Powerlifting Research Articles

Long Driving: The Sadlowski Case

Hitting long drives has always been a key component of playing competitive golf at the highest levels. Although long drivers have always been easy to identify on the courses of the world during play, actual long driving competitions have only been held since 1975. Jason Zuback, a muscular 5'10, 225 lb mesomorph, having won consecutive titles from 1996 to 1999, and then again in 2006, set the standard for not only distance but also body shape as well as strength and conditioning. Resistance training, power lifting, and other forms of nonspecific conditioning were then thought to be necessary to compete at the highest levels. However, in 2008, a lean young man, a 5'11, 165 lb ectomorph named Jamie Sadlowski, won the world championship and repeated again the following year. Differences may be explained by principles of human ballistic movement (HBM).

Fitness – programs as mean of forming of personality physical culture of students

Basic directions of perfection of process of physical education of students of higher institutes are examined. Attention is accented on the necessity of search of new effective ways of making healthy of students, increases of level of their physical development and preparedness. A questionnaire inspection is conducted 150 students. It is set that 62% boys would prefer engaged in the power types of fitness (athletic gymnastics, power lifting) and 38% wished to be engaged in the traditional types of sport. 75% girls preferred a fitness (70% to the aerobic orientation, 5% - power), 25% girls were chosen by the traditional types of physical activity. It is shown classifications of fitness programs. It is suggested to adapt existent fitness is programs for employments in the institutes of higher. The possible ways of making healthy of students, increase of level of their physical development and preparedness, attaching to the active way of life are shown.

Femoral neck cross‐sectional geometry and exercise loading

The aim of this study was to examine the association between different types of exercise loading and femoral neck cross-sectional geometry. Our data comprised proximal femur magnetic resonance (MR) images obtained from 91 female athletes and their 20 age-matched controls. The athletes were categorized according to typical training activity - high impact (high and triple jumping), odd impact (racket and soccer playing), high magnitude (power lifting), repetitive low impact (endurance running) and repetitive non-impact (swimming). Segmented MR images at two locations, narrowest cross-section of the femoral neck (narrowFN) and the cross-section at insertion of articular capsule (distalFN), were investigated to detect between group differences in shape, curvature and buckling ratio derived using image and signal analysis tools. The narrowFN results indicated that the high-impact group had weaker antero-superior (33% larger buckling ratio than controls) but stronger inferior weight-bearing region (32% smaller than controls), while the odd-impact group had stronger superior, posterior and anterior region (21% smaller buckling ratio than controls). The distalFN results indicated that the high-impact group had stronger inferior region (37% smaller buckling ratio), but the odd-impact group had stronger superior region (22% smaller buckling ratio) than the controls. Overall, the results point towards odd-impact exercise loading, with inherently varying directions of impact, associated with more robust cross-sectional geometry along the femoral neck. In conclusion, our one-dimensional polar treatment for geometrical traits and intuitive presentation of differences in trends between exercise groups and controls provides a basis for analysis with high angular accuracy.

Full Rom Versus Partial Rom Strength Training in the Development of Strength in Untrained Persons

Background: Strength training is the use of resistance to muscular contraction to build the strength, anaerobic endurance and size of skeletal muscles. A recent method utilized in strength training and one that has indicated great promise is the use of supermaximal loads through the strongest range of motion. Many involved in the pursuit of weight training to develop strength and lean muscle mass (power lifters, bodybuilders, and athletes) have long utilized partial repetitions in their training. Since 1995, with the release of the book Power Factor Training and many body-part specialty books on the same subject, the popularity of limited range exercise has increased significantly. Objectives: To study the effectiveness of Full range of motion {Group A} Versus Partial range of motion {Group B} training in development of strength. Material and Methods: Study included 36 Normal healthy college students with age between 18-25 years. Training sessions were conducted 3 days per week for 10 weeks. Subjects were divided into 2 groups. Group A (N=18) trained with 3 Full ROM sets on the bench press. Group B (N=18) trained with 3 Partial ROM sets. The 1 RM Bench Press was used as the criterion measurement. Results: The results were analyzed by student's t-test (Paired t-test). Group A showed significant strength improvement in strength with full ROM exercises (t =18.44, p0.05). Conclusion: Partial ROM training can positively influence the development of maximal strength. Therefore, those involved in the strength and conditioning profession can confidently include Partial repetitions method as an adjunct to their normal training protocols.

