Posterior Segment Evaluation Research Articles

Long-Term Outcomes of Intentional Head Trauma in Infants: A Comprehensive Follow-Up of Medical, Developmental, Psychological, and Legal Perspectives

Background and Objectives: This study aimed to determine the initial clinical characteristics of children diagnosed with intentional head trauma (IHT) to obtain information about the long-term developmental, psychological, and psychosocial status of these children, to detect delayed sequelae, and to find out information about their judicial processes. Materials and Methods: Fourteen children who were followed up with the diagnosis of IHT in the Ankara Child Protection Unit between 2010 and 2021 were included in the study. These cases were evaluated in terms of physical, developmental, psychological, and visual findings. A complete physical examination was performed on the patients and their anthropometric measurements were taken. Anterior and posterior segment evaluations and visual field examinations were conducted in the visual assessment. The Expanded Guide for Monitoring Child Development and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scale Third Edition was used in the developmental assessment. A psychiatric evaluation was performed using the Ankara Developmental Screening Inventory, Crowell observation, Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia Form, and Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children. Results: Of the patients diagnosed with IHT, 71.4% were male and the mean age was 8.39 ± 5.86 (1.27–22.30; IQR: 3.55–11.96) months. In the long-term follow-up, cerebral palsy was detected in three of the children, epilepsy in one, optic atrophy and deviation due to this in one, and deviation due to brain trauma in one. Motor delay was detected in 50.0% of the patients, language delay in 37.5%, cognitive delay in 37.5%, and attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder in 25%. It was observed that the people who caused the injuries of two patients were punished. Conclusions: Children diagnosed with IHT should be monitored with transdisciplinary methods in terms of physical and mental health throughout childhood, starting from the first intervention. Awareness of IHT diagnosis should be increased with training in social service approaches and judicial authorities providing services for child neglect and abuse.

Ultrasound B-Scan for Posterior Segment and Extraocular Evaluation in Ocular Cysticercosis

Ultrasound B-Scan for Posterior Segment and Extraocular Evaluation in Ocular Cysticercosis

Evaluation of the macula, retinal nerve fiber layer and choroid thickness in premature ovarian failure using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography.

The aim of our study is to describe the basal findings at the first diagnosis of the disease in patients with premature ovarian failure (POF) and to draw attention to the early changes in the macula, optic nerve head and choroid. In a prospective case-control study, 90 patients with POF and 90 control patients were evaluated. All participants underwent the same ophthalmic examination, including visual acuity, intraocular preasure measurement, anterior and posterior segment evaluation, macular and coroidal thickening, and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) measurements with the same device (Spectral Domain OCT, software version 5.6.3.0, Heidelberg, Germany). The median age was 30.00 (28.00-31.00) in the control group and 29.00 (27.00-31.00) in the POF group (p = 0.249). The median thickness of the temporal outer macular region was statistically significantly thinner in the POF group (295.00 (289.00-303.25)) compared to the control group (306.00 (290.75-328.00)) (p < 0.001). There was a statistically significant decrease in all choroidal regions (p < 0.001), including the central, nasal 500, nasal 1500, temporal 500, and temporal 1500 regions in the POF group according to the control group. An increase in intraocular pressure in the postmenopausal period has been reported, suggesting a link between the postmenopausal decline in sex hormones and glaucoma. Our study is the first to monitor changes in choroidal, retinal thickness and RNFL in POF images showing early menopausal symptoms.

Correlation between optical coherence tomography angiography measured vessel density and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in moderate primary open angle glaucoma cases and normal controls

: Aim of this study was to establish a correlation between findings obtained from Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCT-A) and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL) thickness measurements in a series of moderate Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) cases and normal controls. In this observational cross-sectional study a total of 100 eyes were included, comprising 50 eyes with glaucoma and 50 control eyes without glaucoma. All participants underwent comprehensive anterior and posterior segment evaluations, intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement using Goldmann applanation tonometer, gonioscopy, visual field testing, and OCT imaging, which included OCT-A. The OCT-A imaging was performed using the RTvue XR Avanti by Optovue. Two types of analysis were conducted: a comparative analysis between the normal and glaucomatous groups using an unpaired t-test to assess differences in RNFL thickness and vessel density values, and a correlation analysis within each group to examine the strength of correlation between RNFL loss and reduction in vascular density. The results showed a significant reduction in vessel density index in all quadrants of glaucomatous eyes compared to normal eyes. Moreover, this reduced vessel density was found to be significantly correlated with the reduction in RNFL thickness in glaucoma patients. Specifically, the uperior and inferior quadrants exhibited the strongest correlation with each other. The severity of vascular compromise demonstrated a significant correlation with the extent of retinal nerve fiber loss in patients with glaucoma. OCT-A can serve as a valuable adjunct in the diagnosis of glaucoma and monitoring its progression.

Celebration to Consequence: Case Report of Late Onset Ocular Effects of Firework Injuries

Firework-related injuries, particularly ocular trauma, pose a significant public health concern during cultural celebrations. We explore the case of a 20-year-old male who sustained firework-induced ocular trauma at the age of seven, subsequently developing traumatic cataract and glaucomatous optic atrophy. The patient presented with decreased vision and pain in the left eye (LE), 13 years post-injury. He underwent cataract surgery nine years after the incident, with subsequent development of glaucomatous optic atrophy. Examination revealed visual acuity impairment, exotropia, and pupil abnormalities in the LE, along with scleral thinning and corneal opacity. Posterior segment evaluation showed optic nerve cupping and hemorrhages. Gonioscopy indicated angle recession and synechiae in the LE. Optical coherence tomography revealed retinal nerve fiber layer defects. Elevated intraocular pressure in the LE was successfully managed with anti-glaucoma medication. Firework-related ocular trauma can lead to long-term complications, including traumatic cataract and glaucomatous optic atrophy. Timely cataract surgery and vigilant follow-up are essential for early detection and management of secondary glaucoma. Regulatory measures to mitigate firework-related injuries are imperative to prevent such incidents and preserve visual health.

Double peak sign on ultrasonography: A new prognostic marker before surgery for white cataract.

A mature, hypermature, or white cataract needs posterior segment evaluation before surgery for prognostification. Ultrasonography is the preferred method for this. White cataract or intumescent cataract risks intraoperative capsulorhexis running out leading to devastating complications due to high intralenticular pressure. Altghough sligh-lamp examination before surgery can gives clue regarding fluid pockets under anterior capsule in these types of cataract, fluid in posterior compartment of lens can be detected by ultrasonography. The author here described a new sign, the double peak sign which can predict the high intra-lenticular pressure especially in posterior compartment of the lens. So if it detected before surgery, all precautions can be taken during surgery to prevent complications. The A-scan overlay on the B-scan in ultrasonography can detect the hypoechoic area corresponding to the lequified cortex in between solid lens nucleus and posterior capsule, so giving rise to the double peak sign which is described here as an innovation.

Clinical assessment of corneal complications of manual small incision cataract surgery at tertiary care centre

: To assess corneal complications and visual outcome of manual small incision cataract surgery.: This study comprises of 227 patients in a tertiary care centre in Kolar district, who underwent MSICS were examined for corneal complications and visual outcome postoperatively on Day 1, 1 week, and at the end of 6 week also visual acuity (VA) assessment, anterior segment evaluation with slit lamp biomicroscopy, posterior segment evaluation using indirect ophthalmoscopy, and keratometry was done.227 participants were included in the study, of whom 138 (61%) were female and 89 (39%) were male. The maximum number of patients being in the age group of 61-70 (42.7%). OCTET grading was done for corneal edema patients and on post op Day 1, total 62 patients who had corneal edema in the study were graded according to OCTET classification, and 6 patients (9.6%) had grade 1, 17 patients (27.4%) had grade 2 and 39 patients (63%) had grade 3. At the end of 6 week postoperatively, 45 patients had clear cornea, and 5 patients (8%) had grade 1, 6 patients (9.5%) had grade 2, and 7 patients (11.1%) had grade 3, and 82.3% of patients had VA of 6/6 to 6/9 followed by 11% had 6/12 to 6/18 and 6.6% had 6/24 to 6/36.: Small incision cataract surgery is most cost-effective surgery if corneal endothelium is protected during surgery and will have early visual rehabilitation.

Prevalence rate of amblyopia suspect among Yemeni workers

Background: Defective vision of one eye and strabismus, influence daily life and pertinent to education and occupation. This study outlined the prevalence rate and etiology of amblyopia suspect in Yemeni males who came to fulfill visa applications for works outside the country.&#x0D; Method: A cross sectional community-based study enrolled adult males, ages 18 to 55 years. From an 8827 visa applicants, sample of (1162) referred to the outpatient clinic for visual clearance, these had defects in visual acuity equal or less than 6/12, glasses wear and abnormal looking eyes, lid or orbit. In the clinic, they underwent documentation of their basic data, unaided, aided vision, refraction, anterior and posterior eye segment evaluation to outline the defective vision cause. The amblyopia limited by unable to see the 6/9 line or worse in one eye after best correcting glasses without any organic eye lesion.&#x0D; Results: out of (1162) referred for visual clearance applicants, there were (472) eyes, with prevalence rate 5.3%, had amblyopia of variable degrees from could not attain 6/9 in visual acuity to less than 6/60. Among the amblyopic eyes, (411) 4.66% in prevalence rate had a preventable refractive elements with a percentage of 87.08%. These who were drivers would lose their target work. (53) 22.9 % of these having decreased visions were illiterate. The study found (948) 81.6% had no glasses at time of screening. Conclusion: The prevalence rate of amblyopia was high 5.3%, the controllable refractive amblyopia occupied 87.08%.

Cataracta octopoda: Complex anterior pyramidal and sutural cataract simulating an octopus configuration

A middle aged man presented with glare in right eye. On slit lamp examination, he had lenticular opacity in both eyes emanating from central suture with pyramidal projection above the anterior capsular surface with radiating spokes simulating an octopus like configuration which was confirmed on anterior segment tomography. Hence we describe a special entity cataracta octopoda which is a combination of anterior pyramidal and sutural cataract. Posterior segment evaluation was unremarkable. His low vision was attributable to amblyopia developed due to lenticular opacity. However cataract surgery was offered to him in both eyes primarily to treat glare as well as an added benefit of improving some vision due to the aberrated lens with central opacity. He had gained few lines of vision with resolution of glare symptoms.

Prognostic factors for visual outcome after surgical repair of limbal corneal laceration at a tertiary eye care center in South India.

To determine the factors affecting the visual outcome after surgical repair of limbal corneal lacerations at a tertiary eye care center in South India. A retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with limbal tears between 2011 and 2021 was conducted. Demographic information such as age, gender, cause of injury, and size of the laceration was recorded. Comprehensive ocular examination was performed, including gentle B scan evaluation whenever not contraindicated for detailed posterior segment evaluation. Only those cases with a minimum follow-up of one year were included. Postoperative best-corrected visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), cornea clarity, and integrity of the wound at last follow-up were noted. Out of the 20 patients, 15 (75%) were males and 5 (25%) were females. The mean age was 42.6 ± 22.4 years. All 20 patients had a penetrating injury, with four (20%) injured by a stick, two (10%) by an iron rod, three (15%) due to road traffic accident (RTA), three (15%) by glass, and eight (40%) with other nonspecific objects [two (10%) with needle, two (10%) with elastic rope, two (10%) with bangle, and two (10%) with metal]. The average time between the injury and the surgery was 48 hours (2 days). Four (20%) patients underwent a second surgery within a week of repair. After limbal tear repair, at final follow-up at 3 years, 7 (35%) had VA worse than 20/800, 3 (15%) had VA between 20/100 and 20/800, and 10 (50%) achieved VA better than 20/80. Preoperative visual acuity (VA), mode of injury, and size of wound affect the final visual outcome after surgical repair of limbal corneal laceration. Preoperative VA and mode of injury were statistically significant even in the multivariate analysis.

Bilateral combined anterior and posterior scleritis – A case of organ-limited idiopathic vasculitis

We present a case of a 69-year-old female with complains of bilateral painful red eyes and blurred vision. The patient was treated elsewhere for allergic conjunctivitis and then came here for a second opinion. The patient was diagnosed as a case of bilateral anterior plus posterior scleritis based on clinical findings, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and ultrasound B-scan reports. Thorough systemic evaluation for the possibility of infection and systemic vasculitis was performed based on a rheumatologist opinion. Topical and systemic steroids along with cyclophosphamide were started after admitting the patient for diabetes monitoring. The patient regained the best corrected vision from 6/12 to 6/6 with complete resolution of OCT findings after 15 days. This case highlights the importance of thorough eye check-up including posterior segment evaluation in all cases of scleritis and a multi-disciplinary approach in order to achieve early remission of the episode.

Medium to long term follow up study of the efficacy of cessation of eye-rubbing to halt progression of keratoconus.

To study the progression of keratoconus after cessation of eye rubbing with a minimum follow up of three-years. Retrospective, monocentric, longitudinal cohort study of keratoconus patients with a minimum of 3 years follow-up. One hundred fifty three eyes of seventy-seven consecutive patients with keratoconus were included. Initial examination consisted of anterior and posterior segment evaluation using slit-lamp biomicroscopy. At the initial visit, patients were thoroughly informed of their pathology and instructed to stop rubbing their eyes. Eye rubbing cessation was assessed at all the follow-up visits at 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years, and yearly afterward. Corneal topography using the Pentacam® (Oculus®, Wetzlar, Germany) was used to obtain maximum and average anterior keratometry readings (Kmax and Kmean), as well as thinnest pachymetry (Pachymin, μm) in both eyes. The main outcomes measured were maximum keratometry (Kmax), mean keratometry (Kmean), and thinnest pachymetry (Pachymin) values at various time points to assess for keratoconus progression. Keratoconus progression was defined as a significant augmentation of Kmax (>1D), Kmean (>1D), or significant diminution of Pachymin (>5%) throughout the total follow-up duration. One hundred fifty three eyes of seventy-seven patients (75.3% males) aged 26.4 years old, were followed for an average of 53 months. Over the course of the follow-up, there was no statistically significant variation of ∆Kmax (+0.04 ± 0.87; p = 0.34), ∆ Kmean (+0.30 ± 0.67; p = 0.27) nor ∆Pachymin (-4.36 ± 11.88; p = 0.64). Among the 26 of the 153 eyes which had at least one criterion of KC progression, 25 admitted continuing eye rubbing, or other at-risk behaviors. This study suggests that a significant proportion of keratoconus patients are likely to remain stable if close monitoring and strict ARB cessation are achieved, without the need for further intervention.

Impact of preoperative posterior segment evaluation on surgical intervention in camp patients

Purpose:To retrospectively study impact of preoperative posterior segment evaluation on surgical intervention in camp patients recruited for cataract surgery in Gujarat India.Methods:Retrospective analysis of six months data collected from hospital electronic medical record (EMR) system of 9820 admitted patients recruited from screening camp for cataract surgery from 1/10/2019 to 31/3/2020 in Tertiary Eye Hospital in Gujarat, India, has been done. Comprehensive clinical evaluation, of both anterior and posterior segment which included detailed history; best corrected visual acuity (BCVA); intraocular pressure measurement with non-contact tonometer (NCT) and when required with Goldman applanation tonometer; slit lamp examination; and fundus examination with + 90 diopter lens as well as indirect ophthalmoscope as and when indicated. In case there was no view of retina, a B-scan ultrasound was done to rule out any posterior segment pathology. Immediate surgical intervention done was assessed and results analyzed in percentage.Results:Cataract surgery was advised for 8390 patients (85.43%). Surgical intervention for management of glaucoma was done for 68 patients (0.692%). Retina intervention was done for 86 patients. Posterior segment evaluation changed immediate surgical plane of management for 154 (1.57%) patients.Conclusion:Comprehensive clinical evaluation is economical and should be mandatory especially in community services as comorbid conditions like glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, and other varied posterior segment diseases contribute significantly to visual disability in elderly age group. It is difficult to follow these patients later if manageable comorbidity is not informed about and if indicated dealt simultaneously for visual rehabilitation of patient.

Dry eye disease in diabetics versus non-diabetics: Associating dry eye severity with diabetic retinopathy and corneal nerve sensitivity.

To compare the prevalence of dry eye disease (DED) and assess corneal nerve sensitivity (CNS) in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. To study the association of severity of DED in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and CNS in DED. A cross-sectional prospective comparative study was conducted on 400 patients attending the ophthalmology OPD. The patients above 18 years of age were divided into two groups-diabetic (T2DM) and non-diabetic. All patients were subjectively assessed for DED based on Standard Patient Evaluation of Eye Dryness (SPEED) questionnaire and objectively, using Schirmer's II test and Tear Film Break-Up Time (TBUT). Visual acuity assessment, anterior segment, and posterior segment evaluation were done. Considering the SPEED score, Schirmer II values, TBUT values, and Dry Eye Work Shop (DEWS) II diagnostic criteria, mild DED was seen in 23% diabetic and 22.25% non-diabetic groups, moderate DED in 45.75% diabetic and 9.75% non-diabetic groups, and severe DED in 2% diabetic and 1.75% non-diabetic groups. Moderate DED was more common within all grades of DR. CNS was reduced more in diabetic group and also in patients with higher degree of DED. Prevalence of DED is more in the patients with T2DM. CNS was reduced more in patients with T2DM and in patients with moderate DED. Our study also correlated that severity of DR affects the severity of DED.

Ethambutol and its ophthalmic effects; is screening and collaboration the new way forward?

AimTo screen patients on ethambutol and evaluate its role on visual functions and toxic optic neuropathy. Setting and designRetrospective, observational single tertiary centre cohort of 80 patients. Methods and materialA total of 69 from the initial 80 patients with visual complaints were categorised into two groups A and B; ongoing anti-tubercular therapy with ethambutol and having stopped ethambutol for greater than six months respectively. All patients underwent vision (V) testing on ETDRS chart and anterior and posterior segment evaluation. Additionally, patients in group A recorded color vision (CV) on Ishihara chart and visual evoked potential (VEP). Statistical analysis usedP value was calculated using Chi square test (SPSS ver. 20). ResultsOut of 69 patients in our study, 58 (84.05%) patients recorded reduced visual acuity. The mean visual acuity was 0.58 logMAR units. 33 out of our 58 (57%) patients with reduced visual acuity showed normal optic discs while 25 out of 58 (43%) showed altered optic discs. In group B, 14 out of 32 patients with vision of less than 20/20 also had optic disc pallor (p = 0.02). 12 out of 15 patients in group A recorded an altered color vision and also had a vision of less than 20/20 (p = 0.023). 15 patients who recorded altered VEP also had vision of less than 20/20 (p = 0.037). ConclusionVisual acuity, color vision and vep are sensitive and sustainable tools which can be implemented in regular screening. Ethambutol toxicity is a real problem and a collaborative approach is necessary to establish screening protocols and prevent ethambutol induced toxic optic neuropathy.

Impact of cataract surgery on intraocular pressure

: To assess the impact of cataract surgery on intraocular pressure.: A study comprising of 60 patients from the district of Kolar, who underwent Manual small incision cataract surgery were examined with Goldmann applanation tonometer for assessment of intraocular pressure before surgery and 1 week, 1 month after surgery along with visual acuity assessment, anterior segment evaluation with slit lamp biomicroscopy, posterior segment evaluation using indirect ophthalmoscopy. 60 participants were included in the study, of whom 27 (45%) were female and 33 (55%)were male. The mean age of the patient was 64.2 years, with the maximum number of patients being in the age group of 61-70 (51.7%). The mean of intraocular pressure in pre-operative patients was 15.18 mmHg, after manual small incision cataract surgery at 1 week, it showed 11.96 mmHg and after 1 month showed 12.75 mmHg. The intra ocular pressure decreases significantly after manual small incision cataract surgery more so in female patients than male patients.

The Post-pandemic Prevalence of Refractive Errors among Elementary School Children in Jakarta

Purpose: To evaluate the prevalence of refractive errors among elementary school-aged children in Jakarta, particularly in post-pandemic situations. Aim: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 284 children in grades 4th to 6th in two elementary schools in Jakarta. Methods: Ophthalmological examination consisted of uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) examination by trained teachers using a modified and simplified Snellen chart, followed by a slit lamp examination for anterior and posterior segment evaluation and best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) examination using auto-refractometer and subjective refraction using a full Snellen chart. Demographic data were obtained via anamnesis and pre-questionnaire from the school database. Correlation between variables, the prevalence of refractive errors and characteristic demographics were analyzed through bivariate or multivariate analysis. Results: From a total of 284 children, 9 of the total screened children (4%) were already corrected with eyeglasses. However, the refractive screening result showed that 111 subjects (40%) were diagnosed with ametropic conditions, either with myopia and/or astigmatism. Further bivariate analysis to explore the correlation between the prevalence and subject characteristic shows that there was no statistical correlation between school grade and age of subjects toward ametropic diagnosis, even though the majority of the subjects diagnosed with ametropia were populated in younger aged children (less than 12 years old), which was as high as 62% of the total ametropic subjects, therefore clinically correlated. Conclusion The significantly increasing prevalence number of refractive errors post-pandemic among elementary school-aged children in Jakarta proved the worrying impact of excessive use of gadgets, online schooling and lack of outdoor activities during the last three years of social restriction in Indonesia. This high prevalence of refractive errors (generally more than 30%) was considered a public health problem. Therefore, these results will encourage the government and healthcare providers to mitigate and accelerate the screening, prevention and treatment of refractive errors in children, in a way to reduce the potential risks of future health, social, and economic problems.

To Study the Morbidity Pattern of Patients Attending the Ophthalmology OPD of Tertiary Eye Care Centre with Reference to Age

Background: Vision is the most important special sense in human being. Normal vision is essential for normal physical, mental, psychological development and education. In developing countries like India lower socioeconomic status and lack of proper eye care are responsible for increase in the number of preventable and avoidable causes of blindness as compared to developed countries of the world therefore early detection and treatment of ocular morbidity is important. Aim: To assess the morbidity pattern of ocular disease with respect to age, this will show the trend of ocular morbidities in different age groups. Material and Method: The entire patient in ophthalmology OPD of tertiary eye care center in the past 1 year, were enlisted in this study with their consent. The patients were seen in ophthalmic OPD by ophthalmologist, proper anterior and posterior segment evaluation was done. Patients were divided into different groups according to the age and diagnosis of the disease. Result: Majority of the patients 16441 (46.05%) were found to be in the age group of 31-60 years which shows that common eye diseases are usually linked with age. There was a high prevalence of refractive errors 12098 (33.89%)in the age group till 60 years and cataract 5206 (14.58%) in age group of more than 60 years. Conclusion: It has been observed that majority of patients attending the ophthalmology OPD were between the age group of 31-60 years and beyond and majority were suffering from refractive errors and cataract. Thus this study gives the picture of morbidity pattern of ocular disease in the tertiary health care centre, which is helpful in planning and management of the diseases and denotes that creating awareness among the population is necessary for early diagnosis and treatment of these diseases

Posterior segment evaluation by ultrasound B-scan in dense cataract patients – A cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital

Posterior segment evaluation by ultrasound B-scan in dense cataract patients – A cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital

Risk Factors of Rhino Orbital Mucormycosis.

To determine the clinical presentation and risk factors associated with rhino orbital mucormycosis. Mucormycosis is a rapidly progressive fungal infection caused by filamentous fungi in the Mucoraceae family. In large numbers, they release spores into the air, and humans get exposed through inhalation. The spores inoculate in the paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx and subsequently spread to the orbit and intracranial cavity. The present COVID-19 pandemic has witnessed a resurgence of rhino-orbital mucormycosis cases, mainly seen in patients with immunocompromised status. Hence, our study evaluated the risk factors and clinical features of rhino orbital mucormycosis. This was a prospective, single-center, cross-sectional study. Patients attending tertiary care centers fulfilling the inclusion criteria were evaluated with a detailed history including sociodemographic profile, occupation, history of fever, COVID-19 infection, steroid or immunosuppressant use, organ transplants, diabetes mellitus and use of oxygen (O2). A complete ophthalmic evaluation was performed, including best-corrected visual acuity, anterior segment evaluation with slit lamp biomicroscopy, and posterior segment evaluation using indirect ophthalmoscopy. Computed Tomography (CT) scan of paranasal sinuses was done for all the patients, and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) for a few patients if indicated. Intraoperatively, samples were sent for Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) stain while debridement and patients with positive results were included in the study. Forty participants were included, out of which 34 (85%) were males and six (15%) were females. The mean age of the patients was 51.75 years. Out of 40 patients, 29 (72.5%) had h/o COVID-19 infection, 30 (75%) were known type 2 diabetes mellitus, 25 (62.5%) had a h/o steroid intake and 25 (62.5%) had a history of O2 use. 17 (42.5%) patients presented with low vision, out of which 15 had no light perception. 30 (75%) patients had ptosis, 22 (55%) patients presented with proptosis, 15 (37.5%) patients had limited ocular motility, 11 (27.5%) had complete ophthalmoplegia, and 11 (27.5%) patients had central retinal artery occlusion. Rhino orbital Mucormycosis is more prevalent in patients with COVID-19 infection, especially those who have used steroids and oxygen and with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Early presentation with treatment can prevent further ocular morbidity.