Potential Tsunami Research Articles

GIS Modelling for Prediction of Tsunami Inundation Areas in Coastal Areas of Malang Regency

Abstract This study utilizes Geographic Information System (GIS) modeling to predict potential tsunami inundation areas along the coastal regions of Malang Regency. The capabilities of GIS in this research integrate regional topography and land use data to model tsunami inundation scenarios accurately. The topographic modeling process employs Alos Palsar Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data, which provides detailed elevation information critical for assessing inundation risks. Three altitude scenarios 10 meters, 15 meters, and 20 meters are analyzed to gauge the extent and height of potential tsunami waves. In the 10-meter scenario, the areas most susceptible to inundation include Donomulyo, Bantur, and Gedangan, highlighting these zones as critical areas for immediate attention. As the scenario elevation increases to 15 meters, Gedangan, and Sumbermanjing Wetan emerge as the most vulnerable regions, suggesting a broader risk as tsunami wave heights escalate. The 20-meter scenario further accentuates the vulnerability of Gedangan and Sumbermanjing Wetan Districts, which exhibit the widest potential inundation areas. By identifying the most at-risk areas, this research provides valuable insights for policymakers and planners to develop targeted strategies to mitigate the impact of tsunamis. Advanced GIS modeling is a crucial tool in enhancing the preparedness and resilience of coastal communities against tsunami hazards.

Prediction of Tsunamis in Indonesia Using an Optimized Neural Network with SMOTE

Tsunamis have the potential to have a large impact on the environment, therefore early detection and preparation for tsunami need to be carried out to reduce the impact of casualties and losses incurred. This research aims to predict tsunami events due to large earthquakes in Indonesia as a form of early detection. The optimized neural network method is used in research to classify tsunami events in Indonesia in 2000-2023 for large earthquakes with strength more than 5 magnitudes. The research results show that the neural network structure formed consists of an input layer, a hidden layer, and an output layer. The results of the evaluation of the neural network model with SMOTE obtained an accuracy value of 99.43%, precision of 96.31%, and an F1 score of 97.86%, which means the resulting model is good. Therefore, an optimized neural networks can be applied as a warning system in various regions to detect potential tsunami events in the future.

Assessment of the inundation probability caused by tsunamis along the eastern coast of Hainan Island

ABSTRACT Coastal areas around the South China Sea are threatened by potential tsunamis triggered by large earthquakes in the Manila Trench. To quantitively assess the inundation probability caused by tsunamis is crucial for coastal disaster prevention and mitigation. This study focuses on the eastern coast of Hainan Island, which is located to the west of the Manila Trench and may directly face tsunami impact. More than one million tsunami scenarios are simulated considering the randomness of earthquake magnitude, epicenter location, and focal depth. The simulation of numerous tsunami scenarios is based on the unit source superposition method in deep water, which provides boundary conditions for the local model with high spatial resolution for nearshore wave propagation and inundation. Representative waves with different heights and periods are adopted as incident waves in the local model. By involving the joint probability density of incident wave height and period, the spatial distribution of inundation probability is given along the eastern coast of Hainan Island. This study provided an assessment method for the inundation probability, which can more comprehensively consider the uncertainty of earthquakes and provide a more reliable assessment result than that based on refined simulation of several typical scenarios.

Triggered and recurrent slow slip in North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Nearby faults interact with each other through the exchange of stress. However, the extent of fault interaction is poorly understood. In particular, interactions may lead to slow-slip activity, resulting in episodes of transient surface motion. Our study concentrates on Northwest Sulawesi (Indonesia), which hosts two fault zones with potential for major earthquakes and tsunamis: the strike-slip Palu-Koro fault and the Minahassa subduction zone. Thanks to a 20-year-long effort in geodetic monitoring, we are able to identify multiple periods during which surface velocities deviate from their interseismic trend. We use a Bayesian methodology with forward predictions of slip on the two fault interfaces to match the observations following the 2018 Mw7.5 Palu earthquake, and infer that both deep afterslip on the Palu-Koro fault and slow slip on the Minahassa subduction interface have caused the observed transient surface motion. This finding represents the first recording of a slow slip event on the Minahassa subduction interface. We also infer that the subduction interface and the strike-slip fault are likely interacting on a regular basis.

