 hours after the exercise session with a non-invasive automatic pressure monitor. Results: Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between rest and immediately after exercise on systolic (135 ± 6 vs. 153 ± 10 mmHg) and mean (102 ± 3 vs. 108 ± 3 mmHg) blood pressures, but no difference was found at diastolic (85 ± 3 vs. 85 ± 4 mmHg) blood pressure. Additionally, the increase in systolic pressure did not reach values considered as a risk of cardiovascular overload. Significant PEH was found after 60 minutes (systolic: -12 ± 12%, diastolic: -5 ± 6% and mean: -7 ± 5%) and 24 hours after PWL session (systolic: -5 ± 4%, diastolic: -8 ± 4% and mean: -7 ± 3%). Conclusion: Our data demonstrated that a PWL session does not increase systolic blood pressure up to the risk range and promotes PEH after 60 minutes of exercise and that this cardiovascular response persisted after 24 hours post-exertion in powerlifting athletes.

Comparison of Powerlifting Performance in Trained Men Using Traditional and Flexible Daily Undulating Periodization: Erratum.

Comparison of Powerlifting Performance in Trained Men Using Traditional and Flexible Daily Undulating Periodization: Erratum.

Conception optimization and CFD structure study of Wind firm power generation based on OWC-WTGS combined generation system with battery storage system

In this paper, a deep study and optimization process for wind firm generation system based on full solar, wind and OWC chamber structure for wave energy harvesting and battery storage system, a combined WTGS (wind turbine generation system) with OWC (oscillating water column chamber) hybrid generation system has been involved for offshore generation firms for power lifting, an FEM (finite element modeling) structure study has been applied to a novel proposition using double orifice chamber structure with form optimization for the maximization of the harvested power, a CFD (Computational fluid dynamics) simulator software module was used for the study of the pneumatic power evolution through the structure. A novel wave generation method was applied to a 1:30 mechanical prototype that was built for this purpose to get an oscillated wave model through the RWMD method (Real Wave Model Simulator) instead of using an ordinary sin wave generator on the tank to make the waves the closest possible to the real sea waves. An experimental energy management system has been implemented for the battery storage energy control using two phase interleaved electronic system for the battery charging process between this latter and the full system. A DC-DC converter for the management of the global power system has been studied for this purpose.

The Impact of Competitive Trait Anxiety on Collegiate Powerlifting Performance.

Judge, LW, Urbina, LJ, Hoover, DL, Craig, BW, Judge, LM, Leitzelar, BM, Pearson, DR, Holtzclaw, KA, and Bellar, DM. The impact of competitive trait anxiety on collegiate powerlifting performance. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2399-2405, 2016-The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between competitive trait anxiety measures and powerlifting (PL) performance. Thirty-six collegiate powerlifters on club teams from 3 universities were recruited during a competition (men = 26, women = 10; age = 19.9 ± 1.5 years; height = 172.5 ± 8.6 cm; weight = 81.4 ± 21.0 kg). The athletes were distributed across weight classes for collegiate PL (47.6 kg: 1; 51.7 kg: 1; 54.9 kg: 1; 59.8 kg: 3; 67.1 kg: 2; 74.8 kg: 7; 82.1 kg: 4; 89.8 kg: 9; 99.8 kg: 5; super heavyweight: 3). A survey containing questions about PL performance history and the 15-item Sport Competition Anxiety Test (SCAT) were administered to the participants before competing. The SCAT total was negatively correlated (r = -0.397; p = 0.02) to the athletes' percentage of best total achieved in the competition (actual performance total/best comp total × 100). Of the individual lifts, the SCAT score was negatively correlated to the personal best for bench press (r = -0.368; p = 0.03) and deadlift (r = -0.317, p = 0.05), but did not significantly correlate for squat (r = -0.182, p = 0.27). These results indicate a negative correlation between the SCAT score and athletes' personal best totals in PL. Increased SCAT scores were associated with decreased personal best PL totals. The results suggest that competitive trait anxiety may have negatively impacted performance and that some PL athletes may benefit from interventions aimed at decreasing anxiety before and during performance.