Effects of Resistance Exercise on Intramuscular Oxygenation and Muscle Fiber Composition

Determining the oxygenation level of skeletal muscle is an effective non-invasive method of evaluating its physiological changes. Nevertheless, the relationship between muscle fiber composition and intramuscular oxygenation is still unclear. In the present study we examined the differences in muscle fiber composition and their relationship to muscle oxygenation levels by comparing power lifters (Training group), who regularly engaged in muscular resistance training, with ordinary healthy people (Control group). The vastus lateralis muscle oxygenation level was measured via near infrared continuous wave spectroscopy, and muscle tissues were collected and used for histochemical analyses in order to calculate muscle fiber compositions. When the rate of decrease in muscle oxygenation after performing a single squat at 50 and 80% of the participants’ maximal lifting weight (MLW) was examined, the rate of decrease was significantly higher at 80% of MLW than at 50% of MLW in Training group, and was significantly higher in the Training group than in the Control group. Moreover, after performing multiple squat movements at 80% of MLW, compared with the Control group, the Training group showed a significant delay in the time it took for their muscle oxygenation level to recover to 50% of its original level at resting time (T1/2). A significant correlation between the occupancy of Type IIa fiber and T1/2, or between an average cross-sectional area of muscle fibers and T1/2 was noted. The present study demonstrated that in the Training group, in a cross-sectional area of Type IIa fiber that had increased, the decreased muscle oxygenation level due to performing squat exercises exhibited a delay in recovery at the resting time, suggesting that the amount of oxygen consumption was increased in the Training group because the crosssectional area of Type IIa fiber was larger, compared with the Control group.

Prevention of varicose illness of lower extremities among the power lifters

Аннотация В статье рассматривается использование спортивного компрессионного трикотажа (com-pressport) и связанной с ним системы упражнений ЛФК как средств профилактики хронической лимфовенозной недостаточности нижних конечностей у пауэрлифтеров. В экспериментальном исследовании для обеспечения наивысшей эффективности воздействия спортивного компрессион-ного трикотажа на нижние конечности пауэрлифтеров были использованы специфические средства ЛФК. В контрольной группе, в которой спортсменами не использовался спортивный компрессион-ный трикотаж и не применялся необходимый комплекс упражнений ЛФК, пауэрлифтеры отмечали чувство тяжести в ногах к концу рабочего дня, а иногда даже ночные судороги и отеки ног. Прове-денное исследование показало, что использование спортивного компрессионного трикотажа (com-pressport) и связанной с ним системы упражнений ЛФК существенно предохраняет поверхностную венозную систему от варикозного расширения, тонизирует глубокую венозную систему и осу-ществляет профилактику варикозной болезни нижних конечностей у пауэрлифтеров. Ключевые слова

Prevention of varicose illness of lower extremities among the power lifters

Prevention of varicose illness of lower extremities among the power lifters

Body Composition and Military Performance—Many Things to Many People

Soldiers are expected to maintain the highest possible level of physical readiness because they must be ready to mobilize and perform their duties anywhere in the world at any time. The objective of Army body composition standards is to motivate physical training and good nutrition habits to ensure a high state of readiness. Establishment of enforceable and rational standards to support this objective has been challenging even at extremes of body size. Morbidly obese individuals are clearly not suited to military service, but very large muscular individuals may be superbly qualified for soldier performance demands. For this reason, large individuals are measured for body fat using a waist circumference-based equation (female soldiers are also measured for hip circumference). The main challenge comes in setting appropriate fat standards to support the full range of Army requirements. Military appearance ideals dictate the most stringent body fat standards, whereas health risk thresholds anchor the most liberal standards, and physical performance associations fall on a spectrum between these 2 poles. Standards should not exclude or penalize specialized performance capabilities such as endurance running or power lifting across a spectrum of body sizes and fat. The full integration of women into the military further complicates the issue because of sexually dimorphic characteristics that make gender-appropriate standards essential and where inappropriately stringent standards can compromise both health and performance of this segment of the force. Other associations with body composition such as stress effects on intraabdominal fat distribution patterns and metabolic implications of a fat reserve for survival in extreme environments are also relevant considerations. This is a review of the science that underpins the U.S. Army body composition standards.