Morphological differences across the Shumagin-Semidi fault segments control slip behaviors and tsunami genesis in the Aleutian-Alaska subduction zone

Rupture behaviors of a subduction megathrust define the slip type, the extent and the associated tsunami hazard. They are, however, difficult to be defined precisely due to limited fault-zone observations. Here, we integrate GNSS, tsunami-waveforms, seismic-profiles, and earthquake-cycle modeling to delineate the slip-extent of the 2020 Mw 7.8 Simeonof and the 2021 Mw 8.2 Chignik earthquakes in the Semidi segment; and to understand the possible structural and mechanical control on the distinct rupture behaviors of this segment and its neighboring Shumagin segment at the Aleutian-Alaska subduction zone. We show that both the Simeonof and Chignik earthquakes slipped a compact area at depth between ∼20 and 40 km that is well constrained by the combination of GNSS and tsunami-waveform data. We explain the distinct slip behaviors associated with the Semidi and Shumagin segments by highlighting the morphological changes in the fault along the strike direction. Beneath the Shumagin Island, we identify a structural-mechanical boundary that separates the megathrust into Semidi (east) and Shumagin (west) two segments. Semidi is gentle and curved; while Shumagin is steep and planar. The Semidi segment produces spatially-heterogenous stress field, and generates partial, full, complex ruptures as indicated in modeled cycles and in historical seismic observations. Meanwhile the Shumagin segment, coincides with the ocean-continent transition boundary – the Beringian margin, tend to generate slow-slip-events, tremors, otherwise, generates small or moderate seismicity as indicated in the modeled cycles and in seismic records since 1750. Our findings indicate that Semidi is likely to rupture in a chaotic fashion with major or large earthquakes, resulting a greater tsunami hazard like the 1938 Mw 8.2 event. The tsunami potential in the Unimak segment may also remain high.

Balancing Emerging Risks Considering the Life-Cycle Perspectives of Submerged Floating Tunnels for a Resilient Future Infrastructure

Infrastructure expansion considerably contributes to greenhouse gas emissions causing the critical global issue of climate change. In recent years, submerged floating tunnels (SFTs) have thus been developed as a sustainable and efficient solution for crossing large water bodies instead of resource-demanding superstructures (e.g., cable stayed bridges). This research delves into a comparative analysis of two SFT design alternatives: SFTs with pontoons and SFTs with tethers centered on environmental sustainability and long-term viability. By incorporating life-cycle assessments and quantitative risk analysis methodologies, our study aims to ascertain the optimal SFT design for real-world application. Our study embarks on detailed investigations into SFTs and then gathers data on material quantities and LCA studies, identifying potential hazards and comparing life cycle performance. Our new findings highlight the significant advantage of the SFT with a tethered design, which has a lower dependency on materials, particularly steels, resulting in lower CO2 emissions. Additionally, in terms of risk, the SFT with tethers has a lower risk profile in general, especially in situations, including environmental elements, like rising water levels, potential tsunamis, and storms. This design is a promising solution for sustainable and resilient infrastructure development, coinciding with global objectives to cut down carbon emissions and enrich potential benefits in the face of increasing climatic uncertainties. Not only does this study scrutinize the risk and environmental aspects of both SFT designs, but it also opens the path for future infrastructure projects that emphasize engineering robustness and environmental sustainability.

Simulation of large plausible tsunami scenarios associated with the 2019 Durres (Albania) earthquake source and adjacent seismogenic zones

We present an analysis of the hazards of potential earthquake-generated tsunamis along the Albanian–Adriatic coast. The study adopts a case study approach to model plausible tsunamigenic events associated with the 2019 Mw 6.4 Durres (Albania) earthquake source zone. The approach combines current findings on regional tectonics and scenario-based calculations of potential tsunami impacts. The study’s goal is to analyse the propagation of tsunami waves generated by identified seismogenic sources (namely ALCS002 [Lushnje] and ALCS018 [Shijak]) and determine the tsunami risk assessment for Durres City on the Albanian–Adriatic coast. The sources can generate earthquakes with maximum moment magnitudes of Mw 7.5 and Mw 6.8, which are likely to trigger tsunamis that could cause significant impacts in the region. The modelling is performed deterministically with the NAMI DANCE numerical code, including scenarios associated with the largest plausible earthquake. The model integrates bathymetry and topography datasets of large and medium resolutions. Each tsunami scenario simulation is based on the solution of the non-linear shallow water equations used to generate maximum positive wave amplitudes (water elevation), travel time, and tsunami inundation maps. In Durres City, modelling indicates that medium-sized waves could reach up to 2.5 m inland, posing a significant danger to the city’s low-lying areas. The most substantial tsunami waves are expected to impact the area within the first 10 to 20 min. Combining inundation maps and information on exposed assets allows for identifying areas where damages can be expected. In terms of human impact, a preliminary analysis shows that the study area is prone to tsunami threat, with more than 138,000 inhabitants living in vulnerable urban areas of Durres City by 2036. The model’s capacity to capture details related to the presence of buildings is limited due to constraints posed by the resolution of bathymetry and topography datasets available during this study. If refined with high-resolution bathymetry and topography datasets, our results can be considered a backbone for exposure and resilience assessment features to be integrated into preparedness or new urban development plans.