An Epidemiological Profile of CrossFit Athletes in Brazil

Background:CrossFit is a conditioning and training program that has been gaining recognition and interest among the physically active population. Approximately 440 certified and registered CrossFit fitness centers and gyms exist in Brazil, with approximately 40,000 athletes. To date, there have been no epidemiological studies about the CrossFit athlete in Brazil.Purpose:To evaluate the profile, sports history, training routine, and presence of injuries among athletes of CrossFit.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiological study.Methods:This cross-sectional study was based on a questionnaire administered to CrossFit athletes from various specialized fitness centers in Brazil. Data were collected from May 2015 to July 2015 through an electronic questionnaire that included demographic data, level of sedentary lifestyle at work, sports training history prior to starting CrossFit, current sports activities, professional monitoring, and whether the participants experienced any injuries while practicing CrossFit.Results:A total of 622 questionnaires were received, including 566 (243 women [42.9%] and 323 men [57.1%]) that were completely filled out and met the inclusion criteria and 9% that were incompletely filled out. Overall, 176 individuals (31.0%) mentioned having experienced some type of injury while practicing CrossFit. We found no significant difference in injury incidence rates regarding demographic data. There was no significant difference regarding previous sports activities because individuals who did not practice prior physical activity showed very similar injury rates to those who practiced at any level.Conclusion:CrossFit injury rates are comparable to those of other recreational or competitive sports, and the injuries show a profile similar to weight lifting, power lifting, weight training, Olympic gymnastics, and running, which have an injury incidence rate nearly half that of soccer.

Resting extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 expression following a continuum of chronic resistance exercise training paradigms

ABSTRACTExtracellular signal-regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) moderates skeletal muscle growth; however, chronic responses of this protein to unique resistance exercise (RE) paradigms are yet to be explored. The purpose of this investigation was to describe the long-term response of ERK1/2 following circuit weight training (CWT), recreationally weight training (WT), powerlifting (PL) and weightlifting (WL). Independent t-tests were used to determine differences in trained groups compared to sedentary controls. Total ERK1/2 content was lower in PL and WL compared to their controls (p ≤ 0.05). Specific trained groups displayed large (WL: pERK/total-ERK; d = 1.25) and moderate (CWT: total ERK1/2; d = 0.54) effect sizes for altered kinase expression compared to controls. The results indicate ERK1/2 expression is down-regulated after chronic RE in well-trained weightlifters and powerlifters. Lower expression of this protein may be a method in which anabolism is tightly regulated after many years of high-intensity RE.

Substantiation of health related power lifting training methodic for univeristies students with muscular skeletal apparatuse affections.

Purpose: substantiation of health related power lifting training methodic for universities students, who have disorders of muscular skeletal apparatus. Material: in experimental researches 126 students of 18-24 years’ age, having disorders of muscular skeletal apparatus, participated. With the help of testing we registered changes of students’ functional, physical and psycho-physiological fitness indicators. Results: optimal correlation of specific and non specific loads was found: 60% of specific and 40% of non specific. It is recommended to follow certain correlation of exercises in easy and complicated conditions: for first year students - 3:2; for second year students - 3:2; for third year - 2:3; for forth year - 2:3; for fifth year students - 1:3. Specific only for power lifting conditions and temps of students’ (with muscular skeletal apparatus affections) functional, physical and psycho-physiological fitness improvement were determined. Conclusions: The requirements of the training methodic envisage correction of loads for bringing every indicator on proper level.

Working out of health related power lifting training program for first year students with muscular skeletal apparatus affections

Purpose: substantiation and working out of program for health improvement of first year students with muscular skeletal apparatus affections by power lifting means. Material: in experiment, which lasted one year, 24 first year students with muscular skeletal apparatus affections participated (two groups, 12 persons in each). The students’ age was 18-20 years old. Results: optimal correlation of specific and non-specific loads - 60%:40% was found. The worked out complex of exercises for training of bench press barbell technique includes the following: special warming up exercises, exercises on special simulators and exercises with weights. As general physical training it is recommended to use complex of commonly accepted exercises. Conclusions: application of the worked out program ensures formation of steady interest to physical exercises’ practicing, strengthening of health, replenishment of motor skills’ base, training of motor qualities and functional fitness. Besides, it facilitates more effective students’ social adaptation in collective.