Dermatoglyphic profile of physical strength in Brazilian Paralympic power lifters

The objective of this study was to identify dermatoglyphic characteristics and the quality of the physical strength in high-performance para-athletes in the supine power lifting category. This study included ten male athletes aged between 18 and 40 years who had qualified for the Brazilian Regional Championships. The athletes were randomly distributed into the following three groups: group 1 (n = 4) comprising athletes with the best results for relative strength, group 2 (n = 4) comprising athletes with intermediate results for relative strength, and group 3 (n = 2) comprising athletes with the lowest results for relative strength. To determine the strength potential of the athletes, the one repetition maximum test was chosen, and to identify their genetic profile their fingerprints were analyzed by the method of Cummins and Midlo using paper and ink. The data showed no homogeneity between the groups. Group 1 showed a higher genetic predisposition and better results for the quality of their physical strength. These results indicate that dermatoglyphics may be an important tool to identify and guide athletes according to their genetic potential.

Viability of the Skin Paddle Does Not Predict the Functional Outcome in Free Muscle Transfers with a Second Ischemic Event: A Report of Three Cases

Conventional skin flap monitoring is one of the widely used methods to assess postoperative circulation in innervated free muscle transfer (IFMT). However, following reexploration for vascular compromise and reestablishing circulation, functional recovery of the muscle despite surviving skin flap is not clear. The purpose of this article is to report three such cases and determine the reliability of viable skin flap in an IFMT with a second ischemic event. Long-term functional results were assessed in terms of reinnervation time, elbow range of motion, strength of elbow flexion, finger function in terms of total active motion, and power lifting with hook grip. These IFMTs developed complete or partial necrosis of the muscle and could not obtain satisfactory function. The conventional monitoring of the skin flap did not promptly reflect vascularity of IFMT, and a surviving skin flap after reexploration for compromised vascularity does not guarantee complete survival of the muscle. There is a need for earlier and rapid detection of vascular compromise in IFMTs.

Acute Effect of Whole-Body Vibration on Power, One-Repetition Maximum, and Muscle Activation in Power Lifters

The purpose of this study was to investigate the acute effect of whole-body vibration with a frequency of 50 Hz (WBV(50Hz)) on peak power in squat jump (SJ), 1 repetition maximum (1RM) in parallel squat, and electromyography (EMG) activity and compare them with no-vibration conditions in power lifters. Twelve national level male power lifters (age 24 ± 5 years, body mass 110 ± 24 kg, height 179 ± 7 cm) tested peak power in SJ and 1RM in parallel squat while they were randomly exposed to WBV(50Hz) or to no vibration. These tests were performed in a Smith Machine. Peak power output was higher while performed with a WBV(50Hz) compared with the no-WBV condition (p < 0.05). This increase in power output was accompanied by higher EMG starting values and EMG peak values of the investigated thigh muscles during WBV(50Hz) (p < 0.05). There was no difference between adding WBV(50Hz) and no-vibration conditions in 1RM parallel squat. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that the application of WBV(50Hz) acutely increases peak power output during SJ in well strength trained individuals such as power lifters. This increase in power was accompanied by an increased EMG activity in the quadriceps muscles. However, in 1RM parallel squat, there was no difference between WBV50Hz and no-vibration conditions. Therefore, adding WBV(50Hz) has no acute additive effect on 1RM parallel squat in power lifters and, based on the present findings, may thus not be recommended in the training to improve 1RM in power lifters. However, WBV(50Hz) seems to have an acute additive effect on peak power output and may be used in well strength trained individuals for whom a high power output is important for performance.

P-55 - Use of anabolic androgenic steroids in swedish former elite male athletes in power sports

There is an increasing knowledge about the negative effects of Anabolic Androgenic Steroid (AAS)-use but few studies have investigated possible long-term effect. The aim of the present study was to investigate the long-term effects of AAS-use concerning substance abuse and occurrence of mental health problems in male elite power sport athletes in Sweden. All male elite power sport athletes in Sweden, defined as being in the top 10 ranking lists during the years 1960-1979 in wrestling, Olympic lifting, power lifting and the throwing events in track and field, were identified (n = 1199). Out of these athletes 996 were traceable and alive. 683 athletes completed a structured questionnaire concerning socio-demographic data, sport issues, mental health problems and substance use (including AAS use). The lifetime prevalence of AAS-use was 20.9% (n = 143). AAS-users, compared to non AAS-users, had significantly more often been offered AAS, were older when they started training and trained more hours during their active years. AAS-use was associated with higher lifetime prevalence of other substance use, especially illicit drugs and with a higher lifetime occurrence of mental health problems, especially depression and anxiety. The results show that Swedish male elite power sport athletes, who used AAS during their active sport career in the 1960s and 1970s, differed significantly concerning sport patterns, substance use and occurrence of mental health problems in this retrospective follow-up study. These results indicate that AAS-use may have several negative long-term effects on mental health.