Geospatial Information Analysis Based on Numerical Modelling of Tsunami Inundation in Coastal Area of Temon District, Kulon Progo Regency

Abstract The southern coastal area of Java Island is a subduction area confluence of the Eurasian Plate and the Indo-Australian Plate. The southern area of Temon District, Kulon Progo Regency includes the Central Java-East Java megathrust area. Megathrust Central Java-East Java has a maximum earthquake potential of 8.9 Mw which has the potential to cause a tsunami disaster. The built-up land area in Temon District has a potential threat from the danger of tsunami inundation. The purpose of this study is to (1) analyze the danger of tsunami inundation in Temon District and (2) determine the area of built-up land affected by tsunami inundation. The method used in this study is descriptive quantitative-qualitative. TUNAMI-N3 was used in numerical modelling to determine tsunami inundation hazards and Google Earth Engine was used in analyze built-up land in Temon District. The results of tsunami inundation hazard treatment and built-up land areas were analyze using ArcGIS 10.8 to determine built-up land affected by the potential tsunami inundation hazard. The results showed that the tsunami generated from the earthquake scenario with a magnitude of Mw 8.9 had a maximum height of 19.86 meters with an average travel time of 33 minutes to reach the coastal area of Temon District. Temon District affected by tsunami inundation hazard has a tsunami area of 2.47 km2 with details of a low tsunami danger level of 0.67 km2, medium tsunami danger of 0.95 km2 and high tsunami danger of 0.85 km2. The maximum height of the tsunami inundation bath is 6.54 meters. Temon District has a built-up land area of 14.308 km2. Built-up land affected by tsunami inundation is 0.55 km2 with details of 0.14 km2 at low danger of tsunami inundation, 0.20 km2 at medium danger of tsunami inundation and 0.21 km2 at high tsunami inundation hazard.

Viscoelastic earthquake cycle model for the Caribbean subduction zone in northwestern Colombia: Implications of coastal subsidence for seismic/tsunami hazards

Recent interplate coupling results from the inversion of GPS data in northwestern Colombia have shed light on the seismogenic and tsunami potential along the Caribbean coast. The identified locked region on the subduction interface could generate an Mw8.0 earthquake every 600 years, followed by a tsunami. While observed horizontal velocities have been reproduced successfully by the elastic coupling model, vertical velocities remain unexplained and differ, both in their signs and magnitudes, from the model prediction. To explain 3-dimensional velocities, particularly rapid coastal subsidence, we evaluate the viscoelastic response of the lithosphere-asthenosphere system to an earthquake cycle at the Caribbean subduction zone. We confirm that the role of viscous relaxation on interseismic deformation is critical when the recurrence interval is longer than the asthenosphere relaxation time. Moreover, fitting observed crustal motions requires a strong lithosphere (60–100 km) consistent with the depth of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. Our results support the hypothesis of the Caribbean as a locus of seismic and tsunami hazards but do not resolve the vertical motion paradox at different time scales since the interseismic crustal motions recover completely the coseismic and postseismic displacements caused by the potential mainshock. Supplementary geological investigation is essential to validate our current interpretation and resolve the remaining gaps.

Tsunami deposits highlight high-magnitude earthquake potential in the Guerrero seismic gap Mexico

Globally, the largest tsunamigenic earthquakes have occurred along subduction zones. Devastating events exceeding magnitude 9, such as those in Chile, Sumatra, and Japan, struck in regions lacking instrumental records of similar events. Despite the absence of such events along the 1000-kilometer-long Mexican subduction zone, historical and geologic evidence suggests the occurrence of a magnitude 8.6 tsunamigenic earthquake. However, the Guerrero seismic gap has not experienced a high-magnitude earthquake in over 100 years. Here we present results on analyses of sediment grain size, geochemistry, microfossils, magnetic properties, and radiometric and optical stimulated luminescence dating conducted along the Guerrero coast. We provide evidence of a 2000-year history of large tsunamis triggered by potentially large earthquakes. Numerical modeling supports our findings, indicating a magnitude >8 event around the year 1300 in the Guerrero seismic gap. This evidence underscores the importance of assessing earthquake and tsunami potential using long-term evidence and instrumental observations along subduction zones globally.