Study of muscular skeletal apparatus’s functional state of junior sportsmen-power lifters, who have backbone verterbral abnormalities

Purpose: determination of abnormalities and disorders of muscular skeletal apparatuses’ status of power lifters, who have vertebral abnormalities of backbone. Material: 58 junior sportsmen participated in the research. 36 sportsmen were the main group of the research and had vertebral disorders in backbone. For posture testing visual examination was used. Backbone mobility was tested with goniometry method. Flat feet were registered with plantography method. Results: we determined posture abnormalities in sagittal and frontal planes; feet flat, limited maximal movements in thoracic and lumbar spines. It was determined that the most limited were rotational movements and backbone unbending. The next were side bents. These limitations were accompanied by pain syndrome. These observations indirectly confirmed theory of direct interaction of backbone structures with nervous structures. It is also a confirmation of vertebral abnormalities’ presence in junior sportsmen. Conclusions: it was found that in junior sportsmen - power lifters with backbone pathologies in 100% of cases symptoms are determined by local limitations of backbone mobility with pain syndrome. In 35% of cases they are accompanied by posture’s disorders and feet flat. Orientation and methodic of rehabilitation of such sportsmen have been determined.

Psycho-physiological characteristics of students-powerlifters of different training experience, who have affections of muscular skeletal apparatus

Purpose: study of many years’ power lifting trainings influence on psycho-physiological and other characteristics of students, who have affections of muscular skeletal apparatus. Material: the research covered 73 students of 18-22 yrs. Age, who have different training experience. To exclude influence of previous training on experiment’s results, researches were conducted after 2-3 days of rest. The author studied personality’s features (by T. Elers). Psychological diagnostic was conducted by methodic of M.V. Makarenko. Results: different psycho-physiological characteristics, indicators of psychological state and personality’s features were found in students, depending on their power lifting training experience. Improvement of functional and nervous power indicators under influence of systemic power lifting trainings was detected. Conclusions: it was determined that improvement of students’ sportsmanship is accompanied by noticeable improvement of practically all tested indicators.

Physical self-concept and participation in physical activity in college students.

The purpose of this study was to test for reciprocal relations between physical self-concept (PSC) and participation in physical activity (PA). We hypothesized specific bidirectional relations between PSC dimensions (i.e., perceived endurance, sport competence, and strength and body attractiveness) and participation in corresponding types of PA (i.e., aerobic exercise, team or individual sports, and strength training). Data were gathered from a questionnaire administered to 386 college students on two occasions (3-month interval) to assess PSC and participation in PA. Structural equation modeling revealed significant paths between each PSC dimension and a corresponding type of PA. Students reported more frequent participation in a specific PA when their PSC concerning the activity was high. However, participation in a given PA did not predict subsequent PSC in the corresponding PA, suggesting unidirectional effects of previous PSC on subsequent participation in PA. These results suggest that strategies that contribute to reinforce PSC are primordial and should be targeted as key components for designing effective PA behavior change interventions among college students.

C-24 Free Communication/Poster - Cardiovascular 1

HISTORY: A 17-yo hs football lineman with transient headaches after collisions. Referred for a third opinion to determine clearance for participation. Reports history of 3-5 concussions. Symptoms and amount of time lost for each concussion were minimized by athlete on repeated questioning and compared to previous physician notes. During his junior season, he suffered headaches that would gradually worsen as the season and each individual game went on. Heahaches would only occur with contact and would gradually build in severity until he had to “take a play off”. He repeatedly denied any other symptoms such as difficulty concentrating, nausea, light sensitivity, etc. He denied offseason headaches unless he did maximum power lifting or participated in any minicamps. During a consultation with a neurosurgeon, the athlete denied experiencing any headaches with maximal lifting. The athlete’s father was concerned about minimization of symptoms and poor school performance. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION: BP: 120/84 Height: 6’2” Weight: 283lbs Gen: large, healthy appearing; parents present at each visit HEENT: normal Neck: full ROM; neg Spurling; non-tender Neuro: non-focal; CN II-XII grossly intact - Neurovestibular testing and balance testing normal and without symptom production - SCAT3 and BESS at baseline - Computerized NP testing: cognitive efficiency index: less than 0.2 is poor performance on speed and accuracy o 9/20/2010: 0.12 o 9/7/2011: 0.18 o 6/24/2013 - following most recent concussion: 0.20 DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS: 1. Concussion 2. Arnold Chiari Malformation 3. Migraine or tension headaches 4. Tumor 5. Vascular malformation TEST AND RESULTS: MRI Brain: 1. Ectopic cerebellar tonsils consistent with mild Chiari I malformation 2. Incidentally noted minimally prominent cistern magna Neuropsychological testing: 1. Deficits of 1.5-2.0 Standard Deviations in memory tasks and executive functioning. Effort judged to be excellent FINAL WORKING DIAGNOSIS: 1.Concussion (recurrent) with cognitive impairment 2. Arnold Chiara Malformation Type 1 TREATMENT AND OUTCOMES: 1. Restricted from participation in high school football. 2. Reassess neuropsychological testing at 6 months and 10-12 months. 3. Continue to work out in non-contact fashion and otherwise continue life and academics without restrictions.