Structure and content of macro cycles at the stage of profound training in power lifting

61 7. Мякинченко, Е. Б. Оздоровительная тренировка по системе Изотон / Е. Б Мякинченко, В. Н. Селуянов. – М. : СпортАкадемПресс, 2001. – 68 с. – (Библиотека журнала «Аэробика»). 8. Холодов, Ж. К. Теория и методика физического воспитания и спорта / Ж. К. Холодов, В. С. Кузнецов. – М. : Академия, 2001. – 480 с. 9. Эндокринная система, спорт и двигательная активность / ред. У. Дж. Кремер, А. Д. Рогола ; пер. с англ. И. Андреева. – Киев : Олимп. лит., 2008. – 600 с. 10. Эрденко, Д. В. Методика оценки функционального состояния и тренировки мышц – стабилизаторов позвоночника : учебное пособие для специалистов по физической культуре, спорту, рекреации и реабилитации / Д. В. Эрденко, О. В. Козырева, С. Н. Попов ; Рос. гос. ун–т физ. культуры, спорта и туризма. – М. : [б.и.], 2009. – 40 с. Контактная информация: aeroalia@ufamts.ru

The effect of stance width on trunk kinematics and trunk kinetics during sagitally symmetric lifting

Lifting technique can have a significant impact on spine loading during lifting. The sports biomechanics literature has documented changes in trunk and lower extremity kinematics and muscle coactivation patterns as a function of stance width during high force dead lift and squat exercises. The focus of the current study was to explore whether these lifting stance width effects might translate into the occupational setting under more moderate load level conditions. Twelve subjects performed repetitions of a sagittally symmetric lifting and lowering task (10 kg load) under three stance width conditions: narrow (feet together), moderate (feet shoulder width) and wide (feet 150% of shoulder width). As they performed these exertions, trunk kinematics were captured using the lumbar motion monitor while the activity of the trunk muscles (erector spinae, rectus abdominis) and lower extremity muscles (gluteus maximus, vastus lateralis and vastus medialis) were evaluated using normalized electromyography. The results showed that both the range of motion and peak acceleration in the sagittal plane were significantly affected by the stance width. The muscle activation levels, however, were not significantly affected by the stance width. These results collectively would indicate that the stance width effects seen in power lifting activities do not translate well into the occupational environment where more moderate loads are typically lifted. Relevance to industry Exploring alternative lifting strategies may provide an opportunity to reduce the incidence of low back disorders. Lifting stance width is one variable that has not been explored in the ergonomics literature.

Influence of the factor of intensity of training loads on sports results in powerlifting

55 Таблица 4 Предлагаемые варианты совершенствования учебного процесса с целью повышения мотивации школьников к урокам физической культуры (%) Ответы м д 1. Сделать уроки физической культурой факультативными (необязательными) 11,1 23,1 2. Увеличить количество уроков физической культуры в неделю 53,0 23,7 3. Ввести в программу уроков виды спорта по желанию учащихся 51,2 53,8 4. Снизить требования при выполнении нормативов 8,9 18,0 5. Отметить контрольные нормативы 9,1 15,2 6. Ввести теоретический курс по здоровому образу 26,1 12,1 7. Ввести в программу элементы дыхательной и коррекционной гимнастики, ЛФК и массажа 8,7 21,2

Satellite cell heterogeneity with respect to expression of MyoD, myogenin, Dlk1 and c-Met in human skeletal muscle: application to a cohort of power lifters and sedentary men