Classification of Potential Tsunami Disaster Due to Earthquakes in Indonesia Based on Machine Learning

Classification of Potential Tsunami Disaster Due to Earthquakes in Indonesia Based on Machine Learning

Linked and fully coupled 3D earthquake dynamic rupture and tsunami modeling for the Húsavík–Flatey Fault Zone in North Iceland

Abstract. Tsunamigenic earthquakes pose considerable risks, both economically and socially, yet earthquake and tsunami hazard assessments are typically conducted separately. Earthquakes associated with unexpected tsunamis, such as the 2018 Mw 7.5 strike-slip Sulawesi earthquake, emphasize the need to study the tsunami potential of active submarine faults in different tectonic settings. Here, we investigate physics-based scenarios combining simulations of 3D earthquake dynamic rupture and seismic wave propagation with tsunami generation and propagation. We present time-dependent modeling of one-way linked and 3D fully coupled earthquakes and tsunamis for the ∼ 100 km long Húsavík–Flatey Fault Zone (HFFZ) in North Iceland. Our analysis shows that the HFFZ has the potential to generate sizable tsunamis. The six dynamic rupture models sourcing our tsunami scenarios vary regarding hypocenter location, spatiotemporal evolution, fault slip, and fault structure complexity but coincide with historical earthquake magnitudes. Earthquake dynamic rupture scenarios on a less segmented fault system, particularly with a hypocenter location in the eastern part of the fault system, have a larger potential for local tsunami generation. Here, dynamically evolving large shallow fault slip (∼ 8 m), near-surface rake rotation (± 20∘), and significant coseismic vertical displacements of the local bathymetry (± 1 m) facilitate strike-slip faulting tsunami generation. We model tsunami crest to trough differences (total wave heights) of up to ∼ 0.9 m near the town Ólafsfjörður. In contrast, none of our scenarios endanger the town of Akureyri, which is shielded by multiple reflections within the narrow Eyjafjörður bay and by Hrísey island. We compare the modeled one-way linked tsunami waveforms with simulation results using a 3D fully coupled approach. We find good agreement in the tsunami arrival times and location of maximum tsunami heights. While seismic waves result in transient motions of the sea surface and affect the ocean response, they do not appear to contribute to tsunami generation. However, complex source effects arise in the fully coupled simulations, such as tsunami dispersion effects and the complex superposition of seismic and acoustic waves within the shallow continental shelf of North Iceland. We find that the vertical velocity amplitudes of near-source acoustic waves are unexpectedly high – larger than those corresponding to the actual tsunami – which may serve as a rapid indicator of surface dynamic rupture. Our results have important implications for understanding the tsunamigenic potential of strike-slip fault systems worldwide and the coseismic acoustic wave excitation during tsunami generation and may help to inform future tsunami early warning systems.

Comparison of coastal tourism destination management against natural disasters of New Zealand and Indonesia

Coastal tourist destinations have vulnerability to the potential for tsunamis. New Zealand and Indonesia as a coastal tourism destination that facing the risk of natural disasters. This study aims to compare coastal tourism destination management policies against natural disasters in New Zealand and Indonesia. Through the literature review method, this paper analyzes proactive disaster management practices and policies in both countries. New Zealand has developed an efficient early warning system and raised public awareness, while Indonesia has financial challenges and vast areas as obstacles to natural disaster management. Research recommendations include the development of a more responsive early warning system, improved safety education for tourism actors, and greater budget allocation for mitigation projects. These measures are directed at strengthening Indonesia's preparedness in the face of potential natural disasters.