The Effects of High Intensity Short Rest Resistance Exercise on Muscle Damage Markers in Men and Women

Within and between sexes, universal load prescription (as assigned in extreme conditioning programs) creates extreme ranges in individual training intensities. Exercise intensity has been proposed to be the main factor determining the degree of muscle damage. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine markers of muscle damage in resistance-trained men (n = 9) and women (n = 9) from a high intensity (HI) short rest (SR) (HI/SR) resistance exercise protocol. The HI/SR consisted of a descending pyramid scheme starting at 10 repetitions, decreasing 1 repetition per set for the back squat, bench press, and deadlift, as fast as possible. Blood was drawn pre-exercise (pre), immediately postexercise (IP), 15 minutes postexercise (+15), 60 minutes postexercise (+60), and 24 hours postexercise (+24). Women demonstrated significant increases in interleukin 6 (IL-6; IP), creatine kinase (CK; +24), myoglobin (IP, +15, +60), and a greater relative increase when compared with men (+15, +60). Men demonstrated significant increases in myoglobin (IP, +15, +60, +24), IL-6 (IP, +15), CK (IP, +60, +24), and testosterone (IP, +15). There were significant sex interactions observed in CK (IP, +60, +24) and testosterone (IP, +15, +60, +24). Women completed the protocol faster (women: 34:04 ± 9:40 minutes, men: 39:22 ± 14:43 minutes), and at a slightly higher intensity (women: 70.1 ± 3.5%, men 68.8 ± 3.1%); however, men performed significantly more work (men: 14384.6 ± 1854.5 kg, women: 8774.7 ± 1612.7 kg). Overall, women demonstrated a faster inflammatory response with increased acute damage, whereas men demonstrated a greater prolonged damage response. Therefore, strength and conditioning professionals need to be aware of the level of stress imposed on individuals when creating such volitional high intensity metabolic type workouts and allow for adequate progression and recovery from such workouts.

Injury Rate and Patterns Among CrossFit Athletes.

Background:CrossFit is a type of competitive exercise program that has gained widespread recognition. To date, there have been no studies that have formally examined injury rates among CrossFit participants or factors that may contribute to injury rates.Purpose:To establish an injury rate among CrossFit participants and to identify trends and associations between injury rates and demographic categories, gym characteristics, and athletic abilities among CrossFit participants.Study Design:Descriptive epidemiology study.Methods:A survey was conducted, based on validated epidemiologic injury surveillance methods, to identify patterns of injury among CrossFit participants. It was sent to CrossFit gyms in Rochester, New York; New York City, New York; and Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and made available via a posting on the main CrossFit website. Participants were encouraged to distribute it further, and as such, there were responses from a wide geographical location. Inclusion criteria included participating in CrossFit training at a CrossFit gym in the United States. Data were collected from October 2012 to February 2013. Data analysis was performed using Fisher exact tests and chi-square tests.Results:A total of 486 CrossFit participants completed the survey, and 386 met the inclusion criteria. The overall injury rate was determined to be 19.4% (75/386). Males (53/231) were injured more frequently than females (21/150; P = .03). Across all exercises, injury rates were significantly different (P < .001), with shoulder (21/84), low back (12/84), and knee (11/84) being the most commonly injured overall. The shoulder was most commonly injured in gymnastic movements, and the low back was most commonly injured in power lifting movements. Most participants did not report prior injury (72/89; P < .001) or discomfort in the area (58/88; P < .001). Last, the injury rate was significantly decreased with trainer involvement (P = .028).Conclusion:The injury rate in CrossFit was approximately 20%. Males were more likely to sustain an injury than females. The involvement of trainers in coaching participants on their form and guiding them through the workout correlates with a decreased injury rate. The shoulder and lower back were the most commonly injured in gymnastic and power lifting movements, respectively. Participants reported primarily acute and fairly mild injuries.