Human satellite cells (SCs) are heterogeneous with respect to markers for their identification in the niche between the muscle fibre plasma membrane and its basal lamina. We have previously shown that, in biopsies from highly competitive power lifters, power lifters with long-term use of anabolic steroids and a population of healthy sedentary men, antibodies against the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and the paired box transcription factor Pax7 together label 94% of the SCs, NCAM alone labels 4% and Pax7 alone labels 1%. In the present study, we have further studied these biopsies with four markers related to SC activation and differentiation. Our study unequivocally shows that staining for MyoD and myogenin are present in nuclei of SCs and of myoblasts and myotubes in areas of muscle fibre regeneration. Staining for c-Met was observed in a proportion of Pax7+ SCs. However, widespread labelling of the sarcolemma precluded the quantification of c-Met+/Pax7+ SCs and the use of c-Met as a reliable SC marker. Pax7+ SCs labelled by anti-Delta like1 (Dlk1) were present in all samples but in variable proportions, whereas muscle progenitor cells related to repair were Dlk1−. Staining for Dlk1 was also observed in Pax7− interstitial cells and in the cytoplasm of some small muscle fibres. Interestingly, the proportion of Dlk1+/Pax7+ SCs was significantly different between the groups of power lifters. Thus, our study confirms that human SCs show marked heterogeneity and this is discussed in terms of SC activation, myonuclei turnover, muscle fibre growth and muscle fibre damage and repair.

An Overview of Strength Training Injuries

This article introduces the history of strength training, explains the many different styles of strength training, and discusses common injuries specific to each style. Strength training is broken down into five disciplines: basic strength or resistance training, bodybuilding, power lifting, style-dependant strength sports (e.g., strongman competitions, Highland games, field events such as shot put, discus, hammer throw, and javelin), and Olympic-style weightlifting. Each style has its own principal injuries, both acute and chronic, related to the individual technique. Acute injuries should be further categorized as emergent or nonemergent. Specific age-related populations (i.e., the very young and the aging athlete) carry additional considerations.

A Study on Designing and Making Power Lifting Wheelchair

A Study on Designing and Making Power Lifting Wheelchair

The Fitness Continuum: Impact on Military Performance

Power lifting (PL) & middle distance (MD) track performances are distinct points on the fitness continuum. Military performance tasks require a multitude of fitness factors. PURPOSE: Examine the impact of fitness on the performance of two military, field assessments: Simulated Casualty Evacuation Test (SCET) and 5-km, 22.7 kg loaded Ruck-Run (R-R) in four distinct U.S. service academy (SA) groups. METHODS: Male (n=75) U.S. SA, college-age students {Div 1 (MD) track, Div 1 Club (PL), general population (GP), and remedial fitness population (RFP)} were tested during a 3-week period in a controlled, supervised field environment on a SCET and a R-R. 3-Mile Run (3MR), Bench Press (79.5 kg, BP), Cadence Pull-ups, Back Squats (102.3 kg, SQ) were also tested in all but one group. Attire was standardized to include: combat boots, Army-Combat Uniform (ACU), dummy weapon (3.2 kg) and Body Armor (BA; 8.5 kg) for the SCET, and running shoes, ACU and load carrying equipment (22.7 kg) for the R-R. The 5-km R-R course, (out-back route), was generally flat with 8% ascent & descent grade encountered twice. The SCET{400 meter run, immediately followed by a 100 meter 45.5 kg dummy carry (100-MDC)} was conducted on an outdoor/indoor, measured running track. RESULTS: ANOVA revealed for the SCET that MD/PL were significantly faster than GP (p =.004). MD runners were faster in the 400 meter run, slower in the 100-MDC, while being 16.8 kg lighter than the PL, yet there was no significant difference in total SCET time between MD and PL (p=.99). ANOVA revealed for R-R that MD were significantly faster than PL (p =.004) who were significantly faster than RFP (p=.0007). MD athlete's loads were ∼31% vs ∼25% BW compared to the PL. Multiple regression yielded different potent predictors for both SCET and 5-km R-R which was dependent on specificity of training/adaptations (MD vs PL). CONCLUSIONS: For U.S. (SA)-age men, fitness status whether attained via cardiorespiratory or muscular strength/power training, significantly influences performance on a 5-km R-R or a 400 meter/100-MDC simulated casualty evac (SCET) assessment. Specifically, two distinct points on the fitness continuum yielded better results on two military, field assessment methods than either the general or remediated population scores and may serve as predictors of combat functional readiness.

Influence of the Athletic Features of Weight Lifting and Power Lifting on Knee Alignment

Influence of the Athletic Features of Weight Lifting and Power Lifting on Knee Alignment