Study on earthquake and tsunami hazard: evaluating probabilistic seismic hazard function (PSHF) and potential tsunami height simulation in the coastal cities of Sumatra Island

This study uses integrated geological, geodesy, and seismology data to assess the potential tsunami and Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Function (PSHF) near Sumatra’s coastal cities. It focuses on estimating the possible level of ground shaking due to the seismic activity within the Sumatran Fault Zone (SFZ) and subduction zone. It uses the Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) as a measure. An amplification factor that is based on the previous study is used. It is calculated through the Horizontal-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR), which measures possible surface ground shaking. The Seismic Hazard Function (SHF) is calculated considering magnitudes 6.5 to 9.0 for subduction sources and 6.5 to 7.8 for SFZ sources. Also, the PGA based on the Maximum Possible Earthquake (MPE) magnitude is estimated, and tsunami heights are simulated to assess the possible hazard risk. The tsunami source model in this study is characterized by considering the possibility of the long-term perspectives on giant earthquakes and tsunamis that might occur in subduction zones around the off-coast of southern Sumatra Island. The potentiality source zone is characterized based on the utilization of the cross-correlation of correlation dimension (DC) based on the shallow earthquake catalog of 2010 to 2022 and the SHmax-rate of surface strain rate. Based on the MPE, the relatively high estimated PGA at the base rock was found around Mentawai and Pagai Utara islands at about 0.224 g and 0.328 g, with the largest estimated PGA based on the MPE at the surface with values of about 0.5 g and 0.6 g. The possible maximum tsunami height (Hmax) estimated based on source scenarios position around the west coast of Sumatera Island, such as for Kota Padang and Kota Bungus, reaches up to 12.0 m and 22.0 m, respectively. The findings provide valuable insight into seismic and tsunami hazards, benefiting future mitigation strategies.

Assessing the potential tsunami source of the Manila trench at the Bengkayang nuclear power plant site in Kalimantan using topographical details

Tsunamis pose a significant threat to the construction of Nuclear Power Plants. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out a comprehensive study regarding the potential threat of tsunamis and mitigation measures using detailed data at prospective locations. This assessment is a prerequisite for effective environmental impact planning and analysis. To determine the suitability of a prospective location, careful consideration of natural factors, including earthquakes as triggers for tsunamis, is essential. The main objective of this tsunami research is to assess the level of safety of potential locations against tsunami hazards and develop appropriate mitigation strategies. This research uses the Cornell Multigrid Coupled Tsunami (COMCOT) tsunami modeling technique. This modeling approach utilizes topographic and bathymetric data obtained through extensive field surveys. In addition, this research aims to determine the maximum tsunami height in the inundation area and identify potential tsunami hazards arising from various scenarios related to the active tectonic potential of the Philippine Manila Trench. The Bengkayang Gosong Beach area and West Kalimantan are among the candidate locations that may be affected with the estimated tsunami height being between 0.48 meters and 0.62 meters. The tsunami arrival time was between 9 hours 10 minutes to 9 hours 24 minutes. These findings play an important role in conducting comprehensive risk assessments for nuclear power plant development, ensuring that necessary steps are taken to reduce potential hazards associated with tsunamis.

Forward numerical investigation of potential tsunami deposits in the South China sea: A case study of Nan'ao Island

The South China Sea (SCS) coastlines are particularly vulnerable to tsunamis due to rapid urbanization and dense infrastructures. However, whether the SCS has experienced ocean-wide tsunamis is still under debate. Some geological records from the offshore islands inside the SCS imply a regional tsunami event may have occurred approximately 1000-yr-ago. We address these questions for the first time using forward numerical simulations in the SCS: what source could be responsible for such deposits, how the deposits were formed and at what conditions do the deposits could be preserved? Here, we assume the validity of the tsunami deposit hypothesis and use the forward model COMCOT-SED to investigate if these tsunami deposits can be linked to potential seismogenic tsunami sources inside the SCS, including megathrust earthquakes (Mw8.8–9.2) from the Manila subduction zone (MSZ) and the 1918 Mw7.5 Nan'ao earthquake from the Littoral Fault Zone (LFZ) in the northern continental shelf of the SCS. We also utilize a reported tsunami deposit from Qing'ao Embayment, Nan'ao Island, China, to exemplify the deposit formation process in a typical barrier-low coastal plain system. Quantitative analysis suggests large earthquakes from the MSZ may account for the reported geological deposits. The full-rupture earthquake scenario could best explain the depositions if such extreme case is geophysically and geologically plausible. If not, earthquakes (∼ Mw 9.0) covering the northern (16–23.5°N) or southern portion (14–19°N) of the MSZ could also be suitable candidates. Such great earthquakes can generate large tsunami waves (>7 m) that inundate the Qing'ao Embayment, transporting sediments and leaving tsunami deposits in low-lying areas. Conversely, tsunamis triggered by nearshore earthquakes in the LFZ cannot cause deposition in Qing'ao Embayment. The barrier-low coastal plain system is well-suited for preserving tsunami deposits, which remain unaltered by subsequent tsunami waves. Our findings offer a quantitative reference for paleo-tsunami research in the SCS and enhance global understanding of the tsunami deposition process in barrier-low coastal plain systems.

Tsunami potential in the Makran subduction zone: Amplification effects from earthquake rupture directivity and speed

Tsunami potential in the Makran subduction zone: Amplification effects from earthquake rupture directivity and speed

Assessing potential tsunami vertical-evacuation practices: A study of four cases in Chile using virtual reality and GIS

Tsunami vertical-evacuation (TVE) can save numerous human lives when horizontal evacuation is not feasible. A key topic in TVE planning is the optimal placement of shelters, which is typically studied using a top-down approach. Recently, virtual reality (VR) has become an emerging tool to support disaster risk reduction and emergency response training. While VR has been applied to visualise tsunami flood zones and evacuation routes, no studies have used VR to assess the evacuees' shelter choices during emergencies or to examine the optimal 'siting' of TVE buildings. To address this gap, this study introduces a user-focused VR evacuation experiment to automatically collect the shelter preferences of 435 participants regarding existing buildings that might serve as TVE shelters in four case studies in Chile. Complementary, we used questionnaires to collect information about the participants' tsunami evacuation expertise, awareness, and the factors that led to their shelter selection. Lastly, we used GIS to examine the location characteristics of the selected buildings. The results showed that 50 buildings gathered at least two preferences, with a large diversity of heights (five to 34 storeys) and placements (from 52 to 2774 m from the coast). Height is the most critical factor when choosing a building for TVE (53.1 % of the preferences), and most of them are residential (62.7 %). Additionally, 67.2 % of the participants had experienced real-world evacuations, and the average evacuation rate during the last emergency in each of the case studies was 43.8 %. While most participants declared affirmative response rates about the perceived tsunami threat (above 60 %), low specific knowledge regarding evacuation plans might discourage protective actions in future tsunami emergencies.

Numerical simulation of tsunami in the system of sevastopol bays

Within the framework of numerical simulation, a study was made of the penetration of tsunami waves into the system of Sevastopol bays. The non-linear SWASH hydrodynamic model was used to simulate the tsunami propagation. To determine the boundary conditions on the liquid boundary of the computational domain, using the Black Sea tsunami model, the level fluctuations near Sevastopol in the region of depths of 90 m were calculated during the passage of tsunami waves from three potential tsunami foci caused by underwater earthquakes of magnitude 7. It was found that in because of tsunami penetration into the bays of Sevastopol from the nearest focus, the rise in sea level in the tops of the bays could reach 1–2 m. The maximum amplitudes of level fluctuations were received in Pesochnaya and Karantinnaya bays, where they reached 2 m. In the Sevastopol Bay, the level rises were about 0.5–1 m. The most intense fluctuations were observed in the first 3–3.5 hours of the tsunami action. It is shown that the coastal zone of Sevastopol is protected from waves coming from distant foci by Cape Сhersones. Numerical experiments have shown that the protective piers at the entrance to the Sevastopol Bay do not have a significant effect on the sea level fluctuations caused by the tsunami inside the bay.

Connecting community’s perspectives on tsunami risk to anticipated future tsunamis: a reflection from a progress of tsunami preparedness from a coastal community in Aceh-Indonesia after 19 years of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami

This paper reflects on the progress of tsunami preparedness in a coastal community in Aceh, Indonesia, nearly two decades after the catastrophic 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. The research employs a comprehensive approach to thoroughly evaluate and comprehend the community’s preparedness, its correlation with local perceptions of tsunami risk, and delves into the prevalence of tsunamis in the area, with a specific emphasis on the significant impact of the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami on the coastal community of Aceh. To investigate the community’s readiness and the potential impacts of tsunamis at the study site, tsunami simulations were performed using the shallow water equation within the COMCOT (Cornell Multi-grid Coupled Tsunami) model. These simulations assessed run-up and inundation scenarios, thereby providing justification for the potential tsunami impact in the area. Modelling the scenario of tsunami in the region is important to measure the potential impact and estimation time for community to prepare the evacuation plan. In addition to the numerical modeling, a mixed-method approach was employed, involving the distribution of questionnaires and conducting in-depth interviews with 150 respondents directly on-site. These assessments yielded valuable insights into community perspectives on tsunami risk and their preparedness measures. The findings contribute to the development of effective strategies for disaster management by integrating local knowledge, experiences, and socialization programs. The study emphasizes the significance of ongoing endeavors to enhance community preparedness and mitigate the consequences of tsunamis.