Effect of fiber and fabric constructional parameters on dynamic behavior of compression athletic wear

Compression athletic wear (CAW) is used in number of active sports like jumping, running and power lifting etc. to enhance the performance of an athlete. Compression efficiency is mainly determined by interface pressure exerted by it but pressure reduces with time due to prolonged stretching and deformation of fabric. In this study, compression behaviour was evaluated by measuring the interface pressure drop and recovery characteristics of CAW. Interface pressure over a long duration of time was measured using a dynamic leg segment prototype. Recovery characteristic was evaluated by measuring the residual shrinkage at different time interval using cyclic fatigue test. The effect of filament cross sectional shape, Lycra® linear density and fabric tightness on compression properties was found to be statistically significant by ANOVA. Fabric with high tightness factor, coarse Lycra® and profiled polyester was observed to have better recovery and compression efficiency as compared to other fabrics under study.

Inter‐subject variability of muscle synergies during bench press in power lifters and untrained individuals

The purpose of the study was to elucidate the role of expertise on muscle synergies involved in bench press. Ten expert power lifters (EXP) and nine untrained participants (UNT) completed three sets of eight repetitions at 60% of three repetition maximum in bench press. Muscle synergies were extracted from surface electromyography data of 21 bench press cycles using non-negative matrix factorization algorithm. The synergy activation coefficient represents the relative contribution of the muscle synergy to the overall muscle activity pattern, while the muscle synergy vector represents the relative weighting of each muscle within each synergy. Describing more than 90% of the variability, two muscle synergies reflected the eccentric and concentric phase. The cross-correlations (ρ(max)) for synergy activation coefficient 2 (concentric phase) were 0.83 [0.71;0.88] and 0.59 [0.49;0.77] [Median ρ(max) (25th;75th percentile)] (P = 0.001) in UNT and EXP, respectively. Median correlation coefficient (ρ) for muscle synergy vector 2 was 0.15 [-0.08;0.46] and 0.48 [0.02;0.70] (P = 0.03) in UNT and EXP, respectively. Thus, EXP showed larger inter-subject variability than UNT in the synergy activation coefficient during the concentric phase, while the muscle synergy vectors were less variable in EXP. This points at the importance of a specialized neural strategy in elite bench press performance.

John R. Luchini — Tire Science Giant

John R. Luchini — Tire Science Giant

Ventilatory muscle strength, diaphragm thickness and pulmonary function in world-class powerlifters

Resistance training activates the ventilatory muscles providing a stimulus similar to ventilatory muscle training. We examined the effects of elite powerlifting training upon ventilatory muscle strength, pulmonary function and diaphragm thickness in world-class powerlifters (POWER) and a control group (CON) with no history of endurance or resistance training, matched for age, height and body mass. Body composition was assessed using single-frequency bioelectrical impedance. Maximal static volitional inspiratory (P(I,max)) and expiratory (P(E,max)) mouth pressures, diaphragm thickness (T(di)) derived from ultrasound measurements and pulmonary function from maximal flow volume loops were measured. There were no differences in physical characteristics or pulmonary function between groups. P(I,max) (22 %, P < 0.05, effect size d = 1.13), P(E,max) (16 %, P = 0.07, effect size d = 0.86) and T(di) (27 %, P < 0.01, effect size d = 1.59) were greater in POWER than CON. Correlations were observed between both T(di) and P(I,max) (r = 0.518, P < 0.05), T(di) and P(E,max) (r = 0.671, P < 0.01) and T(di) and body mass (r = 0.502, P < 0.05). We conclude that manoeuvres performed by world-class powerlifters improve ventilatory muscle strength and increases diaphragm size. Whole-body resistance training may be an appropriate training mode to attenuate the effects of ventilatory muscle weakness experienced with ageing and some disease